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During the anaerobic digestion (AD) of fruit and vegetable waste (FVW), excessive particle size reduction can lead to the overproduction and inhibition of methanogenic microorganisms. This paper presents an in-depth analysis through experimental assays, modeling, and response surface analysis of the effect of particle size on methane production. A simple model was proposed considering the inhibition of the growth of methanogenic microorganisms and surface-based hydrolysis kinetics. The model parameters were estimated using experimental data from batch systems fed with FVW of varying particle sizes (ranging from 1.8 to 1000 μm). Response surface methodology establishes a statistical model for estimating methane production based on particle size and concentration. Numerical and statistical analyses were conducted using Matlab R2024a and Minitab 24 software. A model with an R2 of 0.89 was obtained, which determined an optimal concentration of 8.2 kg·m−3 and a particle size of 742.3 μm, yielding a methane production of 303.3 m3·kg−1 VS, similar to the experimentally obtained range of 300.95 to 316.7 m3·kg−1 VS.

Aunque tradicionalmente se han considerado los términos residuos y basura como sinónimos, existe una diferencia entre ambos conceptos ya que se habla de basura cuando se hace referencia a aquellos materiales sobrantes que aparentemente no pueden ser usados nuevamente, mientras que el término residuo, en cambio, sirve para identificar a aquellos materiales que pueden tener valor en sí mismo y que pueden ser reciclados o reutilizados. En ese sentido, la reciente legislación mexicana en materia de economía circular pretende, precisamente, transitar hacia una concepción de residuo como un insumo aprovechable. En este contexto, el uso de instrumentos económicos se ha planteado como muy eficaz para conseguir los objetivos de la economía circular y, por ello, se les dedica un apartado especial en la reciente legislación. El presente trabajo inicia con una revisión del marco jurídico en materia de residuos, previsto en el derecho administrativo, analiza sus instrumentos jurídicos y termina con el análisis de los instrumentos económicos en materia ambiental que pueden ser aplicables a los residuos y que favorecen la consecución de los objetivos de la economía circular. Se realizará una investigación documental con el objetivo de tomar datos y se utilizará el método analítico para extraer conclusiones de estos.

The performance of first-year students in electromagnetism (E&M) courses of different engineering degrees at a Spanish public university was measured using the Brief Electricity and Magnetism Assessment (BEMA), a standard research-based instrument to assess students' understanding after attending introductory courses in electricity and magnetism. In all cases, Flipped classroom (FC) built on information and communications technology was used. The objective of this paper is to analyse if the gain in the BEMA pre and post-test results is influenced by several factors such as the degree, the students' academic grade, and gender. Moreover, as some studies have shown that the students' retention of the concepts was significantly stronger in active learning than in traditional approaches, a third BEMA test was performed by the students to analyse the long-term retention gain dependence on the same factors. Students from different engineering degree programs were asked to complete two BEMA tests during the course and a third one after a few months. ANOVA tests were used to analyse the existence of significant differences in gain between student degree programs, student academic level and student gender. Results have shown no differences in the BEMA performance by degree program, but significant differences were found by academic level and gender. Retention did not depend on the degree course but on the academic level. Mean gain value by academic level, and gender was obtained and concluded that the best students presented the best gain results and that gain depends on the students' gender: males outperformed females in the BEMA tests, although there were no significant differences in the course grades. It is thus necessary to understand these differences and to implement measures in daily teaching work to improve women's performance.

During Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, the virulence factor PtpA belonging to the protein tyrosine phosphatase family is delivered into the cytosol of the macrophage. PtpA interacts with numerous eukaryotic proteins modulating phagosome maturation, innate immune response, apoptosis, and potentially host-lipid metabolism, as previously reported by our group. In vitro, the human trifunctional protein enzyme (hTFP) is a bona fide PtpA substrate, a key enzyme of mitochondrial β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, containing two alpha and two beta subunits arranged in a tetramer structure. Interestingly, it has been described that the alpha subunit of hTFP (ECHA, hTFPα) is no longer detected in mitochondria during macrophage infection with the virulent Mtb H37Rv. To better understand if PtpA could be the bacterial factor responsible for this effect, in the present work, we studied in-depth the PtpA activity and interaction with hTFPα. With this aim, we performed docking and in vitro dephosphorylation assays defining the P-Tyr-271 as the potential target of mycobacterial PtpA, a residue located in the helix-10 of hTFPα, previously described as relevant for its mitochondrial membrane localization and activity. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Tyr-271 is absent in TFPα of bacteria and is present in more complex eukaryotic organisms. These results suggest that this residue is a specific PtpA target, and its phosphorylation state is a way of regulating its subcellular localization. We also showed that phosphorylation of Tyr-271 can be catalyzed by Jak kinase. In addition, we found by molecular dynamics that PtpA and hTFPα form a stable protein complex through the PtpA active site, and we determined the dissociation equilibrium constant. Finally, a detailed study of PtpA interaction with ubiquitin, a reported PtpA activator, showed that additional factors are required to explain a ubiquitin-mediated activation of PtpA. Altogether, our results provide further evidence supporting that PtpA could be the bacterial factor that dephosphorylates hTFPα during infection, potentially affecting its mitochondrial localization or β-oxidation activity.

En los últimos años han surgido iniciativas normativas que imponen obligaciones empresariales, bajo el auspicio del principio de diligencia debida, fundamentalmente en el contexto de las cadenas globales de suministro, tendentes a prevenir la presencia de formas contemporáneas de esclavitud. El presente documento pretende facilitar una aproximación desde el derecho internacional, el derecho de la Unión Europea y el derecho comparado a distintos modelos de implementación del principio de diligencia debida en las cadenas globales de suministro con el propósito de perfilar un diagnóstico sobre cuales son las propuestas más adecuadas.

Este artículo analiza las posibilidades de la creación de la alianza educativa en centros escolares con familias en riesgo psico-social y, más concretamente, con acogimientos en familia extensa. Partiendo de las cuatro dimensiones del Sistema de Observación de Alianza Terapéutica en Intervención Familiar, se aborda el enganche necesario para que acogedores y menores se sientan reconocidos y acogidos y se mantengan presentes en ella; la seguridad en el sistema, que permite que la familia confíe en el profesional y encuentre en la conversación común un espacio abierto y accesible; la conexión emocional, que posibilita que la familia se sienta respetada y comprendida por el profesional, que la valora y confía en sus capacidades; y el sentido de compartir el propósito de la orientación, para que todos sus miembros perciban la orientación como un asunto común que los interpela a actuar, aportando así más recursos para el éxito de la intervención.

