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Herein, tannic acid-tethered cellulose was developed as an efficient and selective sorbent for Mn 2 ⁺ removal from aqueous solutions. The modified cellulose was characterized through scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analyses. Sorption performance was evaluated using various parameters, including pH, initial Mn 2 ⁺ concentration, contact time, and the presence of interfering ions. Results indicated that Mn 2 ⁺ removal was highly pH-dependent, with removal efficiency increasing from 8% at pH 2 to99% at pH 9, achieving a remarkable 99% removal rate within only 30 min, highlighting the rapidity of the cellulose sorption kinetics. The results of isotherm studies confirmed that the sorption conformed to the Langmuir model with a monolayer sorption mechanism. Using a sorbent dose of 0.05 g, 99% of Mn 2 ⁺ could be effectively eliminated from water, achieving a maximum sorption capacity of 32.2 mg/g dry-sorbent. The modified cellulose could be effectively regenerated using 0.5-M HCl or 0.1-M H₂SO₄, with no considerable deterioration in sorption performance after three sorption-regeneration cycles. The presence of Na⁺ and K⁺ had minimal impact on Mn 2 ⁺ removal, whereas the presence of Ca 2 ⁺ and Mg 2 ⁺ at low concentrations facilitated moderate-level Mn 2 ⁺ removal., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Tannic acid (TA)-derived carbon dots (TACDs) were synthesized for the first time via a solvothermal method using TA as one of the raw materials, which may effectively inhibit amyloid fibril aggregation and disaggregate mature fibril. The fluorescent property of TACDs were modulated by adjusting the ratio of TA to o-phenylenediamine (oPD), and TACDs fabricated with the precursor ratio as 1:1 showed the best fluorescent property. Circular dichroism spectra (CD) showed that the structure of β-sheet decreased as the concentration of TACDs increased. The inhibition efficiency, as confirmed by thioflavin T (ThT) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), is extraordinary at 98.16%, whereas disaggregation efficiency is noteworthy at 97.97%, and the disaggregated lysozyme fibrils did not reaggregate after 7 days. More critically, TACDs can also alleviate the cellular toxicity caused by Aβ fibrils and improve cell viability. This work offers a new perspective on the design of scavengers for amyloid plaques., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

In food systems, proteins and polyphenols typically coexist in a non-covalent manner. However, the inherent rigid structure of proteins may hinder the binding sites of polyphenols, thereby limiting the strength of their interaction. In the study, magnetic field (MF) treatment was used to enhance non-covalent interactions between coconut globulin (CG) and tannic acid (TA) to improve protein flexibility, enhancing their functional properties without causing oxidation of polyphenols. Based on protein structure results, the interaction between CG and TA caused protein structure to unfold, exposing hydrophobic groups. Treatment with a MF, particularly at 3 mT, further promoted protein unfolding, as evidenced by a decrease in α-helix structure and an increase in coil random. These structural transformations led to the exposure of the internal binding site bound to TA and strengthening the CG-TA interaction (polyphenol binding degree increased from 62.3 to 68.2%). The characterization of molecular forces indicated that MF treatment strengthened hydrogen bonding-dominated non-covalent interactions between CG and TA, leading to improved molecular flexibility of the protein. Specifically, at a MF treatment at 3 mT, CG-TA colloidal particles with small size and high surface hydrophobicity exhibited optimal interfacial activity and wettability (as evidenced by a three-phase contact angle of 89.0°). Consequently, CG-TA-stabilized high internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) with uniform droplets and dense gel networks at 3 mT. Furthermore, the utilization of HIPPEs in 3D printing resulted in consistent geometric shapes, uniform surface textures, and distinct printed layers, demonstrating superior printing stability. As a result, MF treatment at 3 mT was identified as the most favorable. This research provides novel insights into how proteins and polyphenols interact, thereby enabling natural proteins to be utilized in a variety of food applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Anaerobically-treated palm oil mill effluent (POME) still has unacceptable properties for water recycling and reuse, with an unpleasant appearance due to the brownish color caused by tannins and phenolic compounds. This study proposes an approach for treating anaerobically-treated POME for water recycling by combining organic precipitation, electrocoagulation (EC), and ion-exchange resin, followed by reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filtration in series. The results indicated that the organic precipitation enhanced the efficiency of EC treatment in reducing the concentrations of tannins, color, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the anaerobically-treated POME effluent, with reductions of 95.73%, 96.31%, and 93.96% for tannin, color, and COD, respectively. Moreover, organic precipitation affected the effectiveness of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ion removal using ion exchange resin and RO membrane filtration. Without prior organic precipitation, the ion-exchange resin process required a longer contact time, and the RO membrane filtration treatment was hardly effective in removing total dissolved solids (TDS). The combined process gave a water quality that meets the criteria set by the Thailand Ministry of Industry for industrial boiler use (COD 88 mg/L, TDS <0.001 mg/L, water hardness <5 mg-CaCO 3 /L, and pH 6.9)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Glioma cancer is the primary cause of cancer-related fatalities globally for both men and women. Traditional chemotherapy treatments for this condition frequently result in reduced efficacy and significant adverse effects. This investigation developed a new drug delivery system for the chemotherapeutic drug temozolomide (TMZ) using pH-sensitive drug delivery zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8). These nanoplatforms demonstrate excellent biocompatibility and hold potential for cancer therapy. Utilizing the favorable reaction milieu offered by ZIFs, a 'one-pot method' was employed for the fabrication and loading of drugs, leading to a good capacity for loading. TMZ@TA@ZIF-8 NPs exhibit a notable response to an acidic milieu, resulting in an enhanced drug release pattern characterized by a controlled release outcome. The effectiveness of TMZ@TA@ZIF-8 NPs in inhibiting the migration and invasion of U251 glioma cancer cells, as well as promoting apoptosis, was confirmed through various tests, including MTT (3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)) assay, DAPI/PI dual staining, and cell scratch assay. The biochemical fluorescent staining assays showed that TMZ@TA@ZIF-8 NPs potentially improved ROS, reduced MMP, and triggered apoptosis in U251 cells. In U251 cells treated with NPs, the p53, Bax, Cyt-C, caspase-3, -8, and -9 expressions were significantly enhanced, while Bcl-2 expression was diminished. These outcomes show the potential of TMZ@TA@ZIF-8 NPs as a therapeutic agent with anti-glioma properties. Overall, the pH-responsive drug delivery systems we fabricated using TMZ@TA@ZIF-8 NPs show great potential for cancer treatment. This approach has the potential to make significant contributions to the improvement of cancer therapy by overcoming the problems associated with TMZ-based treatments.

