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Viral infections remain a major risk in immunocompromised pediatric patients, and virus-specific T cell (VST) therapy has been successful for treatment of refractory viral infections in prior studies. We performed a phase II multicenter study (NCT03475212) for the treatment of pediatric patients with inborn errors of immunity and/or post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant with refractory viral infections using partially-HLA matched VSTs targeting cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, or adenovirus. Primary endpoints were feasibility, safety, and clinical responses (>1 log reduction in viremia at 28 days). Secondary endpoints were reconstitution of antiviral immunity and persistence of the infused VSTs. Suitable VST products were identified for 75 of 77 clinical queries. Clinical responses were achieved in 29 of 47 (62%) of patients post-HSCT including 73% of patients evaluable at 1-month post-infusion, meeting the primary efficacy endpoint (>52%). Secondary graft rejection occurred in one child following VST infusion as described in a companion article. Corticosteroids, graft-versus-host disease, transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy, and eculizumab treatment correlated with poor response, while uptrending absolute lymphocyte and CD8 T cell counts correlated with good response. This study highlights key clinical factors that impact response to VSTs and demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of this therapy in pediatric HSCT.

Abstract Poor-quality, substandard and falsified, medicines pose a significant public health threat, particularly in low-middle-income countries. A retrospective study was performed on Kenya's Pharmacovigilance Electronic Reporting System (2014–2021) to characterize medicine quality-related complaints and identify associations using disproportionality analysis. A total of 2767 individual case safety reports were identified, categorized into medicines with quality defects (52.1%), suspected therapeutic failure (41.6%), and suspected adverse drug reactions (6.3%). Predominantly reported were antineoplastic agents (28.6%), antivirals (11.7%), and antibacterial agents (10.8%) potentially linked to non-adherence to good manufacturing practices, inappropriate usage and supply chain degradation. Notably, analgesics (8.2%), and medical devices (3.5%) notified had quality defects, predominantly from government health facilities (60.0%). Antineoplastic agents (20.2%) and antivirals (3.7%) were frequently reported from suspected therapeutic failures and suspected adverse drug reactions, respectively, across both private for-profit facilities (26.5%) and not-for-profit facilities (5.4%). Underreporting occurred in unlicensed health facilities (8.1%), due to unawareness and reporting challenges. Pharmacists (46.1%), and pharmaceutical technicians (11.7%) predominantly reported quality defects, while medical doctors (28.0%) reported suspected therapeutic failures. Orally administered generic medicines (76.9%) were commonly reported, with tablets (5.8%) identified as potential sources of suspected adverse drug reactions, while quality defects were notified from oral solutions, suspensions, and syrups (7.0%) and medical devices (3.9%). The COVID-19 pandemic correlated with reduced reporting possibly due to prioritization of health surveillance. This study provides valuable evidence to supporting the use of medicine quality-related complaints for proactive, targeted regulatory control of high-risk medicines on the market. This approach can be strengthened by employing standardized terminology to prioritize monitoring of commonly reported suspected poor-quality medicines for risk-based sampling and testing within the supply chain.

Abstract Background Air pollution poses a significant threat to global public health. While broad mitigation policies exist, an understanding of the economic consequences, both in terms of health benefits and mitigation costs, remains lacking. This study systematically reviewed the existing economic implications of air pollution control strategies worldwide. Methods A predefined search strategy, without limitations on region or study design, was employed to search the PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and CEA registry databases for studies from their inception to November 2023 using keywords such as “cost–benefit analyses”, “air pollution”, and “particulate matter”. Focus was placed on studies that specifically considered the health benefits of air pollution control strategies. The evidence was summarized by pollution control strategy and reported using principle economic evaluation measurements such as net benefits and benefit–cost ratios. Results The search yielded 104 studies that met the inclusion criteria. A total of 75, 21, and 8 studies assessed the costs and benefits of outdoor, indoor, and mixed control strategies, respectively, of which 54, 15, and 3 reported that the benefits of the control strategy exceeded the mitigation costs. Source reduction (n = 42) and end-of-pipe treatments (n = 15) were the most commonly employed pollution control methodologies. The association between particulate matter (PM) and mortality was the most widely assessed exposure-effect relationship and had the largest health gains (n = 42). A total of 32 studies employed a broader benefits framework, examining the impacts of air pollution control strategies on the environment, ecology, and society. Of these, 31 studies reported partially or entirely positive economic evidence. However, despite overwhelming evidence in support of these strategies, the studies also highlighted some policy flaws concerning equity, optimization, and uncertainty characterization. Conclusions Nearly 70% of the reviewed studies reported that the economic benefits of implementing air pollution control strategies outweighed the relative costs. This was primarily due to the improved mortality and morbidity rates associated with lowering PM levels. In addition to health benefits, air pollution control strategies were also associated with other environmental and social benefits, strengthening the economic case for implementation. However, future air pollution control strategy designs will need to address some of the existing policy limitations.