An advanced, cost-effective, and portable DNA biosensor capable of detecting multiple bacteria simultaneously has been developed. The biosensor comprises a fast and inexpensive potentiostat that controls the applied potential to a screen-printed electrochemical array platform functionalized with MoS2 flakes and bacterial DNA probes. The current response obtained by à la carte thionine functionalized carbon nanodots (Ty-CDs) is monitored as an electrochemical indicator of the hybridization event. The design of the potentiostat prioritizes achieving an optimal signal-to-noise ratio and incorporates a user-friendly interface compatible with various devices, including computers, mobile phones, and tablets. The device is compact, lightweight, and manufactured at a low cost. The key components of the potentiostat include a data acquisition board capable of analyzing multiple samples simultaneously and a controller board. The results of this study confirm the ability of the multiplex portable biosensor to successfully detect specific bacterial DNA sequences, demonstrating its reliability and superior performance compared with a traditional, more complex, and laboratory-oriented potentiostat.

Abstract Background Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute inflammatory neuropathy with a heterogeneous presentation. Although some evidences support the role of autoantibodies in its pathogenesis, the target antigens remain unknown in a substantial proportion of GBS patients. The objective of this study is to screen for autoantibodies targeting peripheral nerve components in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Methods Autoantibody screening was performed in serum samples from all GBS patients included in the International GBS Outcome study by 11 different Spanish centres. The screening included testing for anti-ganglioside antibodies, anti-nodo/paranodal antibodies, immunocytochemistry on neuroblastoma-derived human motor neurons and murine dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, and immunohistochemistry on monkey peripheral nerve sections. We analysed the staining patterns of patients and controls. The prognostic value of anti-ganglioside antibodies was also analysed. Results None of the GBS patients (n = 100) reacted against the nodo/paranodal proteins tested, and 61 (61%) were positive for, at least, one anti-ganglioside antibody. GBS sera reacted strongly against DRG neurons more frequently than controls both with IgG (6% vs 0%; p = 0.03) and IgM (11% vs 2.2%; p = 0.02) immunodetection. No differences were observed in the proportion of patients reacting against neuroblastoma-derived human motor neurons. Reactivity against monkey nerve tissue was frequently detected both in patients and controls, but specific patterns were only detected in GBS patients: IgG from 13 (13%) patients reacted strongly against Schwann cells. Finally, we confirmed that IgG anti-GM1 antibodies are associated with poorer outcomes independently of other known prognostic factors. Conclusion Our study confirms that (1) GBS patients display a heterogeneous repertoire of autoantibodies targeting nerve cells and structures; (2) gangliosides are the most frequent antigens in GBS patients and have a prognostic value; (3) further antigen-discovery experiments may elucidate other potential antigens in GBS.

El artículo que se presenta es un resultado parcial de una investigación doctoral titulada “Puesta en valor del patrimonio documental en la Universidad de Oriente”, desarrollada en el marco del proyecto de cooperación internacional p4 Vlir “Salvaguardia del patrimonio cultural. Herramientas y prácticas para su gestión integrada en Santiago de Cuba y la región este del país”, el cual forma parte del Programa Interuniversitario Flamenco de Cooperación Internacional con la Universidad de Oriente (VLIR-UOS). El objetivo de este artículo radica en brindar algunas reflexiones necesarias de carácter exploratorio al estado y conservación del patrimonio documental de la Universidad de Oriente, para contribuir a su reconocimiento y gestión. Se utilizaron métodos de investigación científica tales como: histórico-lógico, análisis-síntesis, inductivo-deductivo y análisis documental. Las conclusiones derivadas indican que es apremiante atender la gestión del patrimonio documental en la Universidad de Oriente para poner en valor la memoria histórica institucional.

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a crop of great economic importance. It is the fourth most produced tropical fruit in the world. The most substantial problems faced during its production are pests and diseases, which is why it has been planted under greenhouse conditions. However, it is required that the plants not be of great height not to need tall greenhouses. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate to the salinity effect and identify nutritive solutions that reduce plant height. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and ten replications. The treatments were four concentrations of Steiner nutrient solution (50 %, 100 %, 150 %, and 200 %) in whose composition are anions (phosphate, nitrate, and sulfate) and cations (potassium, calcium, and magnesium), thus generating electrical conductivity of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 dS/m, respectively. The variables evaluated were plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, foliar area, chlorophyll a and b concentration, proline content, and foliar nutrient concentration. The nutrients comprise nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences in all variables except magnesium concentration. As salinity increased, plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium decreased, but chlorophyll a and b concentration, proline content, and nitrogen increased. We conclude that Steiner nutrient solution with 4.0 dS/m (200 %) can reduce plant height to grow it in greenhouses.

Abstract Background CCR6 chemokine receptor is an important target in inflammatory diseases. Th17 cells express CCR6 and a number of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-17 and IL-22, which are involved in the propagation of inflammatory immune responses. CCR6 antagonist would be a potential treatment for inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of this study is to develop an antagonistic monoclonal antibody (mAb) against human CCR6 receptor (hCCR6). Results We generate monoclonal antibodies against hCCR6 immunizing Balb/c mice with hCCR6 overexpressing cells. The antibodies were tested by flow cytometry for specific binding to hCCR6, cloned by limiting dilution and resulted in the isolation and purification monoclonal antibody 1C6. By ELISA and flow cytometry, was determined that the antibody obtained binds to hCCR6 N-terminal domain. The ability of 1C6 to neutralize hCCR6 signaling was tested and we determined that 1C6 antibody were able to block response in β-arrestin recruitment assay with IC50 10.23 nM, but did not inhibit calcium mobilization. In addition, we found in a chemotaxis assay that 1C6 reduces the migration of hCCR6 cells to their ligand CCL20. Finally, we determined by RT-qPCR that the expression of IL-17A in Th17 cells treated with 1C6 was inhibited. Conclusions In the present study, we applied whole cell immunization for successfully obtain an antibody that is capable to neutralize hCCR6 signaling and to reduce hCCR6 cells migration and IL-17 expression. These results provide an efficient approach to obtain therapeutic potential antibodies in the treatment of CCR6-mediated inflammatory diseases.