Dental caries is one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases worldwide, mediated by a multispecies biofilm that consists of high levels of acidogenic bacteria which ferment sugar to acid and cause teeth demineralization. Current treatment practice remains insufficient in addressing 1) rapid clearance of therapeutic agents from the oral environment 2) destroying bacteria that contribute to the healthy oral microbiome. In addition, increasing concerns over antibiotic resistance calls for innovative alternatives. In this study, we developed a pH responsive nano-carrier for delivery of polycationic silver nanoparticles. Branched-PEI capped silver nanoparticles (BPEI-AgNPs) were encapsulated in a tannic acid - Fe (III) complex-modified poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) particle (Fe(III)-TA/PLGA@BPEI-AgNPs) to enhance binding to the plaque biofilm and demonstrate "intelligence" by releasing BPEI-AgNPs under acidic conditions that promote dental caries The constructed Fe(III)-TA/PLGA@BPEI-AgNPs (intelligent particles - IPs) exhibited significant binding to an axenic S. mutans biofilm grown on hydroxyapatite. Ag + ions were released faster from the IPs at pH 4.0 (cariogenic pH) compared to pH 7.4. The antibiofilm results indicated that IPs can significantly reduce S. mutans biofilm volume and viability under acidic conditions. Cytotoxicity on differentiated Caco-2 cells and human gingival fibroblasts indicated that IPs were not cytotoxic. These findings demonstrate great potential of IPs in the treatment of dental caries., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Chitosan has been widely used in biomedical fields due to its good antibacterial properties, excellent biocompatibility, and biodegradability. In this study, a pH-responsive and self-healing hydrogel was synthesized from 3-carboxyphenylboronic acid grafted with chitosan (CS-BA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The dynamic boronic ester bonds and intermolecular hydrogen bonds are responsible for the hydrogel formation. By changing the mass ratio of CS-BA and PVA, the tensile stress and compressive stress of hydrogel can controlled in the range of 0.61 kPa - 0.74 kPa and 295.28 kPa - 1108.1 kPa, respectively. After doping with tannic acid (TA)/iron nanocomplex (TAFe), the hydrogel successful killed tumor cells through the near infrared laser-induced photothermal conversion and the TAFe-triggered reactive oxygen species generation. Moreover, the photothermal conversion of the hydrogel and the antibacterial effect of CS and TA give the hydrogel a good antibacterial effect. The CS-BA/PVA/TAFe hydrogel exhibit good in vivo and in vitro anti-tumor recurrence and antibacterial ability, and therefore has the potential to be used as a powerful tool for the prevention of local tumor recurrence and bacterial infection after surgery., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Wearable drug delivery systems (DDS) have made significant advancements in the field of precision medicine, offering precise regulation of drug dosage, location, and timing. The performance qualities that wearable DDS has always strived for are simplicity, efficiency, and intelligence. This paper proposes a wearable dual-drug synergistic release patch. The patch is powered by a built-in magnesium battery and utilizes a hydrogel containing viologen-based hyperbranched polyamidoamine as both a cathode material and an integrated drug reservoir. This design allows for the simultaneous release of both dexamethasone and tannic acid, overcoming the limitations of monotherapy and ensuring effective synergy for on-demand therapy. In a mouse model with praziquimod-induced psoriasis, the patch demonstrated therapeutic efficacy at a low voltage. The inflammatory skin returned to normal after 5 days with the on-demand release of dual drugs. This work provides a promising treatment option considering its straightforward construction and the therapeutic advantages of dual-drug synergy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A pH/temperature bi-responsive gallic acid magnetic imprinted polymer (PTBG-MIP) was synthesized on a Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 @KH570 carrier using methacrylic acid (MAA), p-Vinylphenylboronic acid (p-VPBA), and N-isopropyl-acrylamide (NIPAAm) as complex functional monomers. The density functional theory (DFT) was employed to optimize the molar ratio of multi-functional monomers-template complex, which proved to be an effective tool for predicting complex configuration based on electrostatic potential (ESP) analysis and the lowest binding energy. DFT calculation and analysis determined the optimized molar ratio of 2:1:1:1 for GA-MAA-NIPAAm-p-VPBA, which showed good agreement with experimental results. The PTBG-MIP-4 obtained under the optimized conditions exhibited high pH- and temperature- dependence in rebinding the template, displaying a maximum adsorption capacity (Q e ) of 62.26 mg g -1 and a highest selection factor (α) of 5.217. Additionally, the PTBG-MIP-4 exhibited exceptional physicochemical properties encompassing magnetization characteristics, morphology, surface sites distribution, and adsorption performance. The application efficiency of this imprinted composite in the extraction and purification of gallic acid from Galla chinensis was remarkably demonstrated., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest My major investigation fields lie to two aspects: (1) molecularly imprinted polymer and (2) chromatographic separation and analysis. Recently, my interest aims at creating novel approach to perform solid phase extraction of bioactive compounds from some Traditional Chinese Medicine and at developing new molecularly imprinted polymers material as stationary phase in liquid phase and gas chromatography., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Lentils have a valuable physicochemical profile, which can be affected by the presence of antinutrients that may impair the benefits arising from their consumption. Different treatments can be used to reduce these undesirable compounds, although they can also affect the general composition and behaviour of the lentils. Thus, the effect of different processing methods on the physicochemical and techno-functional properties, as well as on the antinutritional factors of different lentil varieties was studied. Phytic acid was eliminated during germination, while tannins and trypsin inhibitors are mostly affected by cooking. Functional properties were also altered by processing, these being dependent on the concentration of different nutrients in lentils. All the studied treatments affected the physicochemical profile of lentils and their functional properties. Cooking and germination appear to be the most effective in reducing antinutritional factors and improving the physicochemical profile of the lentils, meeting the current nutritional demands of today's society., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Pain and inflammation contribute immeasurably to reduced quality of life, yet modern analgesic and anti-inflammatory therapeutics can cause dependence and side effects. Here, we screened 1444 plant extracts, prepared primarily from native species in California and the United States Virgin Islands, against two voltage-gated K + channels - T-cell expressed Kv1.3 and nociceptive-neuron expressed Kv7.2/7.3. A subset of extracts both inhibits Kv1.3 and activates Kv7.2/7.3 at hyperpolarized potentials, effects predicted to be anti-inflammatory and analgesic, respectively. Among the top dual hits are witch hazel and fireweed; polymodal modulation of multiple K + channel types by hydrolysable tannins contributes to their dual anti-inflammatory, analgesic actions. In silico docking and mutagenesis data suggest pore-proximal extracellular linker sequence divergence underlies opposite effects of hydrolysable tannins on different Kv1 isoforms. The findings provide molecular insights into the enduring, widespread medicinal use of witch hazel and fireweed and demonstrate a screening strategy for discovering dual anti-inflammatory, analgesic small molecules., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Accurate diagnosis and classification of kidney cancer are crucial for high-quality healthcare services. However, the current diagnostic platforms remain challenges in the rapid and accurate analysis of large-scale clinical biosamples. Herein, we fabricated a bifunctional smart nanoplatform based on tannic acid-modified gold nanoflowers (TA@AuNFs), integrating nanozyme catalysis for colorimetric sensing and self-assembled nanoarray-assisted LDI-MS analysis. The TA@AuNFs presented peroxidase (POD)- and glucose oxidase-like activity owing to the abundant galloyl residues on the surface of AuNFs. Combined with the colorimetric assay, the TA@AuNF-based sensing nanoplatform was used to directly detect glucose in serum for kidney tumor diagnosis. On the other hand, TA@AuNFs could self-assemble into closely packed and homogeneous two-dimensional (2D) nanoarrays at liquid-liquid interfaces by using Fe 3+ as a mediator. The self-assembled TA@AuNFs (SA-TA@AuNFs) arrays were applied to assist the LDI-MS analysis of metabolites, exhibiting high ionization efficiency and excellent MS signal reproducibility. Based on the SA-TA@AuNF array-assisted LDI-MS platform, we successfully extracted metabolic fingerprints from urine samples, achieving early-stage diagnosis of kidney tumor, subtype classification, and discrimination of benign from malignant tumors. Taken together, our developed TA@AuNF-based bifunctional smart nanoplatform showed distinguished potential in clinical disease diagnosis, point-of-care testing, and biomarker discovery.

