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BackgroundUnderstanding the interplay between psychopathology of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) in alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients may improve the effectiveness of relapse interventions for AUD. Network theory of mental disorders assumes that mental disorders persist not of a common functional disorder, but from a sustained feedback loop between symptoms, thereby explaining the persistence of AWS and the high relapse rate of AUD. The current study aims to establish a network of AWS, identify its core symptoms and find the bridges between the symptoms which are intervention target to relieve the AWS and break the self-maintaining cycle of AUD.MethodsGraphical lasso network were constructed using psychological symptoms of 553 AUD patients. Global network structure, centrality indices, cluster coefficient, and bridge symptom were used to identify the core symptoms of the AWS network and the transmission pathways between different symptom clusters.ResultsThe results revealed that: (1) AWS constitutes a stable symptom network with a stability coefficient (CS) of 0.21-0.75. (2) Anger (Strength = 1.52) and hostility (Strength = 0.84) emerged as the core symptom in the AWS network with the highest centrality and low clustering coefficient. (3) Hostility mediates aggression and anxiety; anger mediates aggression and impulsivity in AWS network respectively.ConclusionsAnger and hostility may be considered the best intervention targets for researching and treating AWS. Hostility and anxiety, anger and impulsiveness are independent but related dimensions, suggesting that different neurobiological bases may be involved in withdrawal symptoms, which play a similar role in withdrawal syndrome.

Urban ecosystems are complex systems with anthropogenic features that generate considerable C[O.sub.2] emissions, which contributes to global climate change. Quantitative estimates of the carbon footprint of urban ecosystems are crucial for developing low-carbon development policies to mitigate climate change. Herein, we reviewed more than 195 urban carbon footprint and carbon footprint related studies, collated the recent progress in carbon footprint calculation methods and research applications of the urban ecosystem carbon footprint, analyzed the research applications of the carbon footprint of different cities, and focused on the need to study the urban ecosystem carbon footprint from a holistic perspective. Specifically, we aimed to: (i) compare the strengths and weaknesses of five existing carbon footprint calculation methods [life cycle assessment, input-output analysis, hybrid life cycle assessment, carbon footprint calculator, and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)]; (ii) analyze the status of current research on the carbon footprint of different urban subregions based on different features; and (iii) highlight new methods and areas of research on the carbon footprint of future urban ecosystems. Not all carbon footprint accounting methods are applicable to the carbon footprint determination of urban ecosystems; although the IPCC method is more widely used than the others, the hybrid life cycle assessment method is more accurate. With the emergence of new science and technology, quantitative methods to calculate the carbon footprint of urban ecosystems have evolved, becoming more accurate. Further development of new technologies, such as big data and artificial intelligence, to assess the carbon footprint of urban ecosystems is anticipated to help address the emerging challenges in urban ecosystem research effectively to achieve carbon neutrality and urban sustainability under global change. Key words: accounting systems, climate change, carbon sequestration, C[O.sub.2] emissions assessment, hybrid life cycle assessment. Les ecosystemes urbains sont des systemes complexes presentant des caracteristiques anthropiques qui generent des emissions considerables de C[O.sub.2] contribuant aux changements climatiques mondiaux. Les estimations quantitatives de l'empreinte carbone des ecosystemes urbains sont cruciales pour l'elaboration de politiques de developpement a faible emission de carbone visant a attenuer les changements climatiques. Dans cet article, les auteurs ont passe en revue plus de 195 etudes sur l'empreinte carbone urbaine et reliees a l'empreinte carbone urbaine, collige les progres recents en matiere de methodes de calcul de l'empreinte carbone et les applications de la recherche sur l'empreinte carbone des ecosystemes urbains, analyse les applications de recherche de l'empreinte carbone de differentes villes et mis l'accent sur la necessite d'etudier l'empreinte carbone des ecosystemes urbains d'un point de vue holistique. Plus precisement, ils ont cherche a: (i) comparer les forces et les faiblesses de cinq methodes existantes de calcul de l'empreinte carbone [evaluation du cycle de vie, analyse entree-sortie, evaluation hybride du cycle de vie, calculateur de l'empreinte carbone et celle du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur revolution du climat (GIEC)]; (ii)analyser l'etat de la recherche actuelle sur l'empreinte carbone de differentes sous-regions urbaines en fonction de differentes caracteristiques; et (iii) mettre en lumiere de nou-velles methodes et de nouveaux domaines de recherche sur l'empreinte carbone des futurs ecosystemes urbains. Toutes les methodes de comptabilisation de l'empreinte carbone ne sont pas applicables a la determination de l'empreinte carbone des ecosystemes urbains; bien que la methode du GIEC soit plus largement utilisee que les autres, la methode hybride d'evaluation du cycle de vie est plus precise. Avec les avancees de la science et l'emergence de nouvelles technologies, les methodes quantitatives de calcul de l'empreinte carbone des ecosystemes urbains ont evolue et sont devenues plus precises. Le developpement ulterieur de nouvelles technologies, telles que celles qui utilisent les donnees massives et l'intelligence artificielle, pour evaluer l'empreinte carbone des ecosystemes urbains devrait aider a relever efficacement les nouveaux defisde la recherche sur les ecosystemes urbains afind'atteindre la neutralite carbone et la durabilite urbaine dans le contexte des changements climatiques mondiaux. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: systemes de comptabilite, changements climatiques, sequestration du carbone, evaluation des emissions de CO2, analysehybrideducycledevie., Introduction Approximately half of the Earth's terrestrial surface is currently affected by