Abstract The plasma membrane permeability to water and cryoprotectant (CPA) significantly impacts vitrification efficiency of bovine oocytes. Our study was designed to determine the concentration-dependent permeability characteristics for immature (GV) and mature (MII) bovine oocytes in the presence of ethylene glycol (EG) and dimethyl sulphoxide (Me2SO), and to compare two different modeling approaches: the two parameter (2P) model and a nondilute transport model. Membrane permeability parameters were determined by consecutively exposing oocytes to increasing concentrations of Me2SO or EG. Higher water permeability was observed for MII oocytes than GV oocytes in the presence of both Me2SO and EG, and in all cases the water permeability was observed to decrease as CPA concentration increased. At high CPA concentrations, the CPA permeability was similar for Me2SO and EG, for both MII and GV oocytes, but at low concentrations the EG permeability of GV oocytes was substantially higher. Predictions of cell volume changes during CPA addition and removal indicate that accounting for the concentration dependence of permeability only has a modest effect, but there were substantial differences between the 2P model and the nondilute model during CPA removal, which may have implications for design of improved methods for bovine oocyte vitrification.

En el presente artículo analizamos el marco jurídico existente en México para la protección de los bosques desde la perspectiva de su papel en la adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático. Se realizó una investigación documental con el objetivo de tomar datos y se aplicó el método analítico para extraer conclusiones de estos. En primer lugar, revisamos el marco jurídico internacional en la materia y a continuación nos centramos en la legislación mexicana y en el análisis de los instrumentos que existen para la protección de estos ecosistemas, tanto en el derecho administrativo como en el derecho penal. Se concluyó que existe un buen número de instrumentos en la legislación mexicana tendentes a la conservación de los bosques en el país y que estos instrumentos son considerados tanto en la estrategia de mitigación de emisiones, como en la de adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático, a pesar de lo cual la deforestación sigue avanzando en el país.

Abstract Background The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), is the most widely used and reliable clinical routine method for the detection of important protein markers in healthcare. Improving ELISAs is crucial for detecting biomolecules relates to health disorders and facilitating diagnosis at the early diseases stages. Several methods have been developed to improve the ELISA sensitivity through immobilization of antibodies on the microtiter plates. We have developed a highly sensitive ELISA strategy based on the preparation of acetylated chitosan surfaces in order to improve the antibodies orientation. Results Chitin surfaces were obtained by mixing small quantities of chitosan and acetic anhydride in each well of a microtiter plate. Anti-c-myc 9E10 low affinity antibody fused to ChBD was cloned and expressed in CHO cells obtaining the anti-c-myc-ChBD antibody. We found that anti c-myc-ChBD binds specifically to the chitin surfaces in comparison with anti-c-myc 9E10, which did not. Chitin surface was used to develop a sandwich ELISA to detect the chimeric human protein c-myc-GST-IL8 cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The ELISA assays developed on chitin surfaces were 6-fold more sensitive than those performed on standard surface with significant differences (p

La determinación de los perfiles lesionales característicos de las disciplinas deportivas y artísticas que utilizan el cuerpo como medio, es fundamental de cara a realizar una buena prevención de lesiones. Pese a que en danza clásica y contemporánea se han realizado muchos estudios al respecto, existen muy pocas investigaciones y documentos de consenso en las danzas tradicionales que establezcan las características individuales y unificadoras para todas ellas. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue el de establecer los perfiles lesionales de los bailarines de diferentes estilos de danza tradicional, estableciendo diferencias y similitudes entre ellos en cuanto a frecuencia lesional, localización, tipología, gravedad y factores de riesgo. Se realizó una revisión sistemática en las bases de datos Sport Discus, Medline, Cinahl, Scopus y Web of Science. Se obtuvieron 17 resultados, con representación de la danza irlandesa, flamenco, danza del vientre, danza india, danza turca y la danza de Morris de Gran Bretaña. Los resultados indican una alta incidencia de lesión, pero habiendo diferencias entre los estilos. Así mismo, la localización también fue específica, pero destacando las extremidades inferiores en todas ellas menos en danza del vientre en la que predominan las lesiones de la zona lumbar, sacro y pelvis.

In this work, we present the combination of two different types of nanomaterials, 2D molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (MoS2-NS) and zero-dimensional carbon nanodots (CDs), for the development of a new electrochemiluminescence (ECL) platform for the early detection and quantification of the biomarker human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), whose overexpression is associated with breast cancer. MoS2-NS are used as an immobilization platform for the thiolated aptamer, which can recognize the HER2 epitope peptide with high affinity, and CDs act as coreactants of the anodic oxidation of the luminophore [Ru(bpy)3]2+. The HER2 biomarker is detected by changes in the ECL signal of the [Ru(bpy)3]2+/CD system, with a low detection limit of 1.84 fg/mL and a wide linear range. The proposed method has been successfully applied to detect the HER2 biomarker in human serum samples.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar os impactos ambientais transfronteiriços e a questão da responsabilidade internacional do Estado, a partir das tentativas de codificação resultante em propostas de resolução adotadas pela Comissão de Direito Internacional, vinculada à Organização das Nações Unidas, buscando especificar em que medida poderiam contribuir para promover maior proteção ambiental. Buscou-se, ainda, realizar uma contextualização jurídica e histórica de forma que se possa compreender como a responsabilidade por danos transfronteiriços, ao fundamentar-se na prevenção e precaução, acaba por incorporar também a necessária consideração aos pressupostos da responsabilidade por ato não-ilícito. A metodologia dedutiva possibilita realizar um estudo das propostas já discutidas no âmbito da referida Comissão, estabelecendo medidas para a aplicação da responsabilidade. Conclui-se que, apesar dos esforços empreendidos até o momento, não se logrou ainda fixar um ato internacional que venha, de forma efetiva, imputar aos Estados responsabilidade por atos não-ilícitos, aproximando-se, assim, da legislação nacional adotada atualmente pelos Estados.