Stability issues in membrane-free coacervates have been addressed with coating strategies, but these approaches often compromise the permeability of the coacervate. Here we report a facile approach to maintain both stability and permeability using tannic acid and then demonstrate the value of this approach in enzyme-triggered drug release. First, we develop size-tunable coacervates via self-assembly of heparin glycosaminoglycan with tyrosine and arginine-based peptides. A thrombin-recognition site within the peptide building block results in heparin release upon thrombin proteolysis. Notably, polyphenols are integrated within the nano-coacervates to improve stability in biofluids. Phenolic crosslinking at the liquid-liquid interface enables nano-coacervates to maintain exceptional structural integrity across various environments. We discover a pivotal polyphenol threshold for preserving enzymatic activity alongside enhanced stability. The disassembly rate of the nano-coacervates increases as a function of thrombin activity, thus preventing a coagulation cascade. This polyphenol-based approach not only improves stability but also opens the way for applications in biomedicine, protease sensing, and bio-responsive drug delivery., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The advancement of effective nasal mucoadhesive delivery faces challenges due to rapid mucociliary clearance (MCC). Conventional studies have employed mucoadhesive materials, mainly forming spherical nanoparticles, but these offer limited adhesion to the nasal mucosa. This study hypothesizes that a 2D nanoscale structure utilizing adhesive polyphenols can provide a superior strategy for countering MCC, aligning with the planar mucosal layers. We explore the use of tannic acid (TA), a polyphenolic molecule known for its adhesive properties and ability to form complexes with biomolecules. Our study introduces an unprecedented 2D nanopatch, assembled through the interaction of TA with green fluorescent protein (GFP), and cell-penetrating peptide (CPP). This 2D nanopatch demonstrates robust adhesion to nasal mucosa and significantly enhances immunoglobulin A secretions, suggesting its potential for enhancing nasal vaccine delivery. The promise of a polyphenol-enabled adhesive 2D nanopatch signifies a pivotal shift from conventional spherical nanoparticles, opening new pathways for delivery strategies through respiratory mucoadhesion.

Tissue-inspired layered structural hydrogel has attracted increasing attention in artificial muscle, wound healing, wearable electronics, and soft robots. Despite numerous efforts being devoted to developing various layered hydrogels, the rapid and efficient preparation of layered hydrogels remains challenging. Herein, inspired by the self-growth concept of living organisms, an interfacial catalytic self-growth strategy based on catechol chemistry-mediated self-catalytic system of preparing layered hydrogels is demonstrated. Typically, the tannic acid-metal ion (e.g., TA-Fe 3+ ) complex embedded in the hydrogel substrate would catalytically trigger rapid solid-liquid interfacial polymerization to grow the hydrogel layer without bulk solution polymerization. The self-growth process can be finely controlled by changing the growth time, the molar ratio of Fe 3+ /TA, and so on. The strategy is applicable to prepare various layered hydrogels as well as complex layered hydrogel patterns, allowing the customization of the physicochemical properties of the hydrogel. In addition, the self-adhesive layered hydrogel was prepared and can be utilized as a wearable strain sensor to monitor physiological activities and human motions. The demonstrated interfacial catalytic self-growth strategy will provide a route to design and fabricate layered hydrogel materials.

Ferroptosis, caused by disorders of iron metabolism, plays a critical role in various diseases, making the regulation of iron metabolism essential for tissue repair. In our analysis of degenerated intervertebral disc tissue, we observe a positive correlation between the concentration of extracellular iron ions (ex-iron) and the severity of ferroptosis in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Hence, inspired by magnets attracting metals, we combine polyether F127 diacrylate (FDA) with tannin (TA) to construct a magnetically attracting hydrogel (FDA-TA). This hydrogel demonstrates the capability to adsorb ex-iron and remodel the iron metabolism of cells. Furthermore, it exhibits good toughness and self-healing properties. Notably, it can activate the PI3K-AKT pathway to inhibit nuclear receptor coactivator 4-mediated ferritinophagy under ex-iron enrichment conditions. The curative effect and related mechanism are further confirmed in vivo. Consequently, on the basis of the pathological mechanism, a targeted hydrogel is designed to reshape iron metabolism, offering insights for tissue repair.

Background: Solid-state fermentation (SSF) has been widely used in the processing of sorghum grain (SG) because it can produce products with improved sensory characteristics. To clarify the influence of different microbial strains on the SSF of SG, especially on the polyphenols content and composition, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhizopus oryzae, Aspergillus oryzae, and Neurospora sitophila were used separately and together for SSF of SG. Furthermore, the relationship between the dynamic changes in polyphenols and enzyme activity closely related to the metabolism of polyphenols has also been measured and analyzed. Microstructural changes observed after SSF provide a visual representation of the SSF on the SG., Results: After SSF, tannin content (TC) and free phenolic content (FPC) were decreased by 56.36% and 23.48%, respectively. Polyphenol oxidase, β-glucosidase and cellulase activities were increased 5.25, 3.27, and 45.57 times, respectively. TC and FPC were negatively correlated with cellulase activity. A positive correlation between FPC and xylanase activity after 30 h SSF became negative after 48 h SSF. The SG surface was fragmented and porous, reducing the blocking effect of cortex., Conclusion: Cellulase played a crucial role in promoting the degradation of tannin (antinutrient) and phenolic compounds. Xylanase continued to release flavonoids while microbial metabolism consumed them with the extension of SSF time. SSF is an effective way to improve the bioactivity and processing characteristics of SG. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Tannin, after lignin, is one of the most abundant sources of natural aromatic biomolecules. It has been used and chemically modified during the past few decades to create novel biobased materials. This work intended to functionalize for the first time quebracho Tannin (T) through a simple phosphorylation process in a urea system. The phosphorylation of tannin was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), NMR, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), while further characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to investigate the morphology, composition, structure, and thermal degradation of the phosphorylated material. Results indicated the occurrence of phosphorylation, suggesting the insertion of phosphate-containing groups into the tannin structure, revealing a high content of phosphate for modified tannin (PT). This elevated phosphorus content serves as evidence for the successful incorporation of phosphate groups through the functionalization process. The corresponding PT and T were employed as adsorbents for methylene blue (MB) removal from aqueous solutions. The results revealed that the Langmuir isotherm model effectively represents the adsorption isotherms. Additionally, the pseudo-second-order model indicates that chemisorption predominantly controls the adsorption mechanism. This finding also supports the fact that the introduced phosphate groups via the phosphorylation process significantly contributed to the improved adsorption capacity. Under neutral pH conditions and at room temperature, the material achieved an impressive adsorption capacity of 339.26 mg·g -1 in about 2 h.

The key to saving lives is to achieve instant and effective sealing hemostasis in the event of emergency bleeding. Herein, a plant oil-based EMTA/Zn 2+ bioadhesive is prepared by a facile reaction of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) with methacrylic acid (MAA) and tannic acid (TA), followed by the addition of zinc ions for coordination with TA. The EMTA/Zn 2+ bioadhesive can be rapidly cured in situ at the wound site through photo-cross-linking under ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation within 30 s, achieving ultrastrong wet-tissue adhesion performance of 92.4 and 51.8 kPa to porcine skin and aortic skin after 7 days underwater, respectively. Especially, the EMTA/Zn 2+ bioadhesive exhibits outstanding sealing performance in vitro with the high burst pressure of 525 mmHg (70 kPa) and 337.5 mmHg (45 kPa) to porcine skin and aortic skin, respectively. Moreover, the EMTA/Zn 2+ bioadhesive not only has outstanding hemocompatibility and good biodegradability but also exhibits excellent cytocompatibility and antibacterial properties. Notably, the EMTA/Zn 2+ bioadhesive has remarkable instant sealing hemostatic ability for hemorrhaging liver in vivo . Therefore, the prepared plant oil-based EMTA/Zn 2+ bioadhesive can serve as a charming alternative candidate for instant sealing hemostasis in clinical applications, especially in traumatic internal organs and arterial bleeding.

