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Objectives: To compare the prevalence of chronic periodontitis between men who had semen abnormalities and those who had normozoospermia through a case–control study. Materials and Methods: Male patients who visited the assisted reproduction clinic of a large general hospital and were diagnosed with semen abnormalities were included in the case group. The control group was composed of patients of the same clinic with normozoospermia. The semen analysis included sperm concentration, count and progressive and total motility, which were measured in the laboratory. A questionnaire and clinical periodontal examination were conducted for all participants. Logistic regression was performed to explore the relationship between chronic periodontitis and male infertility. Results: A total of 192 participants were included: 63 participants (32.8%) had some type of semen abnormality (case group), while 129 participants (67.2%) had normozoospermia (control group). The case group had a significantly higher prevalence of moderate/severe periodontitis than the control group (33.3% vs. 17.8%, p =.012). The logistic regression showed that participants who had moderate/severe periodontitis had a greater chance of having semen abnormalities after adjusting for other confounding factors (OR = 3.377, p =.005). Conclusions: Periodontitis is associated with semen abnormalities and sperm motility in men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: To obtain the clone of Streptococcus salivarius 57. I urease genes urelABCEFGD and investigate the relationship between ureolytic activity expression of this clone in Escherichia coli and nickel ions. METHODS: The target gene was cloned by polymerase chain reaction in 2 parts separately. Then, 2 plasmids were digested by specific restriction enzymes and ligated together. The obtained plasmids were subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis and transformed into E.coli TG-1. The recombinant E.coli was added without or with different level of NiCl2 The amount of ammonia generated by ureolytic activity of each sample was measured by Nessler's assay. SPSS 17.0 software package was used for correlation analysis. RESULTS: The clone of urease genes urelABCEFGD was proved by sequence analysis and BLAST search. The amount of ammonia generated by the recombinant strain had a positive correlation with the level of NiCl2 (r=0.9714,P<0.01). When the level of NiCl2was 50 μ mol/L, the amount of ammonia reached maximum and would have little variance despite the increase of NiCI2 level. CONCLUSIONS: Ureolytic activity expression of ureIABCEFGD has a positive correlation with the level of added NiCl2 not exceeding 50 μ mol/L. The present clone can be used to further investigate the regulation of the ureolytic activity expression of Streptococcus salivarius urease gene. Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipality (08ZR1416800) and Research Fund of Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai Municipality (11411950900). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To help dental students acquaint the medical environment, doctor-patient communication and relationship, early clinic education was arranged in our college of stomatology. The interesting topics were chosen to enhance the learning enthusiasm of the students in the teaching practice of preventive dentistry. Students were encouraged to practice the skill of doctor-patient communication. To obtain the satisfactory teaching effect and aim, it was important to pay attention to the aspects in the groups and clinical practice. Early clinic education in preventive dentistry help the students understand the specialty of preventive dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effects of powered and manual tooth brushing on gingival inflammation in a Chinese population with mild to moderate gingivitis., Methods: The present randomised, single-blind, parallel clinical trial was conducted in five cities in China. Generally healthy participants aged 18 to 65 years, who were non-smokers and had at least 20 sites of gingival bleeding, were included as eligible subjects. The subjects were randomly assigned to either the powered tooth brushing (PTB) group or standard manual tooth brushing (MTB) group. All subjects were supplied with a fluoride-containing toothpaste, Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), Modified Gingival Index (MGI) and the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (MPI) were used to evaluate the outcomes., Results: A total of 235 subjects completed the study, 118 in the PTB group and 117 in the MTB group. The mean age and sex distribution for the PTB and MTB groups were 34.40 ± 9.99 years, 89 women and 29 men, and 34.20 ± 10.14 years, 82 women and 35 men, respectively. After 6 months, the percentage decrease in MGI was 26.150% ± 26.897% for the PTB group and 14.768% ± 38.544% for the MTB group (P = 0.0092). Statistically significant differences between types of tooth brushing were also observed at 6 months for GBI, and at all time points for MPI., Conclusion: Tooth brushing with a powered toothbrush twice a day was shown to be more effective than use of a manual toothbrush in reducing gingival inflammation, gingival bleeding and surface plaque after a 6-month period. Both kinds of toothbrushes were safe for the oral tissues.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence and distribution of tooth wear among groups of adolescents and adults in Shanghai, China through an epidemiological survey, and explore the associated factors., Methods: Multistage, stratified, constant volume and cluster sampling methods were used in an epidemiological survey conducted in Shanghai in 2014. The basic erosive wear examination (BEWE) index was used to screen for tooth wear in different age groups: 12 years, 15 years, 18 to 35 years, 36 to 49 years and 50 to 74 years. A previously published questionnaire collected information including dietary habits, oral hygiene habits and general conditions., Results: This survey reports the results for 1806 participants in Shanghai. The prevalence of tooth wear was 59.7% in adolescents (BEWE ≥ 1) and 93.1% in adults (BEWE ≥ 2). The prevalence and severity of disease increased with age (P < 0.01). The teeth most susceptible to wear were the central incisors and first molars. Multivariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) results showed that soft drinks, alcoholic drinks, pickled vegetables and hard food, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), xerostomia and poor tooth brushing habits were statistically correlated with tooth wear in different age groups., Conclusion: The prevalence of tooth wear appears to be high in adolescents and adults in Shanghai. Frequent consumption of soft or alcoholic drinks, GERD, xerostomia and poor tooth brushing habits were positively associated with tooth wear in different age groups.

