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Employing crystal facets to regulate the catalytic properties in electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (eCO2RR) has been well demonstrated on electrocatalysts containing single metals but rarely explored for bimetallic systems. Here, we synthesize ZnSn(OH)6 (ZSO) microcrystals (MCs) with distinct facets and investigate the facet effects in eCO2RR. Electrochemical studies and in situ Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (in situ-FTIR) reveal that ZSO MCs produce mainly C1 products of HCOOH and CO. The {111} facet of the ZSO MCS exhibits higher selectivity and faradaic efficiency (FE) than that of the {100} facet over a wide range of potentials (−0.9 V ∼ −1.3 V versus RHE). Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations elucidate that the {111} facet is favorable to the adsorption/activation of CO2 molecules, the formation of intermediate in the rate-determining step, and the desorption of C1 products of CO and HCOOH molecules.

Abstract The occurrence of many autoimmune diseases takes root on the disrupted balance among Treg cells, Teff cells, etc. Low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) cytokine demonstrates promising clinical efficacy in the expansion of Treg cells and the treatment of autoimmune diseases. However, its clinical application is hindered by the small therapeutic index and short half-life. Previous studies have shown that non-covalent complex of human IL-2 and anti-IL-2 antibody biases cytokine activity towards Treg cells and extends IL-2’s half-life. The clinical translation of such complex is non-trivial. In this study, we discover an anti-human IL-2 antibody and engineer a covalently-linked single-agent fusion of human IL-2 and its antibody that selectively expands Treg cells and exhibits superior disease control activity in animal models of ulcerative colitis and systemic lupus erythematosus, with proper safety profile and good developability. These studies pave the road for its clinical development in diverse autoimmune diseases.

Objective To investigate the effects of 12-week weight-bearing dance aerobics (WBDA) on muscle morphology, strength and functional fitness in older women. Methods This controlled study recruited 37 female participants (66.31y ± 3.83) and divided them into intervention and control groups according to willingness. The intervention group received 90-min WBDA thrice a week for 12 weeks, while the control group maintained normal activities. The groups were then compared by measuring muscle thickness, fiber length and pennation angle by ultrasound, muscle strength using an isokinetic multi-joint module and functional fitness, such as 2-min step test, 30-s chair stand, chair sit-and-reach, TUG and single-legged closed-eyed standing test. The morphology, strength, and functional fitness were compared using ANCOVA or Mann-Whitney U test to study the effects of 12 weeks WBDA. Results Among all recruited participants, 33 completed all tests. After 12 weeks, the thickness of the vastus intermedius (F = 17.85, P < 0.01) and quadriceps (F = 15.62, P < 0.01) was significantly increased in the intervention group compared to the control group, along with a significant increase in the torque/weight of the knee flexor muscles (F = 4.47, P = 0.04). Similarly, the intervention group revealed a significant improvement in the single-legged closed-eyed standing test (z = −2.16, P = 0.03) compared to the control group. Conclusion The study concluded that compared to the non-exercising control group, 12-week WBDA was shown to thicken vastus intermedius, increase muscle strength, and improve physical function in older women. In addition, this study provides a reference exercise program for older women.

Tracking the genome diversity and evolution of virus like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was the hotspot of current researches, which were essential for the developing of prevention strategies and therapeutic vaccines. In the current study, a total of 206073 oral or nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected in 2022 from entry populations originated from Hong Kong, among which 141 whole genome sequences were obtained through next-generation sequencing and analyzed. Two major Omicron sub-lineages were identified: BA.2.2 (70.21%, 99/141) and BA.5 (24.11% 34/141). An average of 53.22 mutations was emerged in the genome, with S protein and ORF1a harboring the highest number of mutations among structure proteins and non-structure proteins (p