A sequential dual-locked luminescent copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) probe was designed and synthesized for the specific imaging and selective killing of tumor cells. This nanoprobe was prepared by first forming a Fe 3+ -coupled tannic acid (TA)-stabilized CuNCs (CuNCs-Fe III ), which is in quenching state due to the electron transfer between CuNCs and Fe 3+ , and then coating a protectable layer of hyaluronic acid (HA) on the surface of CuNCs-Fe III to form the final dual-locked nanoprobe (CuNCs-Fe III @HA). When the nanoprobe of CuNCs-Fe III @HA target enter the tumor cells through CD44-HA receptor, HAase will first digest the HA layer of the nanoprobes, and then, GSH over-expressed in tumor cells will reduce Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ , thus restoring the fluorescence emission of CuNCs and at the same time killing the tumor cells with the hydroxyl free radicals (∙OH) produced by the Fenton reaction between Fe 2+ and H 2 O 2 . This sequential dual-locked luminescent nanoprobe of CuNCs-Fe III @HA has been successfully used for the specific imaging and selective killing of tumor cells., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Currently, the most effective way to improve the anti-fouling performance of water treatment separation membrane is to enhance the hydrophilicity of the membrane surface, but it can still cause contamination, leading to the occurrence of flux reduction. The construction of a strong hydration layer to resist wastewater contamination is still a challenging task. In this study, a defect-free hydration layer barrier was achieved by grafting chitosan polysaccharide derivatives (CS-SDAEM) on the membrane, which achieved in effective fouling prevention and low flux decline rate. A layer of tannic acid-coated carbon nanotubes (TA@CNTs) has been uniformly deposited on the commercial PVDF membrane so that the surface was rich in -COOH groups, providing sufficient reaction sites. These reactive groups facilitate the grafting of amphiphilic polymers onto the membrane. This modification strategy achieved in enhancing the antifouling performance. The modified membrane achieved low contamination rate with DR of 16.9 % for wastewater filtration, and the flux recovery rate was above 95 % with PWF of 1100 (L·m -2 ·h -1 ). The membrane had excellent anti-fouling performance, which provided a new route for the future development of water treatment membrane., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Germanium (Ge) is a dispersed metal primarily recovered from secondary Ge-containing resources. The traditional treatment method is hindered by incomplete impurity removal, resulting in a low grade of tannin germanium residue (TGR) and Ge concentrate, high production costs, and significant hazardous waste. This study proposes a new technology involving ultrasonic pre-purification of TGR to enhance the quality of Ge concentrate prepared by roasting. Under optimal conditions (ultrasonic power 225 W, liquid-solid ratio 7:1, H 2 SO 4 concentration 20 g/L, reaction time 30 min, and reaction temperature 40 °C), the removal efficiencies of impurities Zn, Mg, Fe, As, and S from purified tannin germanium residue (PTGR) increased by 4.2%, 4.2%, 17.4%, 8.7%, and 2.9% respectively. Moreover, the Ge content in PTGR increased from 2.9% to 4.1%. The mechanism of ultrasonic action indicated the ultrasonic energy reduced the particle size of the reactants from 67.698 μm to 31.768 μm, thereby accelerating impurity removal. Roasting ultrasonic-purified tannin germanium residue (U-PTGR) at 650 °C with 40 L/h air flow for 120 min produced Ge concentrate with a Ge grade of 33.26%, which is 6.11% higher than the regular method. Analysis using XRD and HRTEM, combined with crystallite size calculation, revealed that the Ge concentrate prepared by U-PTGR exhibited low sintering degree, good crystal properties, and high crystallinity. Implementing this technology could save enterprises approximately $57,412 annually in production costs. Additionally, it holds significant practical importance in reducing hazardous waste emissions and promoting the high-quality development of the Ge industry., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Surface browning of plant-derived fresh-cut products is mainly caused by conversion of the phenolic compounds into o-quinones under tyrosinase catalysis. In this study, the rarely reported complex tannins from Euryale ferox seed shell (ECTs) constituted by the units of 35.60% condensed tannins and 64.40% hydrolysable tannins were shown to suppress the activity of tyrosinase efficiently, supporting the exploitation of ECTs into novel anti-browning agents. However, the utilization of ECTs in food preservation is often restricted because of their chemical instability to external environment. Further fabrication of nanoliposomes loaded with ECTs (ECTs-NLs) herein was carried out to improve the stability of ECTs. DLS, TEM, FTIR, DSC and XRD confirmed that ECTs were encapsulated into nanoliposomes successfully, and ECTs-NLs appeared as vesicle-like spherical morphology with favorable encapsulation efficiency, uniform particle size distribution and negative zeta-potential. The resulting ECTs-NLs were relatively stable in the dark at 4 °C. Nanoliposomal encapsulation significantly enhanced ECTs stability, thus protecting inhibitory effect of ECTs against tyrosinase. Furthermore, anti-browning evaluation proved that ECTs-NLs had distinct advantages over free ECTs in alleviating surface browning of fresh-cut asparagus lettuces. These results suggested that nanoliposomes were effective in stabilizing ECTs and ECTs-NLs could be potentially applied to the fresh-cut food industry., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Tannic acid (TA) is a natural polyphenol that shows great potential in the field of biomedicine due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, anti-virus, and neuroprotective activities. Recent studies have revealed that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is closely associated with protein aggregation. Therefore, modulating LLPS offers new insights into the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the influence of TA on the LLPS of the Alzheimer's-related protein tau and the underlying mechanism. Our findings indicate that TA affects the LLPS of tau in a biphasic manner, with initial promotion and subsequent suppression as the TA to tau molar ratio increases. TA modulates tau phase separation through a combination of hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. The balance between TA-tau and tau-tau interactions is found to be relevant to the material properties of TA-induced tau condensates. We further illustrate that the modulatory activity of TA in phase separation is highly dependent on the target proteins. These findings enhance our understanding of the forces driving tau LLPS under different conditions, and may facilitate the identification and optimization of compounds that can rationally modulate protein phase transition in the future., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The environmental pollution caused by plastic films urgently requires the development of non-toxic, biodegradable, and renewable biopolymer films. However, the poor waterproof and UV resistance properties of biopolymer films have limited their application in fruit packaging. In this work, a novel tannic acid cross-linked chitosan/gelatin film with hydrophobic silica coating (CGTS) was prepared. Relying on the adhesion of tannic acid and gelatin to silica, the coating endows CGTS film with excellent superhydrophobic properties. Especially, the contact angle reaches a maximum value 152.6°. Meanwhile, tannic acid enhanced the mechanical strength (about 36.1 %) through the forming of hydrogen bonding and the network structure. The prepared CGTS films showed almost zero transmittance to ultraviolet light and exhibited excellent radical scavenging ability (∼76.5 %, DPPH). Hence, CGTS film is suitable as a novel multifunctional packaging material for the agriculture to protect premature fruits, or the food industry used in environments exposed to ultraviolet radiation and rainwater., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