Introduction: The teaching of Cuban History in Higher Medical Education needs to be anchored in specific determinants for what it can contribute to the integral formation of the future graduate. Objective: To base the determinants on which the educational process of Cuban history should be based in the context of higher education. Materials and methods: Qualitative research aimed at strengthening the educational process of the discipline History at the University of Medical Sciences of Pinar del Río. Based on the dialectical materialist method, it used theoretical methods: the historical-logical and systemic approach. From the empirical methods level, a survey and an observation guide were applied to classes. Descriptive statistics was used. Results: 44.4% (12) do not master the professional model defined in the Medical Sciences for each of the careers. 55.5% (15) know the professional model although they acknowledge that they do not know it entirety. 85.1% of teachers (23) acknowledge that they superficially dominate the objectives defined for each year in the different careers. 44.4% (12) of the teachers think that defining the historical processes to be studied at this level of education is dificult. Only in 48.1% (26) of the classes visited the teachers did work according to the professional model. 27.7% (15) of the observed classes showed to be tributary to the objectives defined per year. In 51.8% (28) of the classes, work was visualized based on research, and in terms of historical processes, 50% (27) were able to project work with process conception. Conclusions: The teaching of Cuban History emerged in Higher Medical Education with the objective of continuing to consolidate the integral humanistic formation of future health professionals who will also carry out educational work in the community. The particularities of the teaching of Cuban History in the context of medical training require a different approach based essentially on the model of the professional and that leads to the teacher becoming a counselor, driver, of students who are autonomous, reflective and capable. In correspondence with these purposes, the determinants for the teaching of Cuban History have been defined in this research, which, without claiming to be a recipe, can reorient the teaching of a Discipline that is called to be a center in the formation of future health professionals.

Background: epilepsy is one of the most frequent neurological diseases and almost 30 % of patients who suffer from it do not get control with classic antiepileptic drugs. Objective: to characterize prescription patterns of new antiepileptic drugs. Methods: a descriptive and cross-section study about use of medicines, of prescription-indication type with elements of therapeutic scheme was conducted. The study universe was composed of 300 patients and all of them were included on the research. The following variables were studied: group of age, associations, indications and interval of administration. Results: use of vigabatrin and lamotrigine prevailed in children and patients with diagnosis of epilepsy. Use of Gabapentin was more frequent in adults and neuropathic pain. Vigabatrin and lamotrigine were mainly used in associations with classical antiepileptic drugs, being valproate the drug more used on it. Gabapentin was only used alone. There were mistakes on intervals of administration of all studied drugs. Conclusions: prescription of new antiepileptic drugs was adequate in most cases. Identified mistakes were related to intervals of administration. DeCS: ANTICONVULSANTS/administration&dosage; MEDICATION ERRORS; PRESCRIPTION DRUGS; EPIDEMIOLOGY, DESCRIPTIVE; EPILEPSY/drug therapy.

Con el objetivo, de emplear diferentes estimuladores para la reproducción del guayabo por esquejes en condiciones semicontroladas, la investigación se realizó en la finca la Nueva Esperanza, perteneciente a la Cooperativa de Créditos y Servicios Fortalecida Renato Guitart del municipio Camagüey, en el período comprendido de febrero a mayo del 2016. Se contó con una cámara para la reproducción de posturas del guayabo por esquejes, la cual posee riego por microjet programado; el soporte utilizado es la zeolita con diámetro de 1 a 3 mm, empleándose un diseño completamente aleatorizado con 6 tratamientos y 3 repeticiones cada uno. Se realizó la evaluación de plantas con gemas y sin gemas, plantas con raíces, número de hojas y plantas vivas en el cultivo de la guayaba. Para el análisis estadístico, se utilizó el SSPS versión 11.5.1 con análisis de varianza de clasificación simple, aplicando los rangos múltiples de Duncan para un nivel de significación de 0,05 %. Las alternativas bioorgánicas empleadas, determinaron eficiencia positiva en los mecanismos fisiológicos en el desarrollo de las plántulas, los tratamientos que mejor comportamiento fenológico fueron el humus líquido natural más ácido indolacético, humus líquido natural más ácido fosfórico y el humus líquido fortificado.

Aquaglyceroporins are known as channel proteins, and are able to transport water and small neutral solutes. In this study, we evaluate the effect of exposure of in vitro matured bovine oocytes to hyperosmotic solutions containing ethylene glycol (EG), dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) or sucrose on the expression levels of AQP3, AQP7 and AQP9. Moreover, we studied whether artificial protein expression of AQP7 in bovine oocytes increases their permeability to water and cryoprotectants. Exposure to hyperosmotic solutions stimulated AQP3 and AQP7 but not AQP9 expression. Oocytes exposed to hyperosmotic Me2SO solution exhibited upregulated AQP3 expression, while AQP7 expression was upregulated by EG hyperosmotic exposure. Microinjection of oocytes at the germinal vesicle stage with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or EGFP+AQP7 cRNAs resulted in the expression of the corresponding proteins in ≈86% of the metaphase-II stage oocytes. AQP7 facilitated water diffusion when bovine MII oocytes were in presence of Me2SO solution but not EG or sucrose solution. However, the overexpression of this aquaporin did not increase membrane permeability to Me2SO or EG. In summary, cryoprotectant-induced increase of AQP3 and AQP7 expression could be one of the mechanisms underlying oocyte tolerance to hyperosmotic stress. Water diffusion appears to be improved when AQP7 overexpressed oocytes are exposed to Me2SO, shortening the time required for oocytes to achieve osmotic balance with cryoprotectant solutions.

CCR6 is a chemokine receptor highly implicated in inflammatory diseases and could be a potential therapeutic target; however, no therapeutic agents targeting CCR6 have progressed into clinical evaluation. Development of a high-throughput screening assay for CCR6 should facilitate the identification of novel compounds against CCR6. To develop a cell-based assay, RBL-2H3 cells were transfected with plasmids encoding β-hexosaminidase and CCR6. Intracellular calcium mobilization of transfected cells was measured with a fluorescent substrate using the activity of released hexosaminidase as readout of the assay. This stable, transfected cell showed a specific signal to the background ratio of 19.1 with low variability of the signal along the time. The assay was validated and optimized for high-throughput screening. The cell-based calcium mobilization assay responded to the specific CCR6 ligand, CCL20, in a dose-dependent manner with an EC50 value of 10.72 nM. Furthermore, the assay was deemed robust and reproducible with a Z’ factor of 0.63 and a signal window of 7.75. We have established a cell-based high-throughput calcium mobilization assay for CCR6 receptor. This assay monitors calcium mobilization, due to CCR6h activation by CCL20, using hexosaminidase activity as readout. This assay was proved to be robust, easy to automate and could be used as method for screening of CCR6 modulators.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is routinely used to detect biomolecules related to several diseases facilitating diagnosis and monitoring of these, as well as the possibility of decreasing their mortality rate. Several methods have been carried out to improve the ELISA sensitivity through antibodies immobilization on the microtiter plates. Here, we have developed a strategy of antibodies immobilization to improve the ELISA sensitivity increasing the antibody density surface through the tetrazine (Tz)-trans-cyclooctene (TCO) reaction. For this, we prepared surfaces with tetrazine groups while the captured antibody was conjugated with TCO. The tetrazine surfaces were prepared in two different ways: (1) from aminated plates and (2) from Tz-BSA-coated plates. The surfaces were evaluated using two sandwich ELISA models, one of them using the low-affinity antibody anti-c-myc as a capture antibody to detect the c-myc-GST-IL8h recombinant protein, and the other one to detect the carcinoembryonic human protein (CEA). The sensitivity increased in both surfaces treated with tetrazine in comparison with the standard unmodified surface. The c-myc-GST-IL8h detection was around 10-fold more sensible on both tetrazine surfaces, while CEA ELISA detection increased 12-fold on surfaces coated with Tz-BSA. In conclusion, we show that it is possible to improve the ELISA sensitivity using this immobilization system, where capture antibodies bond covalently to surfaces.

