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Understanding the aerodynamic characteristics of landfalling typhoons is of great importance for both wind engineering and meteorology. This study comparatively investigated the near‐surface wind profiles and aerodynamic parameters over coastland and coastal sea areas using typhoon observational data collected by Doppler wind lidars and wind tower anemometers during the passage of 15 typhoons that made landfall over China during 2009–2020. Specifically, the three surface aerodynamic parameters of roughness length, friction velocity, and drag coefficient (Cd) were obtained using the logarithmic law wind profile method. Results showed that the near‐surface wind profiles became much closer to the power law wind profile with increase in wind speed. The values of roughness length and friction velocity over the coastal sea were found to exceed those over coastland areas when the 10‐m wind speed (U(10)) was larger than 18 m s−1. The critical wind speed at which Cd peaks over the coastal sea was found to be 24 m s−1. There are two peaks in the variation of Cd with U(10) under the condition of onshore wind over the sea, which has never been reported in previous observational studies. Finally, a formula for Cd was proposed to describe the variation in Cd with U(10) under the condition of onshore wind over land, which is expected to be applied in the typhoon surface layer scheme to improve numerical simulation of landfalling typhoons. Plain Language Summary: Typhoons are one of the most destructive natural disasters that cause severe economic losses and human casualties in many parts of the world. Understanding the typhoon wind field is important for designing high‐rise buildings and improving weather forecast. In order to understand how the near‐surface wind field change in coastal regions, we measure it using specialized observation instruments during the passage of 15 typhoons that made landfall over China and analyze the results of the measurements. We find that the aerodynamic characteristics of typhoons over coastland are very different from those over the coastal sea. A specialized surface aerodynamic parameter called drag coefficient, which represents the momentum transport efficiency on the sea/land surface, is found to reach its maximum value when the 10‐m wind speed is 24 m s−1 over the coastal sea. Interestingly, two peaks are observed in the plot of drag coefficient as a function of 10‐m wind speed under the condition of onshore wind over the coastal sea, which has not been reported before in any other related studies. Further development of the typhoon numerical models should take these results into account. Key Points: Values of roughness length and friction velocity over the coastal sea were found to exceed those over the coastland for U(10) > 18 m s−1Critical wind speed at which Cd peaks over the coastal sea was found to be 24 m s−1There are two peaks in the variation of Cd with U(10) under the condition of onshore wind over the coastal sea [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employs a Chinese sample to explore children's privacy rights within the family. For the purpose of comparison, parental views of children's privacy rights and children's own perceptions are examined. Privacy rights are defined to include three spheres--spatial, physical, and mental. Results show that age differences in perceptions of privacy rights exist not only between generations but also between the junior high and senior high school students. However, the three cohorts are relatively consistent in their ratings of aspects of privacy rights. Gender differences are manifest in the mental sphere of privacy and move in the opposite directions, with the male students valuing their privacy rights less but the male parents respecting them more. Perceptions of privacy rights also differ dependent on whether "privacy" is defined as rights or secrets. Developmental and cultural perspectives are employed to examine these findings. (Contains 3 tables.)

Data from the National Survey of Families and Households of 1988 were used to study the predictors of age at home leaving for three groups of home leavers: early, on-time, and late. Predictors vary by age of home leaving. The impact of family structure is strongest for early home leaving. (SLD)

Analyzes the culture in China and how politics determines the form of educational institutions. Asserts that China's educational system is designed to promote selected students to elite status in the Communist Party. Discusses the links between education and the political elite and their effect on social mobility. (DMM)

The different ways in which the religion or science relationship is reflected in people's mind are explored. The proposed typology of positions indicates that people can be generally categorized as 'religious salient', 'scientific salient', 'contextual salient' or 'anomic salient'.

Doppler wind lidar (DWL) has been shown to obtain fairly accurate wind speeds in normal wind conditions. However, the evaluation of DWL winds under typhoon conditions is less common. This study evaluated the accuracy of wind data measured by two types of DWLs (WindPrint S4000 and WindCube V2), and investigated the impact of factors (e.g., precipitation and humidity) on the DWL-observed wind speed and direction. Data were collected from joint observations in Baoshan, Zhoushan and Taizhou (China) by the Shanghai Typhoon Institute during the passage of Super Typhoon Lekima in 2019. The DWL observations were compared with measured data from balloon-borne radiosonde released at the same location. The results showed that the 1-min average wind speed and direction of WindPrint S4000 were more consistent with the instantaneous observation data of the sounding balloon than those of WindCube V2. The applicability of DWL was poor when the precipitation intensity was larger than 50 mm · h-1. The DWL wind speed bias significantly increased when the relative humidity exceeded 85 %. When the drift distance of the sounding balloon (ldrift) was less than 1 km, the DWL wind speed bias decreased with an increase of ldrift, whereas it increased with an increase of ldrift when the drift exceeded 1.5 km. Within a radius of 700 km, the root mean square of wind speeds between DWL and sounding balloon measurements showed a trend of increasing as the distance from the typhoon center decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the characteristics of cheaters in college examinations based on the responses solicited from undergraduate students in three universities in the United States. Three categories of cheaters; Cheating in college examination as wide-spread phenomenon; Main effects of grade point average (GPA) in a multivariate environment; Relationship of self-esteem to cheating.