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A postoperative therapeutic nanoplatform of Pd/DOX@hydrogel can efficiently perform near-infrared light triggered photothermal/photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy to kill residual tumor cells, with the potential to accelerate wound healing.

Graphdiyne is a newly discovered two-dimensional planar carbon allotrope with highly π-conjugated interactions. This review aims to introduce graphdiyne and describe its similarities and differences with graphene to better understand the graphdiyne.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have evolved to be a class of rapidly advancing chemical entities in the biomedical field. Nevertheless, potential side effects and safety concerns severely limit their clinical translation. After administration, 2D materials cross multiple biological barriers and are distributed throughout the body. Only the portion that accumulates at the diseased sites exerts a therapeutic effect, whereas those distributed elsewhere may cause damage to healthy tissues and interference to normal physiological function of various organs. To achieve maximum therapeutic efficacy and minimum adverse effects simultaneously, the delivery of 2D materials must be targeted at diseased sites to reach therapeutic concentrations, and the materials must possess sufficient degradation and clearance rates to avoid long-term toxicity. Therefore, it is essential to understand the biodistribution and destiny of 2D materials

Owing to the distinctive constituents of tumor tissue from those healthy organs, nanomedicine strategies show significant potentials in smart drug delivery. Nowadays, stimuli-responsive nanogels are playing increasingly important roles in the application of cancer therapy because of their sensitivity to various internal or external physicochemical stimuli, which exhibit site-specific and markedly enhanced drug release. Besides, nanogels are promising as drug carriers because of their porous structures, good biocompatibility, large surface area, and excellent capability with drugs. Taking advantage of multiresponsiveness, recent years have witnessed the rapid evolution of stimulus-responsive nanogels from monoresponsive to multiresponsive systems; however, there lacks a comprehensive review summarizing these reports. In this Review, we discuss the properties, synthesis, and characterization of nanogels. Moreover, tumor microenvironment and corresponding designing strategies for stimuli-response nanogels, both exogenous (temperature, magnetic field, light) and endogenous (pH, biomolecular, redox, ROS, pressure, hypoxia) are summarized on the basis of the recent advances in multistimuli-responsive nanogel systems. Nanogel and two-dimensional material composites show excellent performance in the field of constructing multistimulus-responsive nanoparticles and precise intelligent drug release integrated system for multimodal cancer diagnosis and therapy. Finally, potential progresses and suggestions are provided for the further design of hybrid nanogels based on emerging two-dimensional materials.

Ischemic stroke is still a serious threat to human life and health, but there are few therapeutic options available to treat stroke because of limited blood-brain penetration. The development of nanotechnology may overcome some of the problems related to traditional drug development. In this review, we focus on the potential applications of nanotechnology in stroke. First, we will discuss the main molecular pathological mechanisms of ischemic stroke to develop a targeted strategy. Second, considering the important role of the blood-brain barrier in stroke treatment, we also delve mechanisms by which the blood-brain barrier protects the brain, and the reasons why the therapeutics must pass through the blood-brain barrier to achieve efficacy. Lastly, we provide a comprehensive review related to the application of nanomaterials to treat stroke, including liposomes, polymers, metal nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene, black phosphorus, hydrogels and dendrimers. To conclude, we will summarize the challenges and future prospects of nanomedicine-based stroke treatments., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Discussed the main molecular pathological mechanisms of ischemic stroke. • Reviewed several treatments for stroke. • Discussed the blood-brain barrier in detail.Summarized the applications of various nanomaterials in stroke. • Summarized the challenges and future prospects of nanomedicine-based stroke treatment.

Personalized therapeutic vaccines against immune desert tumors are an increasingly important field in current cancer immunotherapy. However, limitations in neoantigen recognition, impotent immune cells, and a lack of intratumoral infiltrated lymphocytes pose challenges for the cancer vaccines. Resected tumors contain various of patient-specific tumor autoantigens (TA), and its derived photonanovaccines have unique competency to overcome abovementioned barriers. We constructed a novel personalized photonanovaccine (B@TA-R848) with surgically sourced TA modified on two-dimensional boron nanosheets (BNSs) via polydopamine coating and loaded with immune adjuvant R848. B@TA-R848 has good properties of drug delivery and release, photoacoustic imaging, photothermal effect, and biocompatibility. In a mouse triple-negative breast cancer model, B@TA-R848-based photonanovaccine induced effective systemic antitumor immune responses, altered the local tumor microenvironment, and increased the intratumoral infiltration of immune cells. The combined photo immunotherapy could significantly inhibit tumor growth, recurrence, and metastasis. This work develops a novel photonanovaccine for low immunogenicity and high metastatic potential tumors, which is of great significance for exploring the clinical development of personalized tumor vaccines against immune desert tumors.