Background There is a lack of empirical data on design effects (DEFF) for mortality rate for highly clustered data such as with Ebola virus disease (EVD), along with a lack of documentation of methodological limitations and operational utility of mortality estimated from cluster-sampled studies when the DEFF is high. Objectives The objectives of this paper are to report EVD mortality rate and DEFF estimates, and discuss the methodological limitations of cluster surveys when data are highly clustered such as during an EVD outbreak. Methods We analysed the outputs of two independent population-based surveys conducted at the end of the 2014–2016 EVD outbreak in Bo District, Sierra Leone, in urban and rural areas. In each area, 35 clusters of 14 households were selected with probability proportional to population size. We collected information on morbidity, mortality and changes in household composition during the recall period (May 2014 to April 2015). Rates were calculated for all-cause, all-age, under-5 and EVD-specific mortality, respectively, by areas and overall. Crude and adjusted mortality rates were estimated using Poisson regression, accounting for the surveys sample weights and the clustered design. Results Overall 980 households and 6,522 individuals participated in both surveys. A total of 64 deaths were reported, of which 20 were attributed to EVD. The crude and EVD-specific mortality rates were 0.35/10,000 person-days (95%CI: 0.23–0.52) and 0.12/10,000 person-days (95%CI: 0.05–0.32), respectively. The DEFF for EVD mortality was 5.53, and for non-EVD mortality, it was 1.53. DEFF for EVD-specific mortality was 6.18 in the rural area and 0.58 in the urban area. DEFF for non-EVD-specific mortality was 1.87 in the rural area and 0.44 in the urban area. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate a high degree of clustering; this contributed to imprecise mortality estimates, which have limited utility when assessing the impact of disease. We provide DEFF estimates that can inform future cluster surveys and discuss design improvements to mitigate the limitations of surveys for highly clustered data.

Background: Ultrasound (USG)-guided interscalene block (ISB) provides excellent anesthesia and analgesia for humerus surgery. Various adjuvants have been used to improve the quality of block and duration of analgesia. Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of dexmedetomidine (DXM) and dexamethasone (DXA) as an adjuvant to 0.75% ropivacaine for interscalene brachial plexus block among patients undergoing humerus surgery. Settings and Design: The study design was a prospective randomized comparative study at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Materials and Methods: After ethical approval and CTRI registration, 52 patients of 18–60 years of age, American Society of Anesthesiology Grade I–II, scheduled for proximal and mid-shaft humerus surgery were randomly allocated in Groups A and B. Group A (n=26) received Ropivacaine 0.75% (20 ml) along with DXM 0.5 µg/ Kg and 2 ml saline (total 22 ml) and Group B (n=26) received Ropivacaine 075% along with DXA 8 mg (total 22 ml). ISB was performed with an in-plane technique using a linear probe. Duration of analgesia, block characteristics (onset, complete sensory, and motor block), and complications were recorded and compared for 24 h. Statistical Analysis: Data were statistically analyzed with Social Science Statistics. Student’s unpaired t-test and Chi-square tests were used, and all statistical tests were examined with P ≤ 0.05 level of significance. Results: The duration of analgesia in Group B was significantly longer than Group A (13 h 12 min ± 2 h 33 min–8 h 48 min ± 1 h 52 min, P < 0.00001). The groups were comparable regarding block characteristics, baseline demographics, and intraoperative hemodynamic parameters. Conclusion: DXA as an adjuvant to ropivacaine provides analgesia for longer duration compared to DXM in USG-guided ISB.

