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Objective: The correct determination of the individual resting motor threshold (RMT) as a correlate of cortical excitability plays a crucial role in the spatial resolution of neurosurgical motor mapping by navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS). However, several factors can have a significant[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 67. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie (DGNC), 1. Joint Meeting mit der Koreanischen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie (KNS)

© The Author(s) 2016.Bone loss is a serious problem in spaceflight; however, the initial action of microgravity has not been identified. To examine this action, we performed live-imaging of animals during a space mission followed by transcriptome analysis using medaka transgenic lines expressing osteoblast and osteoclast-specific promoter-driven GFP and DsRed. In live-imaging for osteoblasts, the intensity of osterix- or osteocalcin-DsRed fluorescence in pharyngeal bones was significantly enhanced 1 day after launch; and this enhancement continued for 8 or 5 days. In osteoclasts, the signals of TRAP-GFP and MMP9-DsRed were highly increased at days 4 and 6 after launch in flight. HiSeq from pharyngeal bones of juvenile fish at day 2 after launch showed up-regulation of 2 osteoblast- and 3 osteoclast- related genes. Gene ontology analysis for the whole-body showed that transcription of genes in the category "nucleus" was significantly enhanced; particularly, transcription-regulators were more up-regulated at day 2 than at day 6. Lastly, we identified 5 genes, c-fos, jun-B-like, pai-1, ddit4 and tsc22d3, which were up-regulated commonly in the whole-body at days 2 and 6, and in the pharyngeal bone at day 2. Our results suggested that exposure to microgravity immediately induced dynamic alteration of gene expression levels in osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Objective: In this study we analyze the applicability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to patients with lesions in language-related areas of the brain. Thus we compared the results of rTMS to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the current standard for preoperative language[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 65. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie (DGNC)

The usefulness and safety of water jet angioplasty was studied in vitro, using agar phantom and autopsied aorta, and in vivo in acute and chronic arterial occlusions in mongrel dogs. At an injection rate of 1.0 ml/s, the water jet produced erosion of the agar surface when the distance between the catheter and the agar was 1 mm. With an injection rate of 1.5 ml/s, erosion was produced at a distance of 15 mm from the catheter tip. When the water jet was directed at an arterial wall, intimal ablation and ruptured elastic fibers were found histopathologically. A smaller angle between the vascular wall and the catheter was associated with less vascular damage. In vivo, water jet angioplasty was effective against acute obstructions, but not against chronic obstructions. These results suggest that water jet angioplasty may be effective against arterial obstruction due to acute thrombus.

Rationale and Objectives. We investigated the effects of various metallic stents on the aortic wall. Methods. The wires of Gianturco-type expandable metallic stents were plated with gold, silver, or copper or coated with Teflon or silicone. Stents were inserted into the aortas of 15 adult mongrel dogs. The time course of radiologic, macroscopic, and histologic changes in the aorta at the site of the stent was investigated at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after implantation. Results. The gold-plated stent appeared to produce fewer macroscopic and histopathologic changes in the aorta than the other types of stents. The neointima was thinnest with gold (83.9 ± 40.3 μm), followed by stainless steel (103.6 ± 57.0 μm), Teflon (115.0 ± 30.2 μm), silicone (209.6 ± 25.9 μm), silver (228.6 ± 33.8 μm), and copper (unmeasurable). With the copper-plated stent, the aorta suffered severe erosion of the vessel wall, marked thrombus formation, and aortic rupture. Conclusion. Gold is a useful intravascular material because it reacts only minimally with the vessel wall.

Arterial occlusion using radiofrequency energy was performed. The length of the noninsulated part of the guidewire was 10 mm and the duration of radiofrequency supply was 20 s. Animal experiments were carried out in 17 canine arteries; 4 out of 6 arteries less than 2.3 mm in diameter were completely occluded during the 20 s radiofrequency supply. A clinical application was also successfully performed without any complications. Arterial occlusion with radiofrequency can be applied to vessels less than about 2 mm in diameter.