In this study, multifunctional green carbon dots (CDs) have been synthesized using Galla chinensis waste (GCW) via hydrothermal method for the first time. An active packaging film has been developed in this work by combining CDs and pullulan (PL), using the solution-casting method. The microscopic morphology revealed that the CDs that were prepared using GCW exhibited good compatibility with PL. In addition, it also led to improvement in the toughness of the PL film (14.01 % to 20.26 %), along with its water vapor permeability value [1.31 to 0.53 (g·mm)/(kPa·h·m 2 )]. The composite films consisting of CDs exhibited good UV blocking rates for the UVA (90.41 %-7.87 %), UVB (87.76 %-0.08 %), and UVC (83.39 %-0 %) spectral ranges. The composite films exhibited strong antioxidant activity, and the clearance of ABTS and DPPH were obtained to be 93.61 % and 86.30 %, respectively. In addition, the composite films showed good antibacterial activity for E. coli and S. aureus, with a high antibacterial rate of up to 99.99 %. Finally, the non-contact preservation of strawberries over a duration of 10 d at room temperature confirmed that the prepared composite film can help preserve the quality of strawberries, as well as extended their shelf-life., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Epithelial barrier impairment of intestinal inflammation leads to the leakage of bacteria, antigens and consequent persistent immune imbalance. Restoring the barrier function holds promise for management of intestinal inflammation, while the theragnostic strategies are limited. In this study, we developed a novel coating by catalase (CAT)-catalyzed polymerization of tannic acid (TA) and combined chelation network with Fe 3+ . TA-Fe 3+ coating was self-polymerized in situ along the small intestinal mucosa, demonstrating persistent adhesion properties and protective function. In enteritis models, sequential administration of TA-Fe 3+ complex solution effectively restored the barrier function and alleviated the intestinal inflammation. Overexpressed CAT in inflammatory lesion is more favorable for the in situ targeting growth of TA-Fe 3+ coating onto the defective barrier. Based on the high longitudinal relaxivity of Fe 3+ , the pathologically catalyzed coating facilitated the visualization of intestinal barrier impairment through MRI. In conclusion, the novel TA-Fe 3+ delivery coating proposed an alternative approach to promote theranostic intervention for intestinal diseases., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors declare no potential conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A facial strategy of co-deposition is proposed to enhance the interfacial bonding in wood fiber (WF)/polylactic acid (PLA) composites. Dopamine or tannic acid (TA) was co-deposited with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) onto the WF surface to create active coatings. These coatings were formed through Michael addition and Schiff base reactions and effectively attached to the WF through a combination of hydrogen and covalent bonding. Such active coatings facilitated the connection between WF and PLA through both covalent bonds and physical entanglements, thereby enhancing the interfacial interactions and compatibility between the two components. The co-deposition of TA with APTES was found to be more effective than with dopamine, leading to a dramatic improvement in the tensile strength and elongation at break of the composites by 33.4 % and 185.9 %, respectively. This work offers a facile method to prepare high performance plant fiber reinforced PLA composites, thereby broadening the potential applications of PLA., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Tyrosinase is a biological macromolecule closely related to browning of fruit and vegetables, melanin production, and tyrosinase inhibitors are usually used to prevent browning and pigmentation. In this study, longan shell tannins (LSTs) were screened as tyrosinase inhibitors and their structures were proved to be mixtures of procyanidins (condensed tannins) and ellagitannins (hydrolyzed tannins). Enzymatic experiments verified that LSTs were efficient inhibitors, and the IC 50 values for monophenolase and bisphenolase were 176.04 ± 10 and 59.94 ± 5 μg mL -1 , respectively. Fluorescence detections and molecular docking revealed that the combination of LSTs to tyrosinase was mainly driven by hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction, as well as van der Waals force, which changed the microenvironment of tyrosine and tryptophan residues as well as enzyme conformation. Circular dichroism and molecular dynamics simulation showed that LSTs affected secondary structures of tyrosinase, resulting in structural stretching and conformational modification of the enzyme. In addition, preservation studies demonstrated that LSTs owned the ability to delay the browning of fresh-cut apples by inhibiting phenolic metabolism, strengthening the antioxidant system, and reducing lipid peroxidation. This paper testified that LSTs are exteaordinary tyrosinase inhibitors, and offered a scientific foundation for the application of LSTs in food industry and medicine., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Adding natural bioactive ingredients to yogurt can improve the nutritional and physiological benefits. In this study, we used ultrasonic-assisted phlorotannin from Ascophyllum nodosum (A. nodosum) modified phycocyanin (PC) to form a complex (UPP) to produce a fortified fermented yogurt. The effects of PC and UPP on the structure, stability, and function of fermented yogurt within 7 days were assessed using physicochemical properties, texture analysis, rheological testing, 16S rDNA sequencing analysis, and lipidomics analysis. Molecular docking indicated that PC might bind to phlorotannin via ARG-77, ARG-84, LEU-120, ALA-81, CYS-82, and ASP-85 sites.When the mass ratio of the complex is 1:1, the ability of UPP 1:1 to remove DPPH· scavenging ability in an acid environment increased by about 50 %. UPP 1:1 with more acid stability changed the microstructure of the yogurt, enhanced the stability of the yogurt, improved the antioxidant properties, and inhibited the growth of harmful bacteria within 7 days. This work encouraged the extraction and use of phlorotannin from edible brown algae and offered a straightforward method for making yogurt supplemented with PC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The substantial waste of perishable foods during transportation significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, intensifying the climate crisis. To mitigate the rapid spoilage of fruits, an eco-friendly bilayer film was developed using natural egg white (EW), amylose (Am), and tannic acid (TA). The EW/Am-TA bilayer film features a primary layer of amphiphilic EW, ensuring a uniform coating on hydrophobic fruit surfaces, and a secondary layer composed of Am and TA, imparting notable tensile strength (5.3 ± 0.5 MPa) and elongation at break (28.5 ± 4.1 %). This bilayer film effectively shields fruits from UV-B and UV-C radiation (~0 % transmittance at 280 and 330 nm) and exhibits antioxidant and antibacterial properties due to the presence of TA. Fruits such as bananas, avocados, and cherry tomatoes, when dip-coated with the optimized EW/Am-TA bilayer, maintained their freshness, color, weight, and texture for up to seven days, demonstrating the effectiveness of this bilayer coating in food preservation. The natural materials in the coated film are edible and can be safely removed with tap water at room temperature in <10 s, posing no food safety risks. Thus, the proposed bilayer coating presents a significant solution to the global problem of food waste., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that may have influenced the work reported in this study., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Conventional wound dressings fail to provide features that can assist the healing process of chronic wounds. Multifunctional wound dressings address this issue by incorporating attributes including antibacterial and antioxidant activity, and the ability to enhance wound healing. Herein, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based antibacterial hydrogel sponge dressings are prepared by a rapid and facile gas foaming method based on an acid chloride/alcohol reaction where tannic acid (TA) is included as a reactant to impart antibacterial efficacy as well as to enhance the mechanical properties of the samples. The results reveal that the TA-integrated sponges possess excellent antibacterial properties against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with approximately 6-8 log reduction in the microbial colony count after 6 h, indicating their high potential for management of infection-prone wounds. Compared to the control sample, TA incorporation increases the elastic modulus by twofold. As the samples also exhibit biocompatibility, antioxidant activity, and wound healing capacity, the novel TA-incorporated hydrogels can be an alternative to traditional wound dressings for wounds with low-to-moderate exudate., (© 2024 The Author(s). Macromolecular Bioscience published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Background: The presence of inorganic pollutants and heavy metals in industrial effluents has become a serious threat and environmental issues. Fungi have a remarkable ability to exclude heavy metals from wastewater through biosorption in eco-friendly way. Tannase plays an important role in bioconversion of tannin, a major constituent of tannery effluent, to gallic acid which has great pharmaceutical applications. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to exploit the potential of tannase from Aspergillus glaucus and fungal biomass waste for the bioremediation of heavy metals and tannin., Results: Tannase from A. glaucus was partially purified 4.8-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation (80%). The enzyme was optimally active at pH 5.0 and 40 °C and stable at this temperature for 1 h. Tannase showed high stability at different physiological conditions, displayed about 50% of its activity at 60 °C and pH range 5.0-6.0. Immobilization of tannase was carried out using methods such. as entrapment in Na-alginate and covalent binding to chitosan. The effects of Na-alginate concentrations on the beads formation and enzyme immobilization revealed that maximum immobilization efficiency (75%) was obtained with 3% Na-alginate. A potential reusability of the immobilized enzyme was showed through keeping 70% of its relative activity up to the fourth cycle. The best bioconversion efficiency of tannic acid to gallic acid by immobilized tannase was at 40 °C with tannic acid concentration up to 50 g/l. Moreover, bioremediation of heavy metal (Cr 3+ , Pb 2+ , Cu 2+ , Fe 3+ , and Mn 2+ ) from aqueous solution using A. glaucus biomass waste was achieved with uptake percentage of (37.20, 60.30, 55.27, 79.03 and 21.13 respectively). The biomass was successfully used repeatedly for removing Cr 3+ after using desorbing agent (0.1 N HCl) for three cycles., Conclusion: These results shed the light on the potential use of tannase from locally isolated A. glaucus in the bioremediation of industrial tanneries contained heavy metals and tannin., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Europium ions (Eu 3+ ) are gaining attention in the field of regenerative medicine due to increasing evidence of their osteogenic properties. However, inflammatory and oxidative environments present in many bone diseases, such as osteoporosis or rheumatoid arthritis, are known to hinder this regenerative process. Herein, we describe a straightforward synthetic procedure to prepare Eu 3+ -tannic acid nanocomplexes (EuTA NCs) with modulable physicochemical characteristics, as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and osteogenic properties. EuTA NCs were rationally synthesized to present different contents of Eu 3+ on their structure to evaluate the effect of the cation on the biological properties of the formulations. In all the cases, EuTA NCs were stable in distilled water at physiological pH, had a highly negative surface charge ( ζ ≈ -25.4 mV), and controllable size (80 < D h < 160 nm). In vitro antioxidant tests revealed that Eu 3+ complexation did not significantly alter the total radical scavenging activity (RSA) of TA but enhanced its ability to scavenge H 2 O 2 and ferrous ions, thus improving its overall antioxidant potential. At the cellular level, EuTA NCs reduced the instantaneous toxicity of high concentrations of free TA, resulting in better antioxidant (13.3% increase of RSA vs. TA) and anti-inflammatory responses (17.6% reduction of nitric oxide production vs. TA) on cultures of H 2 O 2 - and LPS-stimulated macrophages, respectively. Furthermore, the short-term treatment of osteoblasts with EuTA NCs was found to increase their alkaline phosphatase activity and their matrix mineralization capacity. Overall, this simple and tunable platform is a potential candidate to promote bone growth in complex environments by simultaneously targeting multiple pathophysiological mechanisms of disease.