Gastric cancer treatment remains a major challenge because of its aggressiveness and spread. In this study, we developed a hydrogel system for the treatment of gastric cancer, which can kill tumor cells through photothermal action and drug treatment. Based on the formation of Schiff base linkage, the OSA/AHA/BP/PTX hydrogel was prepared by mixing oxidized sodium alginate (OSA), aminated hyaluronic acid (AHA), black phosphorus (BP), and paclitaxel (PTX) under physiological conditions, which exhibited excellent photothermal effect and slow release ability PTX. Moreover, CCK-8 and live/dead fluorescent confirmed that OSA/AHA/BP/PTX hydrogel could obvious inhibition the proliferation of gastric cancer cells (SGC7901). More importantly, in vivo experiments further show that the prepared hydrogel can significantly improve the tumor treatment effect of tumor-bearing mice by inducing tumor cell apoptosis and inhibiting the proliferation of new tumor cells. Compared with chemotherapy alone, photothermal combined chemotherapy had a better antitumor effect. The results of this study indicate that the composite hydrogel with controlled release of paclitaxel can be used as a candidate material for cancer treatment.

During the last decade, 2-dimensional nanoscale black phosphorus (NBP) has been actively used for biomedical research and applications. NBP possesses unique properties such as an adjustable direct band gap, high near-infrared (NIR) photothermal conversion efficiency, large surface area for versatile surface chemistry functionalization and good biodegradability for in vivo delivery and therapy. Many groups have reported that functionalized NBP can be applied for biomedical applications. However, untreated NBP is unstable and if it is applied biologically, it might trigger harmful nano-bio interactions and cause adverse effects on the biological system permanently. In this review, we summarized the bioengineering applications of NBP, including biosensing, photoimaging, photo-X therapy and drug delivery. Then, the various nano–bio interactions that occurred during the use of NBP for bioengineering research with an emphasis on examining the adverse impacts of NBP on the integrity of the cell membrane structure were analyzed. The in vivo instability of NBP inducing phagocytosis, increasing the levels of many kinds of cytokines in the blood, and resulting in various responses to the body was discussed systematically. Based on our analysis, the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of NBP can be reduced by strategically functionalizing its surface with biocompatible materials such as hydrogels, polymers and fibrin.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic was partially due to the challenge of identifying asymptomatic and presymptomatic carriers of the virus, and thus highlights a strong motivation for diagnostics with high sensitivity that can be rapidly deployed. On the other hand, several concerning SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron, are required to be identified as soon as the samples are identified as ‘positive’. Unfortunately, a traditional PCR test does not allow their specific identification. Herein, for the first time, we have developed MOPCS (Methodologies of Photonic CRISPR Sensing), which combines an optical sensing technology-surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with the ‘gene scissors’ clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) technique to achieve both high sensitivity and specificity when it comes to measurement of viral variants. MOPCS is a low-cost, CRISPR/Cas12a-system-empowered SPR gene-detecting platform that can analyze viral RNA, without the need for amplification, within 38 min from sample input to results output, and achieve a limit of detection of 15 fM. MOPCS achieves a highly sensitive analysis of SARS-CoV-2, and mutations appear in variants B.1.617.2 (Delta), B.1.1.529 (Omicron) and BA.1 (a subtype of Omicron). This platform was also used to analyze some recently collected patient samples from a local outbreak in China, identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This innovative CRISPR-empowered SPR platform will further contribute to the fast, sensitive and accurate detection of target nucleic acid sequences with single-base mutations.