El acogimiento en familia extensa es la medida de protección a la infancia más utilizada en nuestro país, que encuentra entre sus mayores dificultades la correcta elaboración de la historia de vida de los niños acogidos. Si esta construcción de la historia vital del niño, que generalmente contiene situaciones dramáticas, no se elabora adecuadamente, puede generar problemas identitarios susceptibles de obstaculizar un adecuado desarrollo. Este artículo analiza la narrativa como una de las principales estrategias socioeducativas para la elaboración de la historia de vida, a partir de los conceptos de experiencia fallida, experiencia imaginaria reactiva y del estadio del espejo, entre otros. Así mismo, propone la utilización de las autobiografías, el libro de vida y la literatura como herramientas para contribuir al desarrollo de la identidad del niño, el fomento de su resiliencia y el conocimiento de su historia de vida de una manera coherente y positiva.

Abstract Mutations in the GDAP1 gene can cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. These mutations are quite rare in most Western countries but not so in certain regions of Spain or other Mediterranean countries. This cross-sectional retrospective multicenter study analyzed the clinical and genetic characteristics of patients with GDAP1 mutations across Spain. 99 patients were identified, which were distributed across most of Spain, but especially in the Northwest and Mediterranean regions. The most common genotypes were p.R120W (in 81% of patients with autosomal dominant inheritance) and p.Q163X (in 73% of autosomal recessive patients). Patients with recessively inherited mutations had a more severe phenotype, and certain clinical features, like dysphonia or respiratory dysfunction, were exclusively detected in this group. Dominantly inherited mutations had prominent clinical variability regarding severity, including 29% of patients who were asymptomatic. There were minor clinical differences between patients harboring specific mutations but not when grouped according to localization or type of mutation. This is the largest clinical series to date of patients with GDAP1 mutations, and it contributes to define the genetic distribution and genotype-phenotype correlation in this rare form of CMT.

The aim of this study was to use different stimulators for guajabo propagation using stem cuttings in semi-controlled conditions, on "La Nueva Esperanza" farm, run by "Renato Guitart" Strengthened Cooperative of Credits and Services, in the municipality of Camaguey, Cuba, between February and May, 2016. A chamber with zeolite substrate (1 - 3 mm diameter) was used for propagation, whereas irrigation was scheduled and localized. A completely randomized design was used for evaluation, with 6 treatments and 3 replicas. The number of plants with buds, plants with roots, leaves, and live plants achieved, were evaluated. Simple variance analysis (SSPS version 11.5.) was performed, and the means were compared according to the Duncan´s test (p:0.05). The bio-organic alternatives applied were efficient in stimulating the physiological mechanisms for plantlet growth. The best phenological behavior was observed in treatments with the natural liquid humus plus indoleacetic acid, the natural liquid humus plus phosphoric acid, and the fortified liquid humus.

Con el objetivo, de emplear diferentes estimuladores para la reproducción del guayabo por esquejes en condiciones semicontroladas, la investigación se realizó en la finca la Nueva Esperanza, perteneciente a la Cooperativa de Créditos y Servicios Fortalecida Renato Guitart del municipio Camagüey, en el período comprendido de febrero a mayo del 2016. Se contó con una cámara para la reproducción de posturas del guayabo por esquejes, la cual posee riego por microjet programado; el soporte utilizado es la zeolita con diámetro de 1 a 3 mm, empleándose un diseño completamente aleatorizado con 6 tratamientos y 3 repeticiones cada uno. Se realizó la evaluación de plantas con gemas y sin gemas, plantas con raíces, número de hojas y plantas vivas en el cultivo de la guayaba. Para el análisis estadístico, se utilizó el SSPS versión 11.5.1 con análisis de varianza de clasificación simple, aplicando los rangos múltiples de Duncan para un nivel de significación de 0,05 %. Las alternativas bioorgánicas empleadas, determinaron eficiencia positiva en los mecanismos fisiológicos en el desarrollo de las plántulas, los tratamientos que mejor comportamiento fenológico fueron el humus líquido natural más ácido indolacético, humus líquido natural más ácido fosfórico y el humus líquido fortificado.

Desde que en 2005 el Parlamento Europeo reconociera la discriminación racial y exclusión social que sufre la minoría étnica más numerosa de Europa, la comunidad gitana, se está llevando a cabo un creciente esfuerzo político a nivel europeo, estatal, regional y local en favor de la inclusión del Pueblo Gitano. Sin embargo, la situación social y especialmente educativa de esta comunidad sigue siendo claramente alarmante (Damonti & Arza, 2014; EU-FRA. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2018). A partir de los resultados alcanzados en el marco de dos investigaciones científicas (García-Espinel, 2016; Macías-Aranda, 2017), este artículo evidencia los principios clave que han posibilitado el impacto del Plan Integral del Pueblo Gitano en Catalunya. Este Plan es el conjunto de políticas públicas dirigidas a mejorar la situación de la población gitana en Catalunya, las cuales se desarrollan desde 2005. La consonancia con los resultados de las investigaciones científicas de mayor reconocimiento internacional, así como la implicación real del Pueblo Gitano en el diseño, implementación y desarrollo de las acciones del Plan, entre otros elementos clave, son los que explican el impacto social que se está alcanzando en Catalunya, especialmente en el ámbito educativo, y concretamente, en el ámbito universitario y de estudios postobligatorios.