Abstract Viral infections remain a major risk in immunocompromised pediatric patients, and virus-specific T cell (VST) therapy has been successful for treatment of refractory viral infections in prior studies. We performed a phase II multicenter study (NCT03475212) for the treatment of pediatric patients with inborn errors of immunity and/or post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant with refractory viral infections using partially-HLA matched VSTs targeting cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, or adenovirus. Primary endpoints were feasibility, safety, and clinical responses (>1 log reduction in viremia at 28 days). Secondary endpoints were reconstitution of antiviral immunity and persistence of the infused VSTs. Suitable VST products were identified for 75 of 77 clinical queries. Clinical responses were achieved in 29 of 47 (62%) of patients post-HSCT including 73% of patients evaluable at 1-month post-infusion, meeting the primary efficacy endpoint (>52%). Secondary graft rejection occurred in one child following VST infusion as described in a companion article. Corticosteroids, graft-versus-host disease, transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy, and eculizumab treatment correlated with poor response, while uptrending absolute lymphocyte and CD8 T cell counts correlated with good response. This study highlights key clinical factors that impact response to VSTs and demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of this therapy in pediatric HSCT.

PRCIS: The cost of cyclophotocoagulation is less than the cost of a second glaucoma drainage device. PURPOSE: To compare the total direct costs of implantation of a second glaucoma drainage device (SGDD) with transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (CPC) for patients with inadequately controlled intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction, despite the presence of a preexisting glaucoma drainage device in the ASSISTS clinical trial. METHODS: We compared the total direct cost per patient, including the initial study procedure, medications, additional procedures, and clinic visits during the study period. The relative costs for each procedure during the 90-day global period and the entire study period were compared. The cost of the procedure, including facility fees and anesthesia costs, were determined using the 2021 Medicare fee schedule. Average wholesale prices for self-administered medications were obtained from AmerisourceBergen.com. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare costs between procedures. RESULTS: Forty-two eyes of 42 participants were randomized to SGDD (n=22) or CPC (n=20). One CPC eye was lost to follow-up after initial treatment and was excluded. The mean (±SD, median) duration of follow-up was 17.1 (±12.8, 11.7) months and 20.3 (±11.4, 15.1) months for SGDD and CPC, respectively ( P =0.42, 2 sample t test). The mean total direct costs (±SD, median) per patient during the study period were $8790 (±$3421, $6805 for the SGDD group) and $4090 (±$1424, $3566) for the CPC group ( P

BackgroundCache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquito-borne virus that is a rare cause of disease in humans. In the fall of 2020, a patient developed encephalitis 6 weeks following kidney transplantation and receipt of multiple blood transfusions.MethodsAfter ruling out more common etiologies, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was performed. We reviewed the medical histories of the index kidney recipient, organ donor, and recipients of other organs from the same donor and conducted a blood traceback investigation to evaluate blood transfusion as a possible source of infection in the kidney recipient. We tested patient specimens using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the plaque reduction neutralization test, cell culture, and whole-genome sequencing.ResultsCVV was detected in CSF from the index patient by mNGS, and this result was confirmed by RT-PCR, viral culture, and additional whole-genome sequencing. The organ donor and other organ recipients had no evidence of infection with CVV by molecular or serologic testing. Neutralizing antibodies against CVV were detected in serum from a donor of red blood cells received by the index patient immediately prior to transplant. CVV neutralizing antibodies were also detected in serum from a patient who received the co-component plasma from the same blood donation.ConclusionsOur investigation demonstrates probable CVV transmission through blood transfusion. Clinicians should consider arboviral infections in unexplained meningoencephalitis after blood transfusion or organ transplantation. The use of mNGS might facilitate detection of rare, unexpected infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients.

