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Background: Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) is known as an enzyme which is responsible for the metabolism of chemical compounds., Aim: This study aimed to analyse the relationship between CYP2A6 gene polymorphism with nicotine metabolism rates and lung cancer incidence among smokers of Batak ethnic group in Indonesia., Methods: This study was a case-control study involving 140 research subjects through a purposive sampling technique from three hospitals in Medan, Indonesia. An examination of nicotine metabolism rates was conducted for all subjects using the 3HC/cotinine ratio parameter with LC-MS/MS technique. The examination of the CYP2A6 gene was performed with PCR-RFLP. Data were analysed with Conditional Logistic Regression test using Epi Info 7.0 software., Results: The allele frequencies of CYP2A6*1A, CYP2A6*1B, and CYP2A6*4A found were 44.3%, 48.9%, and 6.8%, respectively. The *1B allele showed the highest metabolism rate. It is found that slow metabolizer individuals were 5.49 times more likely to develop lung cancer (P = 0.01, 95%CI 1.2-24.8)., Conclusion: Among the Bataknese smokers studied, the CYP2A6*1B allele was found to be the most common allele and showed the highest rate of nicotine metabolism. However, the results show the insignificant relationship among CYP2A6 genetic polymorphism, nicotine metabolism, and lung cancer incidence.

Aim: This research aimed to analyse the relationship between CYP2A6 gene polymorphism with nicotine dependence and its relation to the number of cigarette consumption among Bataknese smokers., Method: This study was a cross-sectional study involving 140 research subjects in Medan, Indonesia., Results: Nicotine dependence rates were found to be significantly associated with the number of cigarette consumption expressed in the Brinkman Index., Conclusion: The *1A wild-type alleles have a greater risk of high-very high dependence rate compared to the other variants.

Classical sex-linked hemophilia (Hemophilia A) has been described as due to deficiency in the synthesis of Factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIII:C). The availability of immunological techniques provided the means of identifying Factor VIII-Related Antigen(VI-IIR:Ag) detectable by rabbit antibodies to F VIII, which is distinct from VIII:C detected by human anti-F VIII available from multitransfused patients. Hemophilia A is lacking in VIII:C but not VIIIR:Ag. Recently, a third function of the F VIII "complex" was discovered with the help of ristocetin (von Willebrand's Factor, VIIIR: RCo). This activity is reduced in von Willebrand's syndrome. Estimation of the titers of VIII:C and VIIIR:Ag provides a method for more accurate detection of hemophilic carriers. Newly available chromogenic substrates perhaps will give rise to more simplified assays of VIII:C. The development of cryoprecipitates and stable lyophilized concentrates of F VIII has greatly simplified and intensified maintenance therapy, and has opened a new era in treatment. Prophylactic therapy has been shown to be very helpful in certain "high risk" cases. The impact and benefits of home care and self-administration has been tremendous. However, the varying quality of cryoprecipitates and the high cost of more purified concentrates are still stumbling blocks in treatment regimes. Other problems exist. Spontaneous bleeding, especially central nervous system bleeding, account for the majority deaths by haemorrhage. Inhibitor kinetics have been well characterized. It is clear that there exists "low" and "high" responders. For the "high" responders, plasmapheresis, immunosuppressives and the infusion of Factor IX concentrates have been utilized with varying success. The prevention of hemophilic arthropathy and its progression by maintenance therapy seems to be still inadequate. The results of trials with more vigorous regimes are awaited. The complications of therapy still remain to be solved. Apart from the well-known complications wuch as hepatitis, haemolytic disease and F VIII inhibitors, the existence of previously unnoticed complications as splenomegaly, hypertension, renal disease and paradoxal bleeding have been recently realized. The role of altered fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products (FDP) and unclassified fibrinogen derivatives (UFD) present in cryoprecipitates and F VIII concentrates in the above complications needs to be further clarified. In conclusion, tremendous progress in various aspects of hemophilia has been achieved in developed countries. Comprehensive care can now be carried out in various centers. On the other hand, developing countries still face a number of basic problems. The concept that hemophilia is a "manageable" disease and that chronic crippling and death from exsanguination can be prevented, should be disseminated widely by various means...

Administration of a beta-blocker, pindolol, was utilized in the premedication of patients selected for tonsillectomies (dissection), to study anxiolytic effects. A curious result observed was that bleeding during and after operation in patients on pindolol was remarkably reduced compared to those not on beta-blocker treatment. This effect was further explored in a small controlled study. Nineteen patients were given pindolol, 5 mg the evening before and on the morning, an hour prior to surgery. Seventeen controls were on placebos. The amount of bleeding was measured in both groups. Patients on pindolol show significantly reduced bleeding when compared to controls (1.77 +/- 1.15 ml versus 7.30 +/- 6.05 ml; p less than 0.005). Coagulation and fibrinolytic profiles were studied in a number of patients in both groups attempting to clarify the cause of the reduced bleeding. The results will be reported. This preliminary study shows that pindolol is a useful drug for controlling bleeding in tonsillectomies. To our knowledge the haemostatic properties of pindolol have been reported before.