The Provincial Museum Emilio Bacardí Moreau was the first in the country, founded on February 12, 1899 in Santiago de Cuba, as an expression of the intellectuals to exhibit the historical and artistic heritage of the region and the world. The initial collection was enriched by important civic contributions. Among its heritage assets there are pieces of different cultures, an important representation of objects belonging to the heroes of independence and an archive of great documentary value. Despite the heritage that is exhibited in the permanent collection and that is stored in the reservoir as well as the growing concern of experts to improve the conditions of exposure and storage of the museum, all conditions for proper cataloging and preservation of its assets are not created, being, perhaps, the collection of documents, the most vulnerable heritage.

En este trabajo se establecen nuevas correlaciones empíricas entre la resistencia a compresión simple (RCS) y el índice de carga puntual Is(50) en rocas anisótropas, en particular en esquistos y pizarras. Se han empleado datos de 2.015 ensayos de carga puntual y 229 ensayos de resistencia a compresión uniaxial realizados en rocas anisótropas obtenidos en las diferentes etapas de estudio del proyecto hidroeléctrico Paute-Cardenillo, localizado en las estribaciones orientales de la cordillera de los Andes septentrionales (SE Ecuador). Se han identificado cinco litotipos de rocas anisótropas (esquistos y pizarras) para los que se han obtenido los valores medios de resistencia a compresión simple y del índice de carga puntual en función de su orientación con respecto a los planos de anisotropía. Finalmente, se comprueba que no existe una relación directa entre RCS y Is (50) por lo que no es fiable adoptar los modelos empíricos tradicionales de regresión lineal, que no tienen en cuenta el efecto de los planos de anisotropía en la resistencia de la roca. Por lo tanto, se proponen tres nuevas relaciones empíricas que permiten estimar la RCS a partir del Is (50) en rocas anisótropas.

El principal objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar el delito de trata de personas con finalidad de matrimonio forzoso desde la perspectiva del ordenamiento jurídico español, considerando las más recientes reformas legislativas al Código Penal español, la última de ellas en el 2015, responsable por introducir dicha finalidad en el artículo 177 bis que tipifica la trata de personas. Para ello no solo se analizará la legislación española, sino que también la normativa internacional al respecto –como sea el Protocolo para prevenir, reprimir y sancionar la trata de personas, especialmente mujeres y niños de las Naciones Unidas, que aporta una definición de trata de personas, estableciendo los criterios que permiten establecer un marco coherente y definido para las iniciativas de lucha contra esta–, pero asimismo el derecho europeo de los derechos humanos y el derecho de la Unión Europea al respecto.

Models for quantum computation with circuit connections subject to the quantum superposition principle have recently been proposed. In them, a control quantum system can coherently determine the order in which a target quantum system undergoes N gate operations. This process, known as the quantum N-switch, is a resource for several information-processing tasks. In particular, it provides a computational advantage—over fixed-gate-order quantum circuits—for phase-estimation problems involving N unknown unitary gates. However, the corresponding algorithm requires an experimentally unfeasible target-system dimension (super)exponential in N. Here, we introduce a promise problem for which the quantum N-switch gives an equivalent computational speedup with target-system dimension as small as 2 regardless of N. We use state-of-the-art multicore optical-fiber technology to experimentally demonstrate the quantum N-switch with N=4 gates acting on a photonic-polarization qubit. This is the first observation of a quantum superposition of more than N=2 temporal orders, demonstrating its usefulness for efficient phase estimation.

This study was designed to the optimize vitrification and in-straw warming protocol of in vitro-produced bovine embryos by comparing two different equilibration periods, short equilibrium (SE: 3 min) and long equilibrium (LE: 12 min). Outcomes recorded in vitrified day seven (D7) and day eight (D8) expanded blastocysts were survival and hatching rates, cell counts, apoptosis rate, and gene expression. While survival rates at 3 and 24 h post-warming were reduced (p < 0.05) after vitrification, the hatching rates of D7 embryos vitrified after SE were similar to the rates recorded in fresh non-vitrified blastocysts. The hatching rates of vitrified D8 blastocysts were lower (p < 0.05) than of fresh controls regardless of treatment. Total cell count, and inner cell mass and trophectoderm cell counts were similar in hatched D7 blastocysts vitrified after SE and fresh blastocysts, while vitrified D8 blastocysts yielded lower values regardless of treatment. The apoptosis rate was significantly higher in both treatment groups compared to fresh controls, although rates were lower for SE than LE. No differences emerged in BAX, AQP3, CX43, and IFNτ gene expression between the treatments, whereas a significantly greater abundance of BCL2L1 and SOD1 transcripts was observed in blastocysts vitrified after SE. A shorter equilibration vitrification protocol was found to improve post-warming outcomes and time efficiency after in-straw warming/dilution.

Currently, wind power is the fastest-growing means of electricity generation in the world. To obtain the maximum efficiency from the wind energy conversion system, it is important that the control strategy design is carried out in the best possible way. In fact, besides regulating the frequency and output voltage of the electrical signal, these strategies should also extract energy from wind power at the maximum level of efficiency. With advances in micro-controllers and electronic components, the design and implementation of efficient controllers are steadily improving. This paper presents a maximum power point tracking controller scheme for a small wind energy conversion system with a variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator. With the controller, the system extracts optimum possible power from the wind speed reaching the wind turbine and feeds it to the grid at constant voltage and frequency based on the AC–DC–AC conversion system. A MATLAB/SimPowerSystems environment was used to carry out the simulations of the system. Simulation results were analyzed under variable wind speed and load conditions, exhibiting the performance of the proposed controller. It was observed that the controllers can extract maximum power and regulate the voltage and frequency under such variable conditions. Extensive results are included in the paper.

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (also called electrochemiluminescence (ECL)) has become a great focus of attention in different fields of analysis, mainly as a consequence of the potential remarkably high sensitivity and wide dynamic range. In the particular case of sensing applications, ECL biosensor unites the benefits of the high selectivity of biological recognition elements and the high sensitivity of ECL analysis methods. Hence, it is a powerful analytical device for sensitive detection of different analytes of interest in medical prognosis and diagnosis, food control and environment. These wide range of applications are increased by the introduction of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). Disposable SPE-based biosensors cover the need to perform in-situ measurements with portable devices quickly and accurately. In this review, we sum up the latest biosensing applications and current progress on ECL bioanalysis combined with disposable SPEs in the field of bio affinity ECL sensors including immunosensors, DNA analysis and catalytic ECL sensors. Furthermore, the integration of nanomaterials with particular physical and chemical properties in the ECL biosensing systems has improved tremendously their sensitivity and overall performance, being one of the most appropriates research fields for the development of highly sensitive ECL biosensor devices.

