Search

Because of India's large population, the fish supply demand is increasing daily. Among all fishes, the Indian major carp (Labeo rohita, Catla catla, etc.) is one of the most demanded fishes in India. Indian major carps breed once a year during the early monsoon season (June and July). At that time, the collection of spawns from natural sources is insufficient for our population. To overcome this situation, induced breeding is the most effective process to increase carp culture. IMC bred twice in a season using this method. The first step in this process is collecting and preserving pituitary glands from donor fish. This gland-pituitary extract is later produced and injected into spawn to facilitate spawning. So, in our survey, we know how many pituitary glands are collected daily as well as weekly averages from the survey site and where they are transferred.

Heavy metal pollution is a significant source of pollution in the environment. Heavy metal contamination in aquifers endangers public health and the freshwater and marine ecosystems. Traditional wastewater treatment methods are mainly expensive, ecologically damaging, ineffective, and take much time. Phyto-remediation is a plant-based technique that gained popularity by discovering heavy metal accumulating plants that can accumulate, transport, and consolidate enormous quantities of certain hazardous contaminants. This is a low-cost sustainable evolving technique featuring long-term utility. Several terrestrial and aquatic vegetation have now been examined for their ability to repair polluted soils and streams. Several submerged plants have already been discovered to remove harmful pollutants such as Zn, As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb & Hg. The most important part of effective phyto-remediation is selecting and choosing effective plant species. Aquatic macrophytes have high effectiveness for removing chemical contaminates. Watercress, hydrilla, alligator weed, pennywort, duckweed plants, water hyacinth are examples of aquatic macrophytes. Several macrophytes' metal absorption capability and procedures have now been explored or analyzed. Most of these research demonstrated that macrophytes had bioremediation capability. The bioremediation capability of macrophytes can be increased even more by employing novel bioremediation techniques. To demonstrate the extensive application of phyto-remediation, a comprehensive summary assessment of the usage of macrophytes for phyto-remediation is compiled.

In this paper, our objective was to investigate whether the Covid-19 pandemic disease is more likely to break out in some specific age group or not. We also intended to know whether some specific demographic parameters like birth rate, death rate controls the spreading of the disease. Our investigation showed that the post reproductive population group is more prone to the disease for the countries having population pyramid of stationary or contracting type where as for the countries with expanding population pyramid, the pre reproductive population is more likely to be attacked by the disease. We also found the domains of values of the demographic parameters that result different dynamic phenomena. Further we tried to know whether a country’s population pyramid has an effect in spreading the disease. Our experiment showed that for countries having expanding population pyramid, the total number of cases is expected to be comparatively low whereas for countries having contracting population pyramid, the total number of cases is expected to be comparatively high.

Elephant habitats were mainly found in the dense forest regions which is the tropical evergreen forest in Sonitpur District, Assam. The total area of Sonitpur District is approximately 5204 km2. Satellite imagery of 1990, 2009, and 2017 was investigated. The current research aims to investigate the huge amount of deforestation that occurred from 1990 to 2017 in the Sonitpur district using a temporal satellite imagery system. The visual data interpretation and change matrix analysis using three-period imagery indicated significant corridor loss and deforestation between 1990 and 2017. The study indicates that a massive number of land-use changes would be occurring within the next few years. So, to protect elephants and forests, agricultural land should be converted into natural forests and anthropogenic activities should be stopped in the corridors and buffer areas. Local communities and government should take various steps to do so and Government should take legal steps against elephant killing. This research focuses on the conservation problems associated with the corridor's decrease over time. The findings also indicated the advanced capabilities of GIS andremote sensing for monitoring and analyzing corridor status.

Graphical abstract, The most effective way to combat β-thalassemias is to prevent the birth of children with thalassemia major. Therefore, a cost-effective screening method is essential to identify β-thalassemia traits (BTT) and differentiate normal individuals from carriers. We considered five hematological parameters to formulate two separate scoring mechanisms, one for BTT detection, and another for joint determination of hemoglobin E (HbE) trait and BTT by employing decision trees, Naïve Bayes classifier, and Artificial neural network frameworks on data collected from the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. We validated both the scores on two different data sets and found 100% sensitivity of both the scores with their respective threshold values. The results revealed the specificity of the screening scores to be 79.25% and 91.74% for BTT and 58.62% and 78.03% for the joint score of HbE and BTT, respectively. A lower Youden’s index was measured for the two scores compared to some existing indices. Therefore, the proposed scores can obviate a large portion of the population from expensive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis during the screening of BTT, and joint determination of BTT and HbE, respectively, thereby saving significant resources and cost currently being utilized for screening purpose.