Vulnerabilities are often accompanied by cyberattacks. CVE is the largest repository of open vulnerabilities, which keeps expanding. ATT&CK models known multi-step attacks both tactically and technically and remains up to date. It is valuable to correlate the vulnerability in CVE with the corresponding tactic and technique of ATT&CK which exploit the vulnerability, for active defense. Mappings manually is not only time-consuming but also difficult to keep up-to-date. Existing language-based automated mapping methods do not utilize the information associated with attack behaviors outside of CVE and ATT&CK and are therefore ineffective. In this paper, we propose a novel framework named VTT-LLM for mapping Vulnerabilities to Tactics and Techniques based on Large Language Models, which consists of a generation model and a mapping model. In order to generate fine-tuning instructions for LLM, we create a template to extract knowledge of CWE (a standardized list of common weaknesses) and CAPEC (a standardized list of common attack patterns). We train the generation model of VTT-LLM by fine-tuning the LLM according to the above instructions. The generation model correlates vulnerability and attack through their descriptions. The mapping model transforms the descriptions of ATT&CK tactics and techniques into vectors through text embedding and further associates them with attacks through semantic matching. By leveraging the knowledge of CWE and CAPEC, VTT-LLM can eventually automate the process of linking vulnerabilities in CVE to the attack techniques and tactics of ATT&CK. Experiments on the latest public dataset, ChatGPT-VDMEval, show the effectiveness of VTT-LLM with an accuracy of 85.18%, which is 13.69% and 54.42% higher than the existing CVET and ChatGPT-based methods, respectively. In addition, compared to fine-tuning without outside knowledge, the accuracy of VTT-LLM with chain fine-tuning is 9.24% higher on average across different LLMs.

Abstract Background Inhibitory control develops rapidly during the preschool stage, and development of inhibitory control in this period is significant for the healthy growth of the future. However, most studies paid more attention to children and adolescents in recent years, but less focus on preschool children. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the association between the health-related physical fitness and inhibitory control in preschool children. Methods This cross-sectional study was based on a baseline data from randomized controlled trial by cluster sampling(including 128 preschoolers, 70 boys, 58girls).The health-related physical fitness T-score (HPFT) was obtained by adding standard scores of six indicators: body mass index, handgrip strength, standing long jump, one-leg balance, 2 × 10 m shuttle run test, and 20 m shuttle run test. Inhibitory control was assessed using the flanker task and reflected by reaction time and accuracy. Results A total of 120 preschoolers were included in the final statistical analysis. After adjusting the confounders, HPFT was associated with reaction time (β=-2.49 ms, 95%CI: -4.22, -0.75). Similarly, a negative association was observed between one-leg balance and reaction time (β=-12.04 ms, 95%CI: -18.94, -5.15), and between 20 m shuttle run test and reaction time (β=-23.28 ms, 95%CI: -37.00, -9.56). Compared with the participants in the lowest tertile, HPFT (β=-158.74, 95%CI: -309.63, -7.84), one-leg balance (β=-267.25 ms, 95%CI: -420.71, -113.79) and 20 m shuttle run test (β=-215.58 ms, 95%CI: -374.67, -56.49) were all negatively associated with reaction time of those in the highest tertile. Conclusions Negative relationships between HPFT and RT of the inhibitory control were observed in preschoolers. To have better inhibitory control, it’s suggested that HPFT of preschoolers should be at least 249. These findings are of great significance for the early improvement of HPFT and the development of inhibitory control in preschool children.