Geraniin (GE), an ellagitannin (ET) renowned for its promising health advantages, faces challenges in its practical applications due to its limited bioavailability. This innovative and novel formulation of GE and soy-phosphatidylcholine (GE-PL) complex has the potential to increase oral bioavailability, exhibiting high entrapment efficiency of 100.2 ± 0.8 %, and complexation efficiency of 94.6 ± 1.1 %. The small particle size (1.04 ± 0.11 μm), low polydispersity index (0.26 ± 0.02), and adequate zeta potential (-26.1 ± 0.12 mV), indicate its uniformity and stability. Moreover, the formulation also demonstrates improved lipophilicity, reduced aqueous and buffer solubilities, and better partition coefficient. It has been validated by various analytical techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of free GE and GE-PL complex investigated in rabbits demonstrated enhanced plasma concentration of ellagic acid (EA) compared to free GE. Significantly, GE, whether in its free form or as part of the GE-PL complex, was not found in the circulatory system. However, EA levels were observed at 0.5 h after administration, displaying two distinct peaks at 2 ± 0.03 h (T1 max ) and 24 ± 0.06 h (T2 max ). These peaks corresponded to peak plasma concentrations (C1 max and C2 max ) of 588.82 ng/mL and 711.13 ng/mL respectively, signifying substantial 11-fold and 5-fold enhancements when compared to free GE. Additionally, it showed an increased area under the curve (AUC), the elimination half-life (t 1/2 , el) and the elimination rate constant (K el ). The formulation of the GE-PL complex prolonged the presence of EA in the bloodstream and improved its absorption, ultimately leading to a higher oral bioavailability. In summary, the study highlights the significance of the GE-PL complex in overcoming the bioavailability limitations of GE, paving the way for enhanced therapeutic outcomes and potential applications in drug delivery and healthcare., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: [Usha Sundralingam reports financial support was provided by Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education. Uma Devi Palanisamy has patent appoved to Uma Devi Palanisamy (Patent application number: PI2017704622). If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.]., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The management of chronic infected wounds poses significant challenges due to frequent bacterial infections, high concentrations of reactive oxygen species, abnormal immune regulation, and impaired angiogenesis. This study introduces a novel, microenvironment-responsive, dual dynamic, and covalently bonded hydrogel, termed OHA-P-TA/G/Mg 2+ . It is derived from the reaction of tannic acid (TA) with phenylboronic acids (PBA), which are grafted onto oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA-P-TA), combined with GelMA (G) via a Schiff base and chemical bonds, along with the incorporation of Mg 2+ . This hydrogel exhibits pH and ROS dual-responsiveness, demonstrating effective antibacterial capacity, antioxidant ability, and the anti-inflammatory ability under distinct acidic and oxidative microenvironments. Furthermore, the release of Mg 2+ from the TA-Mg 2+ network (TA@Mg 2+ ) promotes the transformation of pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype macrophages to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, showing a microenvironment-responsive response. Finally, in vivo results indicate that the OHA-P-TA/G/Mg 2+ hydrogel enhances epithelial regeneration, collagen deposition, and neovascularization, showing great potential as an effective dressing for infected wound repair.

The development of a rapid hemostat through a facile method with co-existing antibacterial activity and minimum erythrocyte lysis property stands as a major requirement in the field of hemostasis. Herein, a series of novel microparticle hemostats were synthesized using chitosan, different hydrothermally-treated starches, and cross-linked with tannic acid (TA) simultaneously in an unoxidized environment via ionotropic gelation method. Hemostats' comparative functional properties, such as adjustable antibacterial and erythrocyte compatibility upon various starch additions were evaluated. The in vivo hemostatic study revealed that the developed hemostats for mouse liver laceration and rat tail amputation had clotting times (13 s and 38 s, respectively) and blood loss (51 mg and 62 mg, respectively) similar to those of Celox™. The erythrocyte adhesion test suggested that erythrocyte distortion can be lowered by modifying the antibacterial hemostats with different starches. The broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy of the hemostats remained intact against S. aureus (>90 %), E. coli (>80 %), and P. mirabilis bacteria upon starch modification. They also demonstrated high hemocompatibility (<3 % hemolysis ratio), moderate cell viability (>81 %), in vivo biodegradation, and angiogenesis indicating adequate biocompatibility and wound healing. The developed hemostats hold significant promise to be employed as rapid hemostatic agents for preventing major bleeding and bacterial infection in emergencies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this research, we utilized an efficient approach to synthesize superparamagnetic graphene oxide (SPGO) rapidly in a one-pot method using microwave irradiation of graphene oxide (GO), urea, and Fe(III) ion. Tannic acid (TA) was introduced to the surface of SPGO through a straightforward and eco-friendly process. Methods were devised to furnish GO nanosheets and modify their surfaces with TA in an environmentally friendly manner. Two series of nanosheets, namely, SPGO/TA-COOH and SPGO/TA-IM, were engineered on the surface and used for immobilizing lipase enzyme. Through various analytical tools, the unique biocatalysts SPGO/TA-COOH/L and SPGO/TA-IM/L were confirmed. These biocatalysts exhibited enhanced stability at high temperatures and pH levels compared with free lipase. They also demonstrated prolonged storage stability and reusability over four months and seven cycles, respectively. Furthermore, the catalytic activity of immobilized lipase showed minimal impairment based on kinetic behavior analysis. The kinetic constants of SPGO/TA-IM/L were determined as V max = 0.24 mM min -1 , K m = 0.224 mM, and k cat = 0.8 s -1 . Additionally, the efficiency of biocatalysts for biodiesel production from palmitic acid was studied, focusing on various reaction parameters, such as temperature, alcohol to palmitic acid molar ratio, water content, and lipase quantity. The esterification reaction of palmitic acid with methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol was tested in the presence of SPGO/TA-COOH/L and SPGO/TA-IM/L, and the corresponding esters were obtained with a yield of 30.6-91.6%.