Black arsenic phosphorus (b-AsP), as one kind of novel two-dimensional (2D) materials, bridges the band gap between black phosphorus and graphene. Thanks to its great advantages, including high carrier mobility, excellent in-plane anisotropy, and broad tunability band gap, b-AsP has aroused great interest in fields of photonics and photoelectronics. In this paper, ultrathin 2D b-AsP nanomaterials were fabricated by the liquid-phase exfoliation method, and their strong broadband linear and nonlinear absorptions were characterized by ultraviolet-visible-infrared and Z-scan technology. The experimental determination of the nonlinear absorption coefficient and low saturation intensity of b-AsP were -0.23 cm/GW and 3.336 GW/cm2, respectively. Based on density functional theory, the partial charge density and band structure at the conduction band minimum and valence band maximum were calculated, which further proves the excellent optical properties of 2D b-AsP. By first using 2D b-AsP as a novel saturable absorber in both erbium-doped and thulium-doped fiber lasers, mode-locked soliton pulses can stably operate at 1.5 and 2 μm. The laser pulses generated by 2D b-AsP possess higher stability to resist self-splitting than those generated by other 2D material-based mode-lockers. These experimental results highlight that 2D b-AsP has great application potential as a novel optical material in ultrafast photonics from near- to mid-infrared regimes.

Aim: The present study aims to apply the facile liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) strategy to fabricate 2D organic materials and thus to broaden the family of biocompatible and multifunctional 2D materials. Materials & methods: 2D material-organic melanin and cellulose nanosheets were synthesized from black sesame hull using LPE. Photoluminescence and photothermal properties of the nanosheets were assessed, as well as stability and cell killing ability. Results: The prepared 2D nanoplatform exhibited broad and multiple photoluminescent emission bands. It also demonstrated efficient photothermal cancer therapy with excellent biocompatibility. Conclusion: The present study could open an avenue in exfoliating organic materials using the LPE strategy. This could make the fabrication of multifunctional 2D organic materials more efficient and broaden the family of biocompatible 2D nanomaterials.

Smart drug delivery nano-systems show significant changes in their physical or chemical properties in response to slight change in environmental physical and/or chemical signals, and further releasing drugs adjusted to the progression of the disease at the right target and rate intelligently. Two-dimensional materials possess dramatic status extend all over various scientific and technological disciplines by reason of their exceptional unique properties in application of smart drug delivery nano-systems. In this review, we summarized current progress to highlight various kinds of two-dimensional materials drug carriers which are widely explored in smart drug delivery systems as well as classification of stimuli responsive two-dimensional materials and the advantages and disadvantages of their applications. Consequently, we anticipate that this review might inspire the development of new two-dimensional materials with smart drug delivery systems, and deepen researchers’ understanding of smart nano-carries based on two-dimensional materials., Graphical abstract The fabrication, encapsulation, various stimuli response and applications of 2D materials smart drug delivery systems were reviewed. With unique 2D structure and sensitive response to external stimuli, 2D materials are expected to conquer any obstacle in maximizing the therapeutic effect of drugs.Image 1, Highlights • Introduction to the exfoliation method of two-dimensional materials for biomedical applications. • Summary of the encapsulation of two-dimensional materials smart drug delivery systems. • Discussion of the classification of stimuli responsive two-dimensional materials smart drug delivery systems. • Overview of the application of two-dimensional materials smart drug delivery systems.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising non-invasive therapy approach for various diseases including malignant tumor. The process of PDT involves three interrelated aspects, namely photosensitizer (PS), light source, and oxygen, among which PS is the decisive factor that determines its anticancer efficiency. There exist some defects in currently applied PDT, such as inadequate production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), poor penetration of exciting light, insufficient oxygen supply, and nonselective distribution of PS. With unique physicochemical and optical properties, two-dimensional nanomaterials (2DNMs) have aroused great interest in biomedical fields. 2DNMs-based PDT is promising to significantly improve antitumor efficacy compared to conventional PDT. In this review, we will firstly introduce the underlying mechanism of PDT and how 2DNMs are absorbed and distribute inside tumor cells. After that, we will not only illustrate how 2DNMs-based PDT can enhance tumor-killing efficacy and minimize side-effects through conquering the above-mentioned defects of conventional PDT and the preparation process of 2DNMs, but also elaborate recent advances about 2DNMs-based PDT. Lastly, we will summarize the challenges and future prospects of 2DNMs-based PDT.