Employing crystal facets to regulate the catalytic properties in electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (eCO2RR) has been well demonstrated on electrocatalysts containing single metals but rarely explored for bimetallic systems. Here, we synthesize ZnSn(OH)6 (ZSO) microcrystals (MCs) with distinct facets and investigate the facet effects in eCO2RR. Electrochemical studies and in situ Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (in situ-FTIR) reveal that ZSO MCs produce mainly C1 products of HCOOH and CO. The {111} facet of the ZSO MCS exhibits higher selectivity and faradaic efficiency (FE) than that of the {100} facet over a wide range of potentials (-0.9 V ~ -1.3 V versus RHE). Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations elucidate that the {111} facet is favorable to the adsorption/activation of CO2 molecules, the formation of intermediate in the rate-determining step, and the desorption of C1 products of CO and HCOOH molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of physical activity (PA) interrupting prolonged sitting (PS) on postprandial glycemia and insulin responses among adults. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched through September 30, 2020. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the effect of all forms of PA interrupting PS on postprandial glycemia and/or insulin responses among adults without chronic diseases were included in this study. The risk of bias of included studies was evaluated based on the Cochrane tool. A network meta-analysis was performed to estimate the summary standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) with random effects. Results: Thirty crossover RCTs were included in our review. These RCTs included 9 types of interventions that interrupted PS. When compared to PS by itself, light-intensity PA intermittent interrupting (LPA-INT) PS and moderate-intensity PA intermittent interrupting (MPA-INT) PS significantly lowered postprandial glycemia (SMD = –0.46, 95%CI: –0.70 to –0.21; SMD = –0.69, 95%CI: –1.00 to –0.37, respectively) and significantly reduced postprandial insulin response (SMD = –0.46, 95%CI: –0.66 to –0.26; SMD = –0.47, 95%CI: –0.77 to –0.17, respectively). Results of the clustered ranking plot indicated that MPA-INT was the most effective intervention in lowering postprandial glycemia and insulin responses. Conclusion: Replacing PS with MPA-INT or LPA-INT has a positive effect in reducing postprandial glycemia and insulin responses, with MPA-INT being the optimal intervention strategy.

Our analysis used the monthly data of the average sales price of commodity houses and stock turnover in the Shenzhen Stock Exchange from January 2016 to December 2020. We selected this data to establish a Vector Autoregression (VAR) model using the Granger causality test to investigate the correlation between the stock market and the real estate market. We found that there is a significant positive correlation between the stock market and the real estate market. We also found that the real estate market price is the one-way Granger cause for the stock market turnover, and that changes in the real estate market price have a significant role in forecasting changes in stock market turnover. Therefore, the linkage between the two markets should be considered in macro regulations, and the impact on one of the markets should be considered when regulating the other

PurposeGross motor skills (GMS) and inhibitory control (IC) which are both development in preschool stage is significant for preschooler to healthy growth. However, the evidence of relationship between them in preschoolers are still insufficient, most of studies only focus on youth. Thus, the aim of this research is to examine the association between GMS and IC in preschool children.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used baseline data from a previous intervention study of preschoolers conducted in 2018. GMS were assessed by using the Test for Gross Motor Development (2nd edition) in preschoolers, which includes two subtests of locomotor and object control skills. Total GMS is calculated from the sum of these two subtests. The Fish Flanker task was used to evaluate both accuracy and reaction time of IC. Multivariate linear regression models were established to analyze the relationships between GMS and IC.ResultsA total of 123 preschool-age children (55 girls, 68 boys) were included in the final analysis. After adjusting for confounders, GMS (β = −8.27 ms, 95%CI: −14.2, −2.34), locomotor (β = −11.2 ms, 95%CI: −21.43, −0.97), and object control skills (β = −12.15 ms, 95%CI: −22.07, −2.23) were all negatively related with reaction time of IC.ConclusionThere was a significant negative correlation between gross motor skills and the reaction time of inhibitory control in preschool children. Further research is needed to verify this finding in prospective and experimental studies.

Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences

Background: The results of sedentary time (ST) and health-related physical fitness (HPF) are not completely consistent and the studies concentrated on pre-schoolers are very limited.Methods: We measured ST and ST patterns (ST Bouts time, ST Breaks times) by accelerometer. The health-related physical fitness T-score (HPFT) was calculated by five indexes: height-weight standard score, 20 m shuttle-run test, grip strength, standing long jump and 2 × 10 m shuttle-run test.Results: We included 375 pre-schoolers (211 boys, 164 girls) in the final analysis. The total ST and ST Bouts times negatively correlated with HPFT in pre-schoolers. HPFT reduced by 1.69 and 0.70 points per 10 min increased in total ST and ST Bouts times, respectively. HPFT of the highest quartile group reduced by 9.85 points in total ST, and 10.54 points in ST Bouts time compared with the lowest quartile group. However, the HPFT increased by 0.09 points per 10 times increased in ST Breaks times; the HPFT increased by 16.21 and 15.59 points when moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) replaced total ST and ST Bouts time.Conclusions: HPF negatively correlated with the Total ST and ST Bouts times, but positively correlated with ST Breaks times; and HPF significantly improved when MVPA replaced ST in pre-schoolers.