The healing of a wound under tension (hereafter, "tension wound") often coincides with the development of hypertrophic scars in clinical settings. Currently, compress bandages offer a potential alternative for the healing of tension wounds; however, their application in surgery is limited due to their prefabricated patch form. To overcome this, a tension-shielding hydrogel system was designed using photocurable catechol-grafted hyaluronic acid and tannic-acid silver nanoparticles (hereafter, "HTA system"). The hydrogel exhibited tension-shielding capacity, reducing wound tension via shape-fixation and ultimately reducing scar formation. The HTA hydrogel exhibited superior photothermal antibacterial efficacy, self-healing properties, and effective dissipation of energy, thereby promoting tissue regeneration. The hydrogel significantly inhibited the mechanotransduction pathway, thus preventing Engrailed-1 activation and reducing the fibrotic response. The HTA hydrogel system, therefore, provides a treatment strategy for tension wounds, burn wounds and other wounds that are prone to form hypertrophic scars via creating a tension-free local environment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In our study, we presented a wound-dressing hydrogel system (HTA) that exhibit shape-fixing capacity in tension wound model. Here, we designed and modified a tension regulator, applied it to mice, and furthermore, established a tension wound model in mice with adjustable tension. Outcomes showed that the HTA hydrogel system can effectively form a shape-fixed environment on tension wounds and dynamic wounds, thus promoting scarless healing. Additionally, HTA performs injectability, rapid crosslinking, biocompatibility, wet adhesion, hemostasis and photothermal antibacterial properties. We believe this research has various potential clinical applications, including scarless-healing in tension wounds, treatment of acute bleeding, treatment of infected wounds, and even internal organ repair., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Rapid and safe hemostasis is crucial for the survival of bleeding patients in prehospital care. It is urgent to develop high performance hemostatic material to control the massive hemorrhage in the military field and accidental trauma. In this work, an efficient protein hemostat of thrombin was immobilized onto commercial gauze, which was mediated by self-polymerization and anchoring of tannic acid (TA). Through TA treatment, the efficient immobilization of thrombin was achieved, preserving both the biological activity of thrombin and the physical properties of the dressing, including absorbency, breathability, and mechanical performance. Moreover, in the presence of TA coating and thrombin, Gau@TA/Thr could obviously shortened clotting time and enriched blood components such as plasma proteins, platelets, and red blood cells, thereby exhibiting an enhanced in vitro coagulation effect. In SD rat liver volume defect and artery transection hemorrhage models, Gau@TA/Thr still had outstanding hemostatic performance. Besides, the Gau@TA/Thr gauze had inherent antibacterial property and demonstrated excellent biocompatibility. All results suggested that Gau@TA/Thr would be a potential candidate for treating uncontrollable hemorrhage in prehospital care., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The isolation of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), including those secreted by pathological cells, with high efficiency and purity is highly demanded for research studies and practical applications. Conventional sEV isolation methods suffer from low yield, presence of contaminants, long-term operation and high costs. Bead-assisted platforms are considered to be effective for trapping sEVs with high recovery yield and sufficient purity for further molecular profiling. In this study, magnetically responsive beads made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) particles impregnated with iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles are fabricated using a freezing-induced loading (FIL) method. The developed magnetic beads demonstrate sufficient magnetization and can be collected by a permanent magnet, ensuring their rapid and gentle capture from an aqueous solution. The tannic acid on the surface of magnetic beads is formed by a layer-by-layer (LbL) method and is used to induce coupling of sEVs with the surface of magnetic beads. These tannic acid coated magnetic beads (TAMB) were applied to capture sEVs derived from MCF7 and HCT116 cell lines. Quantitative data derived from nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and BCA methods revealed the capture efficiency and recovery yield of about 60%. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) imaging of sEVs on the surface of TAMBs indicated their structural integrity. Compared with the size exclusion chromatography (SEC) method, the proposed approach demonstrated comparable efficiency in terms of recovery yield and purity, while offering a relatively short operation time. These results highlight the high potential of the TAMB approach for the enrichment of sEVs from biological fluids, such as cell culture media.

Oxidative stress (OS) plays an important role in the emergence and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated in a neuronal cell can lead to OS, producing cell injury and death. Seeking nanoantioxidants against AD-related oxidative stress has attracted a lot of attention, especially those potential antioxidant agents derived from natural polyphenols. However, the transformation of abundant plant polyphenols to antioxidative biomaterials against OS is still challenging. In this work, we report a new method to transform amorphous tannic acid (TA) into tailorable shaped ellagic acid (EA) crystalline particles without using an organic solvent. EA crystalline particles were generated from TA, which underwent a chemical transformation, in situ metal phenolic coordination and acid-induced assembly process, and the size and shape could be controlled by varying the amount of acid. As-prepared EA crystalline particles showed excellent stability in water and lysosomal mimicking fluid and possess unique fluorescence properties and a strong response in mass spectrometry, which is beneficial for their imaging analysis in cells and tissues. More importantly, EA particles have shown significant H 2 O 2 -related ROS scavenging ability, a high cellular uptake capacity, an excellent neuroprotective effect in PC12 cells, a high drug loading capacity and BBB permeability to enter the brain. Our study suggested that the EA crystalline particles show great potential for OS-mediated AD treatment.

Mechanical stimuli such as strain, force, and pressure are pervasive within and beyond the human body. Mechanoresponsive hydrogels have been engineered to undergo changes in their physicochemical or mechanical properties in response to such stimuli. Relevant responses can include strain-stiffening, self-healing, strain-dependent stress relaxation, and shear rate-dependent viscosity. These features are a direct result of dynamic bonds or noncovalent/physical interactions within such hydrogels. The contributions of various types of bonds and intermolecular interactions to these behaviors are important to more fully understand the resulting materials and engineer their mechanoresponsive features. Here, strain-stiffening in carboxymethylcellulose hydrogels cross-linked with pendant dynamic-covalent boronate esters using tannic acid is studied and modulated as a function of polymer concentration, temperature, and effective cross-link density. Furthermore, these materials are found to exhibit self-healing and strain-memory, as well as strain-dependent stress relaxation and shear rate-dependent changes in gel viscosity. These features are attributed to the dynamic nature of the boronate ester cross-links, interchain hydrogen bonding and bundling, or a combination of these two intermolecular interactions. This work provides insight into the interplay of such interactions in the context of mechanoresponsive behaviors, particularly informing the design of hydrogels with tunable strain-stiffening. The multiresponsive and tunable nature of this hydrogel system therefore presents a promising platform for a variety of applications.

The development of nanomedicines with simplified compositions and synergistic theranostic functionalities remains a great challenge. Herein, we develop a simple method to integrate both atovaquone (ATO, a mitochondrial inhibitor) and cisplatin within tannic acid (TA)-iron (Fe) networks coated with hyaluronic acid (HA) for targeted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-guided chemo-chemodynamic synergistic therapy. The formed TFP@ATO-HA displayed good colloidal stability with a mean size of 95.5 nm, which could accumulate at tumor sites after circulation and be specifically taken up by metastatic 4T1 cells overexpressing CD44 receptors. In the tumor microenvironment, TFP@ATO-HA could release ATO/cisplatin and Fe 3+ in a pH-responsive manner, deplete glutathione, and generate reactive oxygen species with endogenous H 2 O 2 for chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Additionally, ATO could enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration, relieving hypoxia, and amplifying the CDT effect by decreasing intracellular pH and elevating Fenton reaction efficiency. In vivo experiments demonstrated that TFP@ATO-HA could effectively inhibit tumor growth and suppress lung metastases without obvious systemic toxicity. Furthermore, TFP@ATO-HA exhibited a r 1 relaxivity of 2.6 mM -1 s -1 and targeted MR imaging of 4T1 tumors. Dual drug-loaded metal-phenolic networks can be easily prepared and act as effective theranostic nanoplatforms for targeted MR imaging and synergistic chemo-chemodynamic therapy.