Two-dimensional (2D) InSe has recently attracted increasing attention due to its outstanding electrical transport property, excellent photo-response, and direct band gap characteristics. In this contribution, few-layer InSe was successfully fabricated via a facile liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) method. Compared with other 2D materials, the photothermal response measurements demonstrate that InSe has excellent photothermal conversion efficacy. A novel Vernier-cascaded photothermal fiber sensor with high sensitivity that takes advantage of the photothermal effect of few-layer InSe has been proposed and demonstrated for the first time. The experimental results have shown that the photothermal optical sensitivity and spectral shifts of the MZI (Mach–Zehnder interferometer)–MKR (microfiber knot ring) Vernier sensor and the Vernier part are 0.126 nm mW−1, 12.22 nm and 0.0047 nm mW−1, 0.49 nm, respectively. A maximum sensitivity amplification factor of ∼26.8 is realized. Our present work can provide more possibilities of 2D materials that can be utilized towards cascade sensors.

Tumor vaccines are a promising form of cancer immunotherapy, but difficulties such as neo-antigen identification, activation of immune cells, and tumor infiltration prevent their clinical breakthrough. Interestingly, nanotechnology-based photothermal therapy (PTT) has great potential to overcome these barriers. Previous studies have shown that serum exosomes (hEX) from hyperthermia-treated tumor-bearing mice displayed an array of patient-specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), and strong immunoregulatory abilities in promoting dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and maturation. Here, we developed a tumor vaccine (hEX@BP) by encapsulating black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) with exosomes (hEX) against a murine subcutaneous lung cancer model. In comparison with BPQDs alone (BP), hEX@BP demonstrated better long-term PTT performance, greater elevation of tumor temperature and tumor targeting efficacy in vivo. Vaccination with hEX@BP in combination with PTT further demonstrated an outstanding therapeutic efficacy against established lung cancer, and promoted the infiltration of T lymphocytes into the tumor tissue. Our findings demonstrated that hEX@BP might be an innovative cancer photo-nanovaccine that offers effective immuno-PTT against cancers.

Tumor is a severe disease that affects human health. In addition to surgical treatment and radiotherapy, applying therapeutic agents that can kill the tumor directly or regulate immune systems is one of the most common treatments. The current problems of these therapeutic agents are lacking selective targeting of tumor and causing unfavorable side effects. In order to solve the problems and develop more effective medicines, nano-carriers are employed to fabricate smart drug delivery systems. In recent years, novel inorganic nano-materials, like mesoporous silica nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, graphene oxide and black phosphorus, have shown talent in drug loading capacity, stability, and biocompatibility, which are becoming candidates for novel nano-carriers. This review not only provides a comprehensive summary on the mechanisms of inorganic nano-carrier based smart drug delivery systems but also summarizes their synthesis, applications, challenges and future possibilities.

Developing a biocatalyzed artificial photosynthesis system (APS) with a Z-scheme for CO2 conversion has a promising outlook. However, it remains unexplored and challenging. Herein, we present an antimonene (AM) and black phosphorus (BP) hybrid nanosheet (HNSs) based Z-scheme APS for enhanced photo/bio-catalytic CO2 reduction. An “amphipathic” polymer PEI-PEG-C18 with a positively charged PEI-head and hydrophobic C18-tail was synthesized and further modified with an electron mediator (M, Cp*Rh(phen)Cl). Using this PEI-PEG-C18-M as a “double-side tap”, AM/M/BP HNS-based Z-scheme photocatalytic systems were constructed through catenating AM NSs via a hydrophobic interaction with the hydrophobic C18-tail and subsequent BP NSs via electrostatic interactions with the positively charged PEI-head. Thereafter, the biocatalytic system, including NAD(H)+ and redox enzymes, were sandwiched between the AM and BP layers through an electrostatic attraction with the amide groups in the “double-side tap”. Due to the high separation efficiency of the photogenerated electrons and holes and the improved reduction and oxidation potentials, the integrated Z-scheme APS shows excellent performance. In particular, although neither AM nor BP could catalyze NADH regeneration using H2O as an electron donor under visible light, a 35 ± 4% regeneration of NADH and 160 ± 24 μmol formic acid production were achieved by the AM/M/BP HNS-based Z-scheme APS. Moreover, the compatibility and omnipotence of the HNS-based APS for the synthesis of other high value-added products from CO2 have been demonstrated through assembling the corresponding biocatalysts.