Oral disease patterns change over time and it is important to conduct epidemiological surveillance population surveys regularly to monitor the situation. The overall objectives of the present survey were: (1) to describe the oral health status of Chinese children and adults in the 2015-2016 4th National Oral Health Survey; (2) to investigate the oral health knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours among children and adults; (3) to explore the association among sociodemographic characteristics, oral health behaviours, and the oral health status of Chinese children and adults. A national oral health survey was conducted among a representative sample of Chinese children and adults. Local residents from the five age groups - 3 to 5 years, 12 to 15 years, 35 to 44 years, 55 to 64 years, and 65 to 74 years - were selected. A multi-stage cluster sampling method was adopted for the identification of participants. All 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities of the mainland of China were included. All participants were clinically examined and information on their oral health status, including oral mucosal lesions, dental caries experience, periodontal health status, dental fluorosis, and dental prosthesis status, was collected according to the procedures and criteria recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). A calibration training programme and quality control procedures were conducted to ensure the reliability of the findings. Information on sociodemographic background, oral health behaviours, knowledge and attitude was also collected from all five age groups through a questionnaire survey.

Purpose: To investigate the knowledge, attitude and practice related to evidence-based dentistry among dental students, and to provide a reference for targeted evidence-based dentistry teaching and practice evidence-based dentistry in dental students., Methods: Dental students who attended the internship in Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital and Pudong People's Hospital were invited to attend this survey. Information on knowledge, attitude and practices related evidence-based dentistry was collected through questionnaires. SPSS 21.0 software package was used for data analysis., Results: A total of 62 dental students attended this survey. Evidence-based dentistry related knowledge and attitude scores were 5.5±1.9 and 5.1±1.0, respectively. Over three quarters of students took courses on evidence-based medicine, while around half of students (56.5%) self-reported that they knew little about evidence-based medicine. 70.5% students practiced evidence-based dentistry less than once in the process of clinical decision making per week. The majority of students (80.3%) used MEDLINE or other databases to search for practice-related literature less than once per week. 63.9% students used practice guideline. The top three barriers to practice evidence-based dentistry were lack of information resources, insufficient time and lack of search skills., Conclusions: Evidence-based dentistry related knowledge and practice among dental students is deficient, whereas they hold positive attitude on practice. The top three barriers to practice evidence-based dentistry are lack of information resources, insufficient time and lack of search skills.

Purpose: To prepare and identify polyclonal antibody of Streptococcus salivarius 57.I urease., Methods: The biggest structural subunit of Streptococcus salivarius 57.I urease, UreC, was obtained by gene clone, IPTG-induced expression, and purification through affinity chromatography. Anti-sera and polyclonal antibody were raised by immunizing rabbits with purified UreC. Western blot was utilized to detect the specific combination of polyclonal antibody with UreC., Results: Purified UreC protein was prepared and used as antigen to immunize rabbits. Polyclonal antibody was obtained， and Western blot displayed a specific band of the polyclonal antibody with UreC about 62 kD as anticipated., Conclusions: Polyclonal antibody against Streptococcus salivarius 57.I urease is obtained, which provides an important tool to explore the function of urease and its relationship with dental caries.

Purpose: To observe the effect of anti-gingivitis IgY toothpaste in control of gingivitis and plaque., Methods: The study was a double-blind, randomized, parallel-controlled clinical trail with a total of 100 subjects who were divided into two groups, experimental group and control group. The subjects in experimental group used anti-gingivitis IgY toothpaste to brush twice daily for 3 minutes, and the subjects in control group used none anti-gingivitis IgY toothpaste. The examiner recorded GI, PI and BOP index of all subjects at the baseline, 6-weeks and 12-weeks. SPSS21.0 software package was used for statistical analysis., Results: Twelve weeks later, there were significant differences in GI and BOP between the two groups. Yet no significant difference was found in PI., Conclusions: Anti-gingivitis IgY toothpaste is effective in control of gingivitis.