Broadband electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers are persistently desired in the past decades due to their extensive applications in different fields. In this paper, we proposed and demonstrated a metamaterial absorber (MA) based on a hybrid structure of stereo and planar resistive metamaterial elements. In principle, this hybrid MA is a combination of the Dällenbach layer absorber and circuit analog (CA) absorber. By adjusting its dispersion feature, the stereo metamaterial based on standing resistive patch can work as a broadband artificial Dällenbach layer absorber for C, X and Ku bands. Such stereo metamaterial was also utilized as a dispersive dielectric spacer and a metasurface consisting of resistive circle rings was deployed on the top of it to implement an improved CA absorber for S and C bands. By combing them together, the proposed hybrid MA can achieve absorption over 90% in an ultra-broad bandwidth from S to Ku band (2.59–16.80 GHz). Since our design takes full advantage of the physical space, the hybrid MA achieves an actual thickness as only 1.075 times of the ultimate thickness corresponding to its absorption performance. Furthermore, the hybrid MA has comprehensive advantages in terms of stability against oblique incidence, easy processing and light-weight. The MA prototype was fabricated assisted by the silk screen printing process and its ultra-broadband absorption performance was experimentally validated by the measured results. The new concept of hybrid MA and specific design scheme proposed here provide a promising approach for broadband, low-profile and light weight EM absorber.

Refractory Glaucoma is a kind of intractable eye disease with strong destruction and high blindness rate, the failure rate of which is very high.The mainly reason is fibroblasts hyperplasia and scarring on filtration mouth that hindered the drainage and diffusion of aqueous. Combined trabeculectomy, glaucoma drainage device implantation, and cyclophotocoagulation are the common surgical procedures for refractory glaucoma. So far, glaucoma drainage device implantation is regarded as the first-line choice. The authors focus on the clinical efficacy and prospect of the surgery way for refractory glaucoma.

Purpose: To investigate the relationships between daily step counts and physical fitness in preschool children. Methods: Preschoolers’ step counts were assessed by ActiGraph accelerometers consecutively for seven days. Physical fitness was assessed by a 20 m shuttle run test (cardiorespiratory fitness), the handgrip and standing long jump tests (musculoskeletal fitness), and the 2 × 10 m shuttle run test (speed/agility). A composite score was created from the mean of the standardized values of all physical fitness tests. Results: A total of 301 preschoolers (134 girls, mean age 57.40 ± 5.47 months; 167 boys, mean age 58.10 ± 5.34 months) were included in the final analysis. Compared with the lowest tertile, boys and girls in the highest tertile of step counts achieved high physical fitness with odds ratio (OR) being 5.39 (95% CI = 1.65−17.59) and 4.42 (95% CI = 1.30−14.99), respectively, after adjusting for confounders. Meanwhile, a relationship was observed for each 1000 steps/day increment being associated with 43% (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.10−1.85) and 62% (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.20−2.19) increment for high physical fitness in boys and girls, respectively. In addition, significant non-linear relationship was observed between daily steps and physical fitness in boys, which indicated that accumulated 8000 steps/day was associated with the highest ratio to achieve high physical fitness. Conclusions: Positive relationships between step counts and physical fitness were observed in preschool children, and the relationships were strongest for those who accumulated 8000 steps/day in boys. To confirm the findings in this study, well-designed and large-scale longitudinal studies are needed in the future.