Protective autophagy can be activated by external stimuli such as chemotherapy (CT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), leading to tumour resistance. As a key subcellular for autophagy, lysosomal dysfunction is crucial for autophagy suppression. Furthermore, lysosomal drug sequestration enhances basic drug resistance such as doxorubicin (DOX), which is trapped away from its target site, namely, the nucleus. Moreover, most of nanodrug delivery systems are internalised to lysosome for degradation, which further leads to DOX resistance. Lysosome serves as an essential organelle in drug resistance mechanisms, whose acidification arrest provides a potential strategy to inhibit autophagy and lysosomal drug sequestration simultaneously. The chloride channel-3 (ClC-3) protein is known as an important Cl

Photothermal therapy (PTT) based on two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials has shown significant potential in cancer treatment. However, developing 2D nanomaterial-based theranostic agents with good biocompatibility and high therapeutic efficiency remains a key challenge. Bulk titanium (Ti) has been widely used as biomedical materials for their reputable biocompatibility, whereas nanosized Ti with a biological function remains unexplored. In this work, the 2D Ti nanosheets (NSs) are successfully exfoliated from nonlayer bulk Ti and utilized as an efficient theranostic nanoplatform for dual-modal computed tomography/photoacoustic (CT/PA) imaging-navigated PTT. Besides the excellent biocompatibility obtained by TiNSs as expected, they are found to show strong absorption ability with an extinction coefficient of 20.8 L g-1 cm-1 and high photothermal conversion ability with an efficiency of 61.5% owing to localized surface plasmon resonances, which exceeds most of other well-known photothermal agents, making it quite promising for PTT against cancer. Furthermore, the metallic property and light-heat-acoustic transformation endow 2D Ti with the strong CT/PA imaging signal and efficient cancer therapy, simultaneously. This work highlights the enormous potential of nanosized Ti in both the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. As a paradigm, this study also paves a new avenue for the elemental transition-metal-based cancer theranostics.

Regenerative medicine has become one of the hottest research topics in medical science that provides a promising way for repairing tissue defects in the human body. Due to their excellent physicochemical properties, the application of 2D nanomaterials in regenerative medicine has gradually developed and has been attracting a wide range of research interests in recent years. In particular, graphene and its derivatives, black phosphorus, and transition metal dichalcogenides are applied in all the aspects of tissue engineering to replace or restore tissues. This review focuses on the latest advances in the application of 2D-nanomaterial-based hydrogels, nanosheets, or scaffolds that are engineered to repair skin, bone, and cartilage tissues. Reviews on other applications, including cardiac muscle regeneration, skeletal muscle repair, nerve regeneration, brain disease treatment, and spinal cord healing are also provided. The challenges and prospects of applications of 2D nanomaterials in regenerative medicine are discussed.

Smart nano-micro platforms have been extensively applied for diverse biomedical applications, mostly focusing on cancer therapy. In comparison with conventional nanotechnology, the smart nano-micro matrix can exhibit specific response to exogenous or endogenous triggers, and thus can achieve multiple functions e.g. site-specific drug delivery, bio-imaging and detection of bio-molecules. These intriguing techniques have expanded into ophthalmology in recent years, yet few works have been summarized in this field. In this work, we provide the state-of-the-art of diverse nano-micro platforms based on both the conventional materials (e.g. natural or synthetic polymers, lipid nanomaterials, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles) and emerging nanomaterials (e.g. up-conversion nanoparticles, quantum dots and carbon materials) in ophthalmology, with some smart nano/micro platformers highlighted. The common ocular diseases studied in the field of nano-micro systems are firstly introduced, and their therapeutic method and the related drawback in clinic treatment are presented. The recent progress of different materials for diverse ocular applications is then demonstrated, with the representative nano- and micro-systems highlighted in detail. At last, an in-depth discussion on the clinical translation challenges faced in this field and the future direction are provided. This review would allow the researchers to design more smart nanomedicines in a more rational manner for specific ophthalmology applications.

Optical techniques using developed laser and optical devices have made a profound impact on modern medicine, with "biomedical optics" becoming an emerging field. Sophisticated technologies have been developed in cancer nanomedicine, such as photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy, among others. However, single-mode phototherapy cannot completely treat persistent tumors, with the challenges of relapse or metastasis remaining; therefore, combinatorial strategies are being developed. In this review, the role of light in cancer therapy and the challenges of phototherapy are discussed. The development of combinatorial strategies with other therapeutic methods, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and radiotherapy, is presented and future directions are further discussed. This review aims to highlight the significance of light in cancer therapy and discuss the combinatorial strategies that show promise in addressing the challenges of phototherapy.

