Search

Land use change monitoring is a common theme in achieving sustainable development, while research on ecological barrier transition zones is relatively scarce. This study quantitatively analyzes the characteristics and patterns of land use change in Western Jilin, located in the transitional zone between the northeast forest belt and the northern sand prevention belt, from 1990 to 2020. Land dynamic change index and transition matrix are used to quantify the rates and intensities, and conversions between different land use types over time, respectively. Geodetector is adopted to analyze the impact of 12 factors on 12 types of land use change, such as using the factor detector to quantify the influence of temperature on the conversion from cropland to unused land. The results indicate that from 1990 to 2020, there have been noticeable changes in the area of various land use types in western Jilin. However, the conversion types are relatively limited, mainly involving interchanges between cropland, grassland, unused land, and water bodies. The cropland has increased by 20% overall, but 16% of that increase occurred from 1990–2000. The woodland area has steadily increased at a growth rate of 5–8% from 2000–2020, aligning with sustainable development strategies. Water bodies and grasslands are undergoing continuous recovery, and a positive growth trend is predicted to emerge by 2030. The built-up land is steadily expanding. The influencing factors vary for different types of land-use change. In a short time, policy factors play a significant role in land use, such as the implementation of the "River-lake Connection Project", which has helped to reduce water-body fragmentation and enabled the stable recovery of water resources. However, in the long term, multiple topographic, climatic, and anthropogenic factors exhibit interactive effects in the land use change process in the area. Governments can take corresponding measures and management policies based on the influence of these factors to allocate and plan land use rationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen that uses several strategies to interfere with the signalling functions of host immune molecules. Many other bacterial pathogens exploit the host ubiquitination system to promote pathogenesis.sup.1,2, but whether this same system modulates the ubiquitination of M. tuberculosis proteins is unknown. Here we report that the host E3 ubiquitin ligase ANAPC2--a core subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome--interacts with the mycobacterial protein Rv0222 and promotes the attachment of lysine-11-linked ubiquitin chains to lysine 76 of Rv0222 in order to suppress the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Inhibition of ANAPC2 by specific short hairpin RNA abolishes the inhibitory effect of Rv0222 on proinflammatory responses. Moreover, mutation of the ubiquitination site on Rv0222 impairs the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines by Rv0222 and reduces virulence during infection in mice. Mechanistically, lysine-11-linked ubiquitination of Rv0222 by ANAPC2 facilitates the recruitment of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP1 to the adaptor protein TRAF6, preventing the lysine-63-linked ubiquitination and activation of TRAF6. Our findings identify a previously unrecognized mechanism that M. tuberculosis uses to suppress host immunity, and provide insights relevant to the development of effective immunomodulators that target M. tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis suppresses the production of inflammatory cytokines by host cells through the host-mediated ubiquitination of a mycobacterial protein, enhancing the interaction of a host signalling inhibitor with another signalling molecule., Author(s): Lin Wang [sup.1] , Juehui Wu [sup.1] [sup.2] , Jun Li [sup.3] , Hua Yang [sup.1] , Tianqi Tang [sup.2] , Haijiao Liang [sup.1] [sup.2] , Mianyong Zuo [sup.2] [...]

As a radiant light source within the dynamic range of most spacecraft payloads, the Moon provides an excellent reference for on-orbit radiometric calibration. This research hinges on the precise simulation of lunar spectral irradiances and Earth-based Moon observation geometry. The paper leverages the Hapke model to simulate the temporal changes in lunar spectral irradiances, utilizing datasets obtained from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC). The research also details the transformation process from the lunar geographic coordinate system to the instantaneous projection coordinate system, thereby delineating the necessary observational geometry. The insights offered by this study have the potential to enhance future in-orbit spacecraft calibration procedures, thereby boosting the fidelity of data gathered from satellite observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]