Purpose: To obtain the clone of Streptococcus salivarius 57.I urease genes ureIABCEFGD and investigate the relationship between ureolytic activity expression of this clone in Escherichia coli and nickel ions., Methods: The target gene was cloned by polymerase chain reaction in 2 parts separately. Then, 2 plasmids were digested by specific restriction enzymes and ligated together. The obtained plasmids were subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis and transformed into E.coli TG-1. The recombinant E.coli was added without or with different level of NiCl2. The amount of ammonia generated by ureolytic activity of each sample was measured by Nessler's assay. SPSS 17.0 software package was used for correlation analysis., Results: The clone of urease genes ureIABCEFGD was proved by sequence analysis and BLAST search. The amount of ammonia generated by the recombinant strain had a positive correlation with the level of NiCl2(r=0.9714,P<0.01). When the level of NiCl2 was 50 μmol/L, the amount of ammonia reached maximum and would have little variance despite the increase of NiCl2 level., Conclusions: Ureolytic activity expression of ureIABCEFGD has a positive correlation with the level of added NiCl2 not exceeding 50 μmol/L. The present clone can be used to further investigate the regulation of the ureolytic activity expression of Streptococcus salivarius urease gene. Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipality(08ZR1416800) and Research Fund of Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai Municipality(11411950900).

To help dental students acquaint the medical environment, doctor-patient communication and relationship, early clinic education was arranged in our college of stomatology. The interesting topics were chosen to enhance the learning enthusiasm of the students in the teaching practice of preventive dentistry. Students were encouraged to practice the skill of doctor-patient communication. To obtain the satisfactory teaching effect and aim, it was important to pay attention to the aspects in the groups and clinical practice. Early clinic education in preventive dentistry help the students understand the specialty of preventive dentistry.

Objective: To clone Streptococcus salivarius (Ss) 57. I urease gene, which can express ureolytic activity in Escherichia coli (Ec) without adding extra nickel ions., Methods: Urease gene was cloned by polymerase chain reaction in three separate parts. The three separate plasmids were digested by specific restriction enzymes and ligated together. The expression of the complete urease gene in Ec was detected by phenol red assay and pH analysis., Results: Urease gene of Ss 57.I was eventually cloned and proved correct. Urease activity of the obtained clone was positive in Ec. Without adding extra NiCl(2), the recombinant Ec could hydrolyze urea to produce ammonia, resulting in the increase of pH value., Conclusions: The clone of Ss urease gene obtained in this study could express ureolytic activity in Ec without adding extra nickel ions. The current clone can be used to construct ureolytic effector strain used in replacement therapy in caries prevention.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between halitosis and Helicobacter pylori infection in stomach., Methods: Fifty subjects without periodontal diseases and systematic disease (exclude gastrointestinal diseases) were included. Infection of H.pylori was diagnosed by biopsy and (14)C-urea breath test. SPSS11.5 software package was used to analyze the data., Results: All the subjects were periodontal healthy according to the periodontal index. The prevalence of H.pylori infection in halitosis subjects was significantly higher than that in the normal subjects (57.1% VS 18.2%, P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that H.pylori was the only significant variable in the equation(P<0.05)., Conclusions: H.pylori in stomach may be involved in the presence of halitosis in periodontal healthy subjects.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the change of plaque pH after chewing 2 kinds of gums., Methods: The investigation consisted of 8 healthy subjects (aged 23-27 years, 4 males and 4 females) who refrained from toothbrushing for 24 hours before the test. The pH of dental plaque was measured using a Beetrode pH microelectrode before and after sucrose challenge with a 10% sucrose solutions at 5, 10, 15, 20 minutes as the baseline data. One week later the pH of dental plaque was measured again before the rinse and then the subjects rinsed with a 10% sucrose solutions. After 1 minute the sugar-free chewing gum was given and started to chew for 5, 10, 15, 20 minutes. The pH of dental plaque was measured at the same time on the non-chewing side. One week later the same test was carried out but the chewing gum was changed to tea polyphenol gum. Dental plaque pH value were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and SNK using SPSS 10.0 software package., Results: Compared with the baseline chewed either tea polyphenol gum or sugar-free gum could increase the plaque pH recovery due to the sucrose rinsing challenge and it could maintain the dental plaque pH above the resting value. There was no statistically significant difference between tea polyphenol gum and sugar-free gum (P>0.05)., Conclusion: Both gums can increase the plaque pH and decrease the risk of caries.

Purpose: To investigate the change of saliva flow rate and pH after chewing tea polyphenol gum., Methods: Saliva was collected before and after chewing tea polyphenol gum and the control gum. Both the salivary flow rate and pH value were measured and analyzed by one-way ANOVA and SNK., Results: The chewing gum significantly increased the flow rate as well as pH value of the saliva. The flow rate of the tested and control gum reached peak in the first minute. They were 3.15+/-1.05 and 3.30+/-0.87 ml respectively. There was no significant difference between the chewing gums., Conclusion: Chewing gum can increase the secretion and elevate the pH value of the saliva which benefits oral health care.