Black phosphorus (BP) or phosphorene, a new superstar among two-dimensional (2D) materials, has sparked huge scientific interest since its discovery in 2014. BP offers unique characteristics including high drug loading efficiency, excellent photodynamic and photothermal properties and good biocompatibility. These characteristics expand versatility of BP in nanomedicine. Although the outlook of BP seems promising, its practical biomedical applications are still at the very initial stage especially in comparison to other thoroughly investigated inorganic nanomaterials. This paper reviews BP structure and properties as well as its preparation approaches with the emphasis on techniques to improve BP stability and biocompatibility for their further usage in physiological environment. Meanwhile, recent progress made in various biomedical research fields from bioimaging to biosensing is discussed. Last, but not least, current challenges and prospects for BP in biomedicine are briefly examined, which will be useful to guide future developments of BP.

Black phosphorus (BP), a prosperous two-dimensional optoelectronic material, has been deeply developed for various optoelectronics applications. Here, we demonstrate a sub-hundred nanosecond passively Q-switched Er-doped all-fiber laser with BP as the saturable absorber (SA). The BP-SA is fabricated by a controllable optical deposition technique. To achieve the sub-hundred nanosecond Q-switching output, we deliberately enlarge the modulation depth of the BP-SA by suitably increasing the time and laser power of the optical deposition and shortening the laser cavity length with an integrated multifunctional component. A stable Q-switched pulse train was obtained with a pulse duration as narrow as 91 ns, and the Q-switched lasing characteristics based on the BP-SA have also been investigated and discussed. The experimental results indicate that the BP material can be employed as an effective SA for the nanosecond pulse generation.

Two-dimensional (2D) inorganic nanomaterials for biomedical applications still face the challenge of simultaneously offering a high photothermal conversion efficiency (PTCE), efficient drug delivery, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Herein, cancer treatment using tin sulfide nanosheet (SnS NS)-based dual therapy nano-platforms (SDTNPs), including photothermal- and chemo-therapy, is demonstrated. SnS, a black phosphorus (BP) analogue binary IV-VI compound, was synthesized using liquid phase exfoliation. SnS NSs comprising 2-4 layers exhibited good biocompatibility and a high PTCE of 39.3%, which is higher than other popular 2D materials. The SnS NSs showed a stable photothermal performance over 2 h of laser irradiation and exhibited ∼14% degradation after 10 h of irradiation. It was also found that SnS NSs show high loading of small molecules such as doxorubicin (DOX) (up to ∼200% in weight). Consequently, the SDTNPs achieved notable tumor therapy through the combination of photothermal- and chemo-therapy both in vitro and in vivo. Our study may pave the way for the biomedical application of SnS and other IV-VI compound-based 2D nanomaterials. Compared with traditional therapies, SnS NS-based laser therapy is green and efficient, due to its biocompatibility, photo-degradability, high efficiency photothermal properties and high drug loading.

Two-dimensional (2D) monoelemental bismuth (Bi) crystal, one of the pnictogens (group VA), has recently attracted increasing interest because of its intriguing characteristics. Here, uniformly sized 2D Bi quantum dots (BiQDs) with an average diameter (thickness) of 4.9 ± 1.0 nm (2.6 ± 0.7 nm) were fabricated through a facile liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) method, and the corresponding photoresponse was evaluated using photoelectrochemical (PEC) measurements. The as-fabricated BiQDs-based photodetector not only exhibits an appropriate capacity for self-driven broadband photoresponse but also shows high-performance photoresponse under low bias potentials ranging from UV to visible light in association with long-term stability of the ON/OFF switching behavior. In terms of these findings, it is further anticipated that the resultant BiQDs possess promising potential in UV–visible photodetection as well as in liquid optoelectronics. Our work may open a new avenue for delivering high-quality monoelemental pnict...