Wind farms are substantial sources of renewable energy in India; however, their spread across the country potentially present new hazards to local and migratory birds. This study explored the risk of electrocution and collision of birds with wind turbines close to eco-sensitive zones in India, including Bakkhali, a UNESCO World Heritage site. Geographic information system and remote sensing technology were used. The results indicate vulnerability of local bird species such as barn owl, Indian Scops Owl, Blue Rock Pigeon, Asian Koel, House Crow, Common Sandpiper, Common Snipe, Ruddy Shelduck, Lesser Whistling Duck, Cattle Egret, Great Egret, and Pond Herons, as well as migratory species such as Bar-headed Goose, Red-crested Pochard, and American Black Duck. Modification of wind turbine design and location were considered determinant factors to reduce risk of bird collisions. Wind farms are substantial sources of renewable energy in India; however, their spread across the country potentially present new hazards to local and migratory birds. This study explored the risk of electrocution and collision of birds with wind turbines close to eco-sensitive zones in India, including Bakkhali, a UNESCO World Heritage site. Geographic information system and remote sensing technology were used. The results indicate vulnerability of local bird species such as barn owl, Indian Scops Owl, Blue Rock Pigeon, Asian Koel, House Crow, Common Sandpiper, Common Snipe, Ruddy Shelduck, Lesser Whistling Duck, Cattle Egret, Great Egret, and Pond Herons, as well as migratory species such as Bar-headed Goose, Red-crested Pochard, and American Black Duck. Modification of wind turbine design and location were considered determinant factors to reduce risk of bird collisions.

Since 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has devastated human civilization throughout the earth. The pandemic is returning in different waves because of constant changes in the genetic components of the virus. Had we been able to predict the nature and timing of these waves earlier, numerous lives could, in essence, have been saved. It is evident that the situation has spiraled out of control in several countries for want of proper preventive measures. In this article, we described a comprehensive mathematical approach to understand the nature of the pandemic waves. Also, we determined the probable timing of the third wave that will help the concerned government(s) to take the necessary steps to better prepare for the unforeseen situation.

Chromium (Cr) is a common pollutant of freshwater bodies in India, and is frequently detected in high concentrations in edible fish. Bioassays were carried out in the laboratory to determine acute ...

Prolactin (PRL), a 198 amino acid long polypeptide hormone, structurally similar to growth hormone and somatolactin, has one of the widest ranges of action and play crucial roles in regulating various aspects of reproduction and other important function such as osmoregulation, behaviour, growth and development in widely diverge of living lineages. In fish, the main function of PRL is maintenance of water and electrolyte balance but some other functions of PRL were also experimentally observed. In this present review we are focusing on various functional aspects of PRL and trying to present how PRL plays an important role in the maintenance of various life supporting activities in fish.

Accumulation of chromium (Cr) was determined in water, sediment, aquatic plants, invertebrates and fish in aquatic ecosystems receiving effluents from handloom textile industries in Ranaghat-Fulia region of West Bengal in India. Cr was determined in the samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and data were analyzed functionally by Genetic Algorithm to determine trend of depositions of Cr in the sediment and water. Area plot curve was used to represent accumulation of Cr in biota. The results indicate that the aquatic ecosystems receiving the effluents from handloom textile factories are heavily contaminated by Cr. The contamination is hardly reflected in the concentration of Cr in water, but sediment exhibits seasonal fluctuation in deposition of Cr, concentration reaching to as high as 451.0 μg g(-1) during the peak production period. There is a clear trend of gradual increase in the deposition of Cr in the sediment. Aquatic weed, insect and mollusk specimens collected from both closed water bodies (S1 & S2) and riverine resources (S3 & S4) showed high rate of accumulation of Cr. Maximum concentration of Cr was detected in roots of aquatic weeds (877.5 μg g(-1)). Fish specimens collected from the polluted sites (S3 & S4) of river Churni showed moderate to high concentration of Cr in different tissues. Maximum concentration was detected in the liver of Glossogobius giuris (679.7 μg g(-1)) during monsoon followed by gill of Mystus bleekeri (190.0 μg g(-1)) and gut of G. giuris (123.7 μg g(-1)) during summer. Eutropiichthys vacha showed moderately high concentration of Cr in different tissues (65-99 μg g(-1)) while Puntius sarana showed relatively low concentration of Cr (below detection limit to 18.0 μg g(-1)) in different tissues except in gill (64.4 μg g(-1)).

