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During the filling of hydrogen tanks high temperatures can be generated inside the vessel because of the gas compression while during the emptying low temperatures can be reached because of the gas expansion. The design temperature range goes from −40 °C to 85 °C. Temperatures outside that range could affect the mechanical properties of the tank materials. CFD analyses of the filling and emptying processes have been performed in the HyTransfer project. To assess the accuracy of the CFD model the simulation results have been compared with new experimental data for different filling and emptying strategies. The comparison between experiments and simulations is shown for the temperatures of the gas inside the tank, for the temperatures at the interface between the liner and the composite material, and for the temperatures on the external surface of the vessel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents research on the phenomenon of an increase in mixing power during the emptying of a tank with two 6-PBT45° axial impellers in operation, located on a common shaft, pumping the liquid to the bottom of the mixing tank. A large increase in mixing power took place when the free surface of the liquid was just above the upper edge of one of the impellers (hp/D < 0.1). This increase was even more than 50% compared to the design power for a fully filled mixing vessel. Admittedly, high motor overload, while not very long, may damage it. The study investigated the instantaneous torques acting on the impeller shaft during the emptying of the tank and the velocity distributions in planes r-z. On their basis, the mechanism of the phenomenon observed was determined and correlation relationships were given that permitted the calculation of the numerical values of the power increase factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]