Wind power plants depend greatly on weather conditions, thus being considered intermittent, uncertain and non-dispatchable. Due to the massive integration of this energy resource in the recent decades, it is important that transmission and distribution system operators are able to model their electrical behaviour in terms of steady-state power flow, transient dynamic stability, and short-circuit currents. Consequently, in 2015, the International Electrotechnical Commission published Standard IEC 61400-27-1, which includes generic models for wind power generation in order to estimate the electrical characteristics of wind turbines at the connection point. This paper presents, describes and details the models for wind turbine topologies Types 1 and 2 following IEC 61400-27-1 for electrical simulation purposes, including the values for the parameters for the different subsystems. A hardware-in-the-loop combined with a real-time simulator is also used to analyse the response of such wind turbine topologies under voltage dips. The evolution of active and reactive powers is discussed, together with the wind turbine rotor and generator rotational speeds.

Acrobatic Gymnastics is a gymnastics discipline with a key differentiating element in terms of the role (top and base) played by the gymnasts making up the team. The establishment of the morphological profile is a determining factor as a predictor of sport performance. This study was aimed at establishing the proportional profile based on the proportionality indices of different competitive categories, and determining whether there were differences between them. The study involved 150 Spanish acrobatic gymnasts of both genders, competing nationally and internationally. The measurements were taken following the standards established by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. The different proportionality indices of tops and bases were analyzed, performing the comparative analysis according to the competitive categories of gymnasts. The results showed that among the female tops, there are no significant differences (p

El trabajo “Instrumentos económicos para la protección ambiental a la luz del derecho ambiental mexicano” presenta la categorización que en el derecho ambiental mexicano se ha hecho sobre estos instrumentos, comparando ésta con otras clasificaciones presentes en la doctrina. Asimismo, se da la clasificación hecha de estos instrumentos por la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (en adelante OCDE), que fue la primera Organización en sugerir su uso en el año 1974 a través de la adopción del principio “quien contamina paga” y de la Unión Europea (en adelante UE) en donde, a través de las políticas comunes, se inició su uso inmediatamente después de la recomendación de la ocde. Además de analizar los pros y contras del tratamiento que la Ley General de Equilibrio Ecológico y la Protección al Ambiente (LGEEPA) (Diario Oficial de la Federación, 28 de enero de 1988) otorga a estos instrumentos, se propone una nueva clasificación y, sobre todo, definición de éstos, sin apartarse de la tradición en el país, la cual distingue entre instrumentos fiscales, financieros y de mercado. El estudio profundiza en las diferencias entre el enfoque basado en el principio “quien contamina paga” y la utilización de ayudas públicas para la internalización de las externalidades ambientales y su reflejo en los instrumentos económicos en materia ambiental.

The water supply is currently a problem, given the over-exploitation of groundwater and contamination of surface water, so it is important to find alternative supplies. The rain water harvesting is considered one of the most viable options for the supply of the vital liquid; some of the most utilized systems for this purpose are the jagüeyes. State Park General Lázaro Cárdenas del Río better known as "Flor del Bosque", it is located east of the city of Puebla and listed as Protected Natural Area, this park has jagüeyes which store water from rain. In this research, the main physicochemical and microbiological parameters of water stored in four jagüeyes of “Flor del Bosque” were measured according to Mexican regulations, in order to establish its quality and determine the uses that are given as a watering wooded areas and drinking trough do not represent a risk to the flora and fauna of the park. Composite samples of each jagüey were analyzed, during two dry weather stations and two rainy weather stations between the moths of November 2011 and October 2012. The water of the four jagüeyes has microbiological contamination by helminth eggs, Fasciola hepatica, fecal (180 CFU) and total coliforms (475 CFU), this represents a risk to the health of wildlife; as well as lots of settleable and suspended solids. Since these systems have been installed for watering wooded areas and drinking trough of animals live there, it would be advisable before use be given appropriate treatment, plus it aims to improve its design or construction to be suitable for the intended uses.

This paper proposes and assesses an integrated solution to monitor and diagnose photovoltaic (PV) solar modules based on a decentralized wireless sensor acquisition system. Both DC electrical variables and environmental data are collected at PV module level using low-cost and high-energy efficiency node sensors. Data is real-time processed locally and compared with expected PV module performances obtained by a PV module model based on symmetrized-shifted Gompertz functions (as previously developed and assessed by the authors). Sensor nodes send data to a centralized sink-computing module using a multi-hop wireless sensor network architecture. Such integration thus provides extensive analysis of PV installations, and avoids off-line tests or post-processing processes. In comparison with previous approaches, this solution is enhanced with a low-cost system and non-critical performance constraints, and it is suitable for extensive deployment in PV power plants. Moreover, it is easily implemented in existing PV installations, since no additional wiring is required. The system has been implemented and assessed in a Spanish PV power plant connected to the grid. Results and estimations of PV module performances are also included in the paper.

An alternative approach for combined frequency control in multi-area power systems with significant wind power plant integration is described and discussed in detail. Demand response is considered as a decentralized and distributed resource by incorporating innovative frequency-sensitive load controllers into certain thermostatically controlled loads. Wind power plants comprising variable speed wind turbines include an auxiliary frequency control loop contributing to increase total system inertia in a combined manner, which further improves the system frequency performance. Results for interconnected power systems show how the proposed control strategy substantially improves frequency stability and decreases peak frequency excursion (nadir) values. The total need for frequency regulation reserves is reduced as well. Moreover, the requirements to exchange power in multi-area scenarios are significantly decreased. Extensive simulations under power imbalance conditions for interconnected power systems are also presented in the paper.

El propósito de este ensayo es exponer un análisis conceptual y crítico de la teoría de percepción de liderazgo (TPL). Los objetivos son: (a) explicar los conceptos principales de la TPL; (b) explicar los procesos principales de la TPL; (c) identificar los supuestos constructivistas en la TPL; (d) identificar los supuestos construccionistas en la TPL; y (e) analizar de forma crítica los supuestos teóricos de la TPL. Al analizar los supuestos del constructivismo y el construccionismo social en la TPL, se describen el liderazgo constructivista y el liderazgo construccionista. Al final del ensayo, se presenta un análisis crítico de la TPL y las conclusiones.