Aquatic weeds are more scientifically termed as aquatic macrophytes. They have a great role on aquatic ecosystem as because they are the secondary producer on ponds, lake, river, ditches or any other aquatic ecosystem. Some of them have a great importance on mineral recycling by their several enzymatic metabolic action. Macrophytes are essentially a part of an ecosystem which can assimilate some essential nutrients such as – carbon, nitrogen, phosphate – they are not only the uptaker of nutrient, but also the source of nutrient bank to the higher organisms, i.e. consumer. Some macrophytes are good pollutant remover such as (heavy metals), so they are the major part for waste water purification system in aquaculture practice. Many species population density in directly or indirectly related with respect to the scale of pollution owing to their pollution indicating capability. The macrophytes when grow enormously and can chock the water body so that it has no such environment for good and hyginic pisciculture practice. Then they are transformed “macrophyte to “unwanted or undesirable weed”. It has been proved that some macrophytes are essential for growing some species of fish directly by consuming macrophytes (Ctenophrayngodon idella) or can be indirectly beneficial for nutrition or food chain. Macrophytes are the flowers, bushes and trees of the under water wetland valued, they provide cover and spawning ground for fish, habitat for both invertebrate epiphytic community and food and habitat for the moose, muskrats and other animal. It can release O2 to the fresh water animal. They are the vital component of all fresh water thats why must be preserved in moderate abundance for a healthy productive lake. The physical factor of sediment, texture, wave action, water depth and light have the key role for macrophytes growth. Water depth restricts immergent vegetation to a maximum depth of a about 1.5m and wave action abroads immergent, free flowting and flowting leaved vegetation. Disturb the bottom sediment can pull up the rooted vegetation which can increase the turbidity and reduce the light availability to the submerged plants. Aquatic macrophytes generally collonies to depth receiving 1% - 4% of surface light intensity. The mean summer Sacchidepth is about 1.3 m and macrophytes might be expected down to a depth of 3.3 m. A complex interaction between the physical and chemical parameters with respect to water is well established. In general oligotropic pond has low abundance of aquatic macrophytes in relation to mesotrophic pond. Macrophytes are restricted to a fringe on the shoreline because light levels under water are low as a result of planktonic algal concentration in hyper eutrophic lake. Myriophyllum sp., Ceratophyllum sp. and Potamogeton sp. are the indicator of nutrient rich condition of pond. Plant growth has additional effect on the formation and distribution of aquatic bed form. Because stem and leaf obstruct the flow (Hickin, 1984). The ecological and economic impact with invessive species are of critical concern to land manager.

West Bengal is one of the largely arsenic contaminated states in India. In West Bengal, the groundwater in Nadia district is mostly affected by arsenic. The polluted water poses undoubtedly a great threat to the people of Bengal Delta living in and around the study area, Chakdaha. To save people from arsenic contamination, various short- term projects were taken previously decades ago, but unfortunately all those projects failed due to complicated operation, lack of maintenance and non- acceptance by the society people. The Govt. of West Bengal realised the severity of the problem and came forward to saving people from imminent danger. Hence is the establishment of this large Water Treatment Plant. The scheme in Chakdaha Block is named ‘ Surface Water Based Pipe Water Supply Scheme’ based on the river Ganga (Hooghly). People of the study area are, therefore, greatly benefitted.The other advantages of the scheme are i) flood control, ii) groundwater retention, etc. Side by side, there maybe some disadvantages like i) siltation, ii) river water level getting low due to over exploitation of surface water. The research paper suggests using lentic water bodies and rain water as altermative source of water for sustainable development