Recently, emerging 2D material‐supported metal single‐atom catalysts (SACs) are receiving enormous attention in heterogeneous catalysis. Due to their well‐defined, precisely located metal centers, unique metal–support interaction and identical coordination environment, these catalysts serve as excellent models for understanding the fundamental issues in catalysis as well as exhibiting intriguing practical applications. Understanding the correlations between metal–support combinations and the catalytic performance at the atomic level can be achieved on the SACs@2D materials nanoplatforms. Herein, recent advances of metal SACs on various types of 2D materials are reviewed, especially their exciting applications in the fields of chemicals, energy, and the environment. Based on the summary and perspectives, this work should contribute to the rational design of perfect metal SACs with versatile properties., The marriage of single metal atoms and 2D materials yields powerful nanoplatforms. The unique advantages, how to synthesize and characterize various 2D material‐supported metal single‐atoms and their diverse applications in chemical production, energy, and the environment are reviewed. The recent advances and research gaps of this emerging field are also summarized.

Therapeutic targeting of the immune system, including chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy, immune checkpoint blockade therapy, neoantigen vaccines, and small molecule modulators emerges as one of the most effective therapeutic modalities for treating various cancers in human patients. However, clinical efficacies of these immunotherapeutics are generally modest and only a minority of cancer patients benefit from immunotherapy. Further, broad adverse effects, lack of reliable biomarkers, tumour relapses, drug resistance, and metastasis have become increasingly recognized concerns, which may restrain their clinical utility. Unlike most other anticancer strategies, nanomaterial-based therapeutics parade unique and distinct biological features to achieve precision targeting, local drug release, and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. As long-term and sustained release of immunotherapeutics are necessary for enhancing anticancer immunity, nanotechnology ensures accumulation of immunotherapuetics, controlled release, and precision delivery of immune drugs. Combination of these two therapeutic modalities would provide synergistic efficacy for effectively treating various cancers in human patients. To the best of our knowledge, the concept of combination therapy employing nanomaterials and immunotherapy has been overlooked. In this article, we discuss possible mechanisms underlying nano-immunotherapy and unique opportunities of nanotechnology in synergizing cancer treatment.

2D layered phosphorous compounds (2D LPCs) have led to explosion of research interest in recent years. With the diversity of valence states of phosphorus, 2D LPCs exist in various material types and possess many novel physical and chemical properties. These properties, including widely adjustable range of bandgap, diverse electronic properties covering metal, semimetal, semiconductor and insulator, together with inherent magnetism and ferroelectricity at atomic level, render 2D LPCs greatly promising in the applications of electronics, spintronics, broad-spectrum optoelectronics, high-performance catalysts, and energy storage, etc. In this review, the recently research progress of 2D LPCs are presented in detail. First, the 2D LPCs are classified according to their elemental composition and the corresponding crystal structures are introduced, followed by their preparation methods. Then, the novel properties are summarized and the potential applications are discussed in detail. Finally, the conclusion and perspective of the promising 2D LPCs are discussed on the foundation of the latest research progress.

Conventional chemotherapy and photothermal therapy (PTT) face many major challenges, including systemic toxicity, low bioavailability, ineffective tissue penetration, chemotherapy/hyperthermia‐induced inflammation, and tumor angiogenesis. A versatile nanomedicine offers an exciting opportunity to circumvent the abovementioned limitations for their successful translation into clinical practice. Here, a promising biophotonic nanoplatform is developed based on the zirconium carbide (ZrC) nanosheet as a deep PTT‐photosensitizer and on‐demand designed anticancer prodrug SN38‐Nif, which is released and activated by photothermia and tumor‐overexpressed esterase. In vitro and in vivo experimental evidence shows the potent anticancer effects of the integrated ZrC@prodrug biophotonic nanoplatform by specifically targeting malignant cells, chemotherapy/hyperthermia‐induced tumor inflammation, and angiogenesis. In mouse models, the ZrC@prodrug system markedly inhibits tumor recurrence, metastasis, inflammation and angiogenesis. The findings unravel a promising biophotonic strategy for precision treatment of cancer., A biophotonic nanoplatform based on the zirconium carbide (ZrC) nanosheet as a deep photothermal therapy‐photosensitizer and on‐demand designed anticancer prodrug SN38‐Nif is developed. Both physically controlled and bioresponsive mode are employed to smartly release drugs. The ZrC@prodrug system markedly inhibits tumor recurrence, metastasis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. The findings unravel a promising biophotonic strategy for precision treatment of cancer.