La cultura Tumaco–Tolita puede considerarse una de las más ricas y fascinantes del período prehispánico; sin embargo, aún, es casi desconocida. El listado de historiadores y arqueólogos dedicados a su estudio es bastante restringido, por lo que su patrimonio tangible, mirado desde aristas diversas y en particular el aspecto ligado a la representación de animales constituye un tema casi virgen, es de los menos tratados. Las referencias encontradas no superan la perspectiva descriptiva y adolecen de falta de vínculos con las circunstancias y posibles motivaciones que impulsaron su ejecución

The insufficient attention to the incorporation of the environmental education for the sustainable development to the pedagogic process in the different subsystems of the National System of Education of the county of Villa Clara, this becomes the motive of the present study. In the investigation detailed the process that drives to the construction of a model for the incorporation of the environmental education for the sustainable development to the pedagogic process in the different subsystems of the National System of Education, presently of the county of Villa Clara. This constitutes a modest contribution to the execution of an action of the National Strategy of Environmental Education, 2010-2015, related with the construction of a theoretical-methodological model for the environmental education in Cuba.

En este artículo se presenta una mejora del lazo de regulación de la temperatura del vapor sobrecalentado en un generador de vapor BKZ-340-140-29M de 100 MW. El estudio se realiza en la Central Termoeléctrica Máximo Gómez. La propuesta consiste en un controlador PID con una estructura de dos grados de libertad y filtraje de la medida. El diseño, que incluye un criterio de robustez, tiene como objetivo fundamental la atenuación de las perturbaciones de carga producidas por la variación del flujo de vapor. El ruido de medida se resuelve filtrando la salida con un filtro de segundo orden. La ponderación del punto de consigna se utiliza para mejorar los cambios en la referencia. La propuesta se compara con el desempeño del controlador implementado actualmente en el lazo. Los resultados confirman los beneficios del diseño, garantizando así una mejor eficiencia del lazo.

El acogimiento en familia extensa es la medida de protección de menores más utilizada en España. El objetivo del trabajo es establecer un perfil familiar en la ciudad de Madrid y proponer líneas intervención psicoeducativas. La metodología utilizada es descriptiva para analizar variables como edad de menores y acogedores, parentesco o medida de protección. Los resultados muestran que la principal acogedora es la abuela materna, el tipo de acogimiento mayoritario es el administrativo permanente y la medida que más se acuerda es la tutela. La intervención se encamina a reducir las diferencias intergeneracionales, mejorar las relaciones familiares y elaborar la historia vital de los niños.

One of the defining events of 2010 took place at its start. On 12 January, the long suffering of the Haitian people took on a grave new dimension, one that will last for years. For a few days, news of the tragedy filled the mass media and the eyes and thoughts of men and women across the world, who from their homes felt the anguish of that population that has more than paid for the audacity of wanting to be independent and free from slavery. In one of the news stories, a mother asked, 'What has Haiti done to deserve this?' The reading that follows: on the event itself, its impact and the manner and magnitude of the response is performed with a gaze that starts from Haiti, but spreads to the Caribbean Basin, the hemisphere and the world. These notes reflect on the lessons that Haiti offers, what it shows and proves, because Haiti is now a mirror in which we must look not only at the Caribbean, but at all the underdeveloped world.

This paper presents a new frequency controller for variable speed wind turbines connected to the grid under power imbalance conditions. It is based on the fast power reserve emulation technique, having two different operation modes: overproduction and recovery mode. In the first mode, the active power provided by wind turbines is set over the mechanical power, reducing their rotational speed. This overproduction power is estimated according to the frequency excursion. In the second mode, the active power is established under the mechanical power to recover the initial rotational speed through a smooth trajectory. The power system considered for simulation purposes includes thermal, hydro-power and wind-power plants. The controller proposed has been evaluated under different mix-generation scenarios implemented in Matlab/Simulink. Extensive results and comparison to previous proposals are also included in the paper.

Se realizó estudio analítico retrospectivo de casos controles en 62 episodios de neutropenia febril presentados por pacientes con hemopatías malignas admitidos en el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología durante los años 2005 y 2006. Los episodios de neutropenia febril se dividieron en 2 grupos a partir de su evolución favorable (56 %) o desfavorable (44 %) y se compilaron los parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio en ambos grupos. Los factores que mayor asociación mostraron con la evolución desfavorable fueron la presencia de comorbilidad (sepsis, deshidratación, hipoxia, hipovolemia, mucositis severa), el diagnóstico de leucemia aguda no linfoblástica, el uso de quimioterapia en los 7 días previos al inicio de la fiebre, el compromiso del estado general, y el conteo absoluto de neutrófilos menor de 100 x mm³. Los pacientes con neutropenia febril de evolución desfavorable presentaron entre 3 y 5 factores de riesgo, mientras que los de evolución satisfactoria tuvieron menos de 2 factores de mal pronóstico. El valor predictivo positivo del modelo pronóstico fue del 91,4 % y el negativo del 92,6 %, con una sensibilidad y especificidad del 94,1 % y 89,3 %, respectivamente.A retrospective and analytical control cases study was carried out in 62 episodes of febrile neutropenia present in patients with malignant blood disease admitted in Hematology and Immunology Institute during 2005 and 2006. Above episodes were divided in 2 groups from its favorable course (56%) or unfavorable (44%) as well as the laboratory and clinical parameters compiled in both groups. Factors with higher association related to unfavorable course were the comorbidities presence (sepsis, dehydration, hypoxia, hypovolemia and severe mucositis), diagnosis of non-lymphoblastic, use of chemotherapy during the 7 previous days to fever onset, general status involvement, and the neutrophil absolute count lower than 100 x mm³. Patients presenting with a unfavorable course febrile neutropenia had two poor diagnosis factors. The positive predictive value of prognostic model was of 91,4% and the negative one was of 92,6% with a sensitivity and specificity of 94,1% and 89,3%, respectively.

The incorporation of the educational environmental for the sustainable development to pedagogic process constitutes a challenge for the educational systems at XXI century. This study pretent to show, in the de Villa Clara´s Cuba. We asume as theorist and methodologic basics the research-action-participation and the experiences systematization, it is elaborated a group of materials and means. These scientific results are introduced in selected educational institutions of the county, with positive impacts in the Environmental Education for the Sustainable Development of children, adolescents and youths and in the environmental formation of the professionals of the education.