Uncertainties about the efficacy of influenza vaccination for populations with heart failure (HF) in preventing cardiovascular outcomes, as well as lack of effective vaccination strategies, may contribute to low vaccine coverage rate (VCR) in China and globally. We assessed the feasibility of a strategy to promote influenza vaccines in patients hospitalized with acute HF in China and to inform the design of a hybrid effectiveness-implementation cluster randomized trial to evaluate this strategy on mortality and hospital re-admission. We conducted a cluster randomized pilot trial involving 11 hospitals in Henan Province in China, with mixed-methods evaluation between December 2020 and April 2021. A process evaluation involved interviews with 51 key informants (patients, health professionals, policy makers). The intervention included education about influenza vaccination and availability of free vaccines administered prior to hospital discharge for HF patients, while usual care included attending community-based points of vaccination (PoV) for screening and vaccination. Implementation outcomes focused on reach, fidelity, adoption, and acceptability. Recruitment rates were assessed for trial feasibility. Effectiveness outcomes were influenza VCR, HF-specific rehospitalizations and mortality at 90 days. A total of 518 HF patients were recruited from 7 intervention and 4 usual care hospitals (mean of 45 participants per hospital per month). VCR was 89.9% (311/346, 86.1-92.8%) in the intervention group and 0.6% (1/172, 0.0-3.7%) in the control group. The process evaluation demonstrated reach to patients with lower socioeconomic and education status. There was good fidelity of the intervention components, with education and PoV set up processes being adapted to local hospital workflow and workforce capacity. Intervention was acceptable and adopted by patients and health professionals. However, outside of a trial setting, concerns were raised around vaccination reimbursement costs, workforce accountability and capacity. The intervention strategy appears feasible and acceptable for improving VCR in HF patients at county-level hospitals in China. Trial registration: This pilot trial is registered with the acronym PANDA II Pilot (Population Assessment of Influenza and Disease Activity) at ChiCTR.org.cn (ChiCTR2000039081).

Introduction Anesthesiologists develop anesthetic plans according to the surgical procedure, patient's medical history, and physical exams. Patients with ischemic heart disease are predisposed to intraoperative cardiac complications from surgical blood loss. Unanticipated events can lead to intraoperative complications despite careful anesthesia planning. Methods This anesthetic management simulation was developed for the anesthesiology residency curriculum during the first clinical anesthesia year (CA 1/PGY 2 residents). A total of 23 CA 1 residents participated. A 50-minute encounter focused on a 73-year-old male who presents for an elective total hip replacement and develops acute myocardial stunning in the setting of critical acute blood loss and a delay in the transportation of blood products. Results One hundred percent of the residents felt the simulation was educationally valuable in the immediate postsimulation survey (Kirkpatrick level 1). The follow-up survey showed that 100% of residents felt the simulation increased their knowledge of managing acute cardiac ischemia (Kirkpatrick level 2), and 93% felt it increased awareness and confidence in similar real-life situations that positively affected patient outcomes (Kirkpatrick level 3). Discussion Our simulation provides a psychologically safe environment for anesthesiology residents to develop management skills for acute critical anemia and cardiogenic shock and foster communication skills with a surgery team.

Abstract Background While previously considered a transient condition, with no lasting adverse impact, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is now a well‐established risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The risk of developing T2DM appears to be particularly high in the first few years after childbirth, providing a compelling case for early intervention. This review provides an up‐to‐date systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess the effectiveness of interventions to reduce incidence of T2DM in women with a recent history of GDM. Methods The search was conducted on October 20, 2023 with an annual surveillance planned for the next 5 years to maintain a living systematic review. The inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials of any type in women within 5 years of GDM‐complicated pregnancy that reported outcomes of T2DM diagnosis or measures of dysglycemia with a follow‐up of at least 12 months. Results Seventeen studies met our inclusion criteria and have been included in this review. There were 3 pharmacological and 14 lifestyle interventions. Intervention was not associated with significant reduction in the primary outcome of T2DM (risk ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.43–1.41; p = 0.41; I2 = 79%) compared with the control group (placebo or usual care). However, meta‐analysis of the four studies reporting hazard ratios suggested a reduction in diabetes incidence (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI: 0.48–0.97; p = 0.03; I2 = 31%). Conclusion This review provides equivocal evidence about the efficacy of interventions to reduce the risk of T2DM in women within 5 years of GDM‐complicated pregnancy and highlights the need for further studies, including pharmacotherapy.