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Abstract: Benzothiazoles have recognized pharmacophores in the field of research, predominantly in synthetic and medicinal chemistry, on account of their significant pharmaceutical properties. This important class of derivatives endows an extensive range of biological activities like anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, antituberculosis, enzyme inhibitors, etc. Hence, various methodologies have been accomplished to synthesize benzothiazole compounds considering the purity, yield, and selectivity of the products. This review provides different reaction methods that are involved in the synthesis of a variety of benzothiazole derivatives.

Neem (Azadirachta indica), a Meliaceae family member, is a rapidly growing tropical evergreen tree with a thick, branching trunk. It has been used for hundreds of years in traditional Indian medicine as a home cure against numerous human illnesses in the Indian and African continents. Different components of the plant, including the flowers, leaves, seeds, and bark, have been used to treat both acute and chronic human illnesses, as well as an insecticide, antibiotic, larvicidal, antimalarial, antibacterial, antiviral, and spermicidal. The plant's anticancer qualities have been extensively researched in terms of its preventative, protective, tumor-suppressive, immunomodulatory, and apoptotic actions against different cancers and their molecular processes. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which lacks the expression of progesterone and estrogen receptors, has a dismal prognosis and no viable therapeutic options. Gedunin compound isolated from Azadirachta indica's seed oil shows potential anticancer effect against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cancer cells, which acts as heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor.

Nitrogen-containing heterocycles constitute an important division of organic chemistry. The structural and functional diversity in nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds emanates from the presence and nature of the heteroatom that optimizes the compound for a specific application. Nitrogen heterocycles have been found to mimic various endogenous metabolites and natural products, highlighting their pivotal role in current drug design. Their applications are manifold and are predominantly used as pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitors, polymers, agrochemicals, dyes, developers, etc. Additionally, their catalytic behavior has rendered these compounds notable precursors in synthesizing various important organic compounds. The rate at which nitrogen heterocycles are synthesized explains this organic chemistry domain's vitality and usefulness. The present review article focuses on nitrogen-containing heterocycles as a versatile scaffold for current applications of organic chemistry.

Abstract: Thiazole and the related nuclei constitute one of the most significant moieties in the extensively emerging domain of heterocyclic compounds. The versatile nature of the thiazole nucleus can be determined as it is present in natural products like vitamin B1. Furthermore, its derivatives exhibit diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial, anticancer, antihistaminic, antioxidant, etc. They have also emerged as potent CNS agents and are primarily used in the treatment of various CNS disorders. The structure-activity relationship of various amine derivatives of ethylated thiazole demonstrates their use as potential agents in the treatment of melanoma, pigmentation as well as solar elastosis. Thiazole fused with different heterocyclic systems results in many novel derivatives with higher therapeutic activity. Benzothiazole and Thiazolopyrimidine have a distinct position in this regard. This review focuses on the central role of thiazole and its derivatives in current drug design, covering a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities associated with them.

Indoles constitute a widely occurring functional group in nature and are present in an extensive number of bioactive natural products and medicinally important compounds. As a result, exponential increases in the development of novel methods for the formation of indole core along with site-specific indoles have been established. Conventional methods for the synthesis of indoles are getting replaced with green methods involving ionic liquids, water as a solvent, solid acid catalyst, microwave irradiation and the use of nanoparticles under solvent-free conditions. In addition, there are immense applications of the substituted indoles in diverse fields.

Heterocyclic compounds account for the most prominent and diverse class of organic compounds. A significant number of heterocyclic compounds have been synthesized up to this point. Heterocyclic compounds are rapidly increasing in number due to extensive synthetic research and also their synthetic utility. Such compounds have a wide range of uses in the field of medicinal chemistry. Dyestuff, sanitizers, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, and copolymer synthesis are additional well-known applications. There are always distinguishing characteristics of an efficient approach for producing newly discovered heterocyclic compounds and their moieties. According to prior research, more than 90% of medicines containing heterocyclic compounds have been developed after the obtainment of a thorough scientific grasp of the biological system. It was discovered in the neoteric developments of heterocyclic compounds that these play a vital role in curative chemistry, and exert anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiallergic, antibacterial, anti-HIV, antiviral, anti-convulsant, and other biological activities. The present article provides detailed information regarding such heterocyclic compounds.

To explore complex biological and chemical systems, pharmaceutical research has effectively included several molecular modeling tools into a range of drug development initiatives. Molecular docking methods are widely employed in current drug design to investigate ligand conformations within macromolecular targets' binding sites. This method also estimates the ligand-receptor binding free energy by assessing critical phenomena involved in the intermolecular recognition process. In an attempt, several natural products have been synthesized in our laboratory. All the synthesized compounds containing (6H-Dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one) framework were subjected to molecular docking studies for the inhibition of CYP1B1 and BCL2 proteins using Auto Dock Vina software and the interacting amino acid residues were visualized using Discovery Studio, to look into the binding modalities that might influence their anticancer properties. The in silico molecular docking study outcomes showed that all the synthesized compounds having optimum binding energy and have a decent affinity to the active pocket, thus, they may be considered as a respectable inhibitor of CYP1B1 and BCL2 proteins.