Excessive intake of estrogen poses significant health risks to the human body; hence, there is a necessity to develop rapid detection methods to monitor its levels of addition. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), commonly utilized as colorimetric signal labels, find extensive application in lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA). However, the detection sensitivity of traditional AuNPs-LFIA is typically constrained by low molar extinction coefficients and reliance on a single signal. Herein, in this work, unique spark-type AuCuPt nanoflowers modified with tannic acid (AuCuPt@TA) were precisely designed by reasonable layer-by-layer element composition and green modification. The obtained AuCuPt displays robust broadband absorption spanning the visible to near-infrared spectrum, showcasing a notable molar extinction coefficient of 2.38 × 10 12 M -1 cm -1 and a photothermal conversion efficiency of 48.5%. Based on this, selecting estriol (E 3 ) as a model analyte, colorimetric/photothermal dual-signal LFIA (CLFIA and PLFIA) was developed. Limits of detection (LOD) of the CLFIA and PLFIA were achieved at 0.033 ng mL -1 and 0.021 ng mL -1 , respectively, which represent a 9.3- and 14.6-fold improvement compared to the visual LOD of AuNPs-LFIA. Moreover, the application feasibility of the immunoassay was further evaluated in the milk and pork with satisfactory recoveries ranging from 86.21% to 117.91%. Thus, this work has enhanced the performance of LFIA for E 3 detection and exhibited enormous potential for other sensing platform construction.

The long-term stability of red wine color depends on the formation of polymeric pigments from anthocyanins. Although there is still a lot of uncertainty about the specific structure of this diverse group of pigments, there is consensus that they are reaction products of anthocyanins and other polyphenols. Interactions between anthocyanins and pectic polysaccharides have been suggested to stabilize anthocyanins. This study explores the impact of such interactions by adding pectin during red winemaking. The results demonstrate that these interactions induce the formation of additional polymeric pigments which enhance the pigment stability during fermentation and aging. While initial pigment formation is higher in wines with added pectin, a notable proportion of the complexes degrades in the later stages of fermentation. Presumably, tannins form insoluble complexes with pectin, reducing tannin concentration by more than 300 mg/L. Anthocyanin concentrations decrease by over 400 mg/L, and polymeric pigments double. Anthocyanins that form polymeric pigments with pectic polysaccharides expand the range of pigments in red wines with possible consequences for the sensory properties of the wine. These findings highlight the complex interactions between pectin, anthocyanins, and tannins, and their influence on pigment formation and wine composition during fermentation and aging., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Hensen, Jan-Peter reports financial support was provided by German Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (via AiF) and the FEI (Forschungskreis der Ernährungsindustrie e.V., Bonn). If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Inspired by the timely emergence of silkworm pupae from their cocoons, silkworm chrysalis-like probiotic composites (SCPCs) are developed for the comprehensive therapy of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in which probiotics are enveloped as the "pupa" in a sequential layering of silk sericin (SS), tannic acid (TA), and polydopamine, akin to the protective "cocoon". Compared to unwrapped probiotics, these composites not only demonstrate exceptional resistance to the harsh gastrointestinal environment and exhibit over 200 times greater intestinal colonization but also safeguard probiotics from the damage of IBD environment while enabling probiotics sustained release. The probiotics, in synergy with SS and TA, provide a multi-crossed comprehensive therapy for IBD that simultaneously addresses various pathological features of IBD, including intestinal barrier disruption, elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, heightened oxidative stress, and disturbances in the intestinal microbiota. SCPCs exhibit remarkable outcomes, including a 9.7-fold reduction in intestinal permeability, an 8.9-fold decrease in IL-6 levels, and a 2.9-fold reduction in TNF-α levels compared to uncoated probiotics. Furthermore, SCPCs demonstrate an impressive 92.25% reactive oxygen species clearance rate, significantly enhance the richness of beneficial intestinal probiotics, and effectively diminish the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, indicating a substantial improvement in the overall therapeutic effect of IBD., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Drug-resistant bacterial infection of cutaneous wounds causes great harm to the human body. These infections are characterized by a microenvironment with recalcitrant bacterial infections, persistent oxidative stress, imbalance of immune regulation, and suboptimal angiogenesis. Treatment strategies available to date are incapable of handling the healing dynamics of infected wounds. A Schiff base and borate ester cross-linked hydrogel, based on phenylboronic acid-grafted chitosan (CS-PBA), dibenzaldehyde-grafted poly(ethylene glycol), and tannic acid (TA), is fabricated in the present study. Customized phenylboronic acid-modified zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) are embedded in the hydrogel prior to gelation. The CPP@ZnO-P-TA hydrogel effectively eliminates methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) due to the pH-responsive release of Zn 2+ and TA. Killing is achieved via membrane damage, adenosine triphosphate reduction, leakage of intracellular components, and hydrolysis of bacterial o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside. The CPP@ZnO-P-TA hydrogel is capable of scavenging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, alleviating oxidative stress, and stimulating M2 polarization of macrophages. The released Zn 2+ and TA also induce neovascularization via the PI3K/Akt pathway. The CPP@ZnO-P-TA hydrogel improves tissue regeneration in vivo by alleviating inflammatory responses, stimulating angiogenesis, and facilitating collagen deposition. These findings suggest that this versatile hydrogel possesses therapeutic potential for the treatment of MRSA-infected cutaneous wounds., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Intense and persistent oxidative stress, excessive inflammation, and impaired angiogenesis severely hinder diabetic wound healing. Bioactive hydrogel dressings with immunoregulatory and proangiogenic properties have great promise in treating diabetic wounds. However, the therapeutic effects of dressings always depend on drugs with side effects, expensive cytokines, and cell therapies. Herein, a novel dynamic borate-bonds crosslinked hybrid multifunctional hydrogel dressings with photothermal properties are developed to regulate the microenvironment of diabetic wound sites and accelerate the whole process of its healing without additional medication. The hydrogel is composed of phenylboronic acid-modified chitosan and hyaluronic acid (HA) crosslinked by tannic acid (TA) through borate bonds and Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) with photothermal response characteristics are embedded in the polymer networks. The results indicate hydrogels show inherent broad-spectrum antioxidative activities through the integrated interaction of borate bonds, TA, and PBNPs. Meanwhile, combined with the regulation of macrophage phenotype by HA, the inflammatory microenvironment of diabetic wounds is transformed. Moreover, the angiogenesis is then enhanced by the mild photothermal effect of PBNPs, followed by promoted epithelialization and collagen deposition. In summary, this hybrid hydrogel system accelerates all stages of wound repair through antioxidative stress, immunomodulation, and proangiogenesis, showing great potential applications in diabetic wound management., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Intelligent materials derived from green and renewable bio-based materials garner widespread attention recently. Herein, shape memory polyurethane composite (PUTA/Fe) with fast response to near-infrared (NIR) light is successfully prepared by introducing Fe 3+ into the tannic acid-based polyurethane (PUTA) matrix through coordination between Fe 3+ and tannic acid. The results show that the excellent NIR light response ability is due to the even distribution of Fe 3+ filler with good photo-thermal conversion ability. With the increase of Fe 3+ content, the NIR light response shape recovery rate of PUTA/Fe composite films is significantly improved, and the shape recovery time is reduced from over 60 s to 40 s. In addition, the mechanical properties of PUTA/Fe composite film are also improved. Importantly, owing to the dynamic phenol-carbamate network within the polymer matrix, the PUTA/Fe composite film can reshape its permanent shape through topological rearrangement and show its good NIR light response shape memory performance. Therefore, PUTA/Fe composites with high content of bio-based material (TA content of 15.1-19.4%) demonstrate the shape memory characteristics of fast response to NIR light; so, it will have great potential in the application of new intelligent materials including efficient and environmentally friendly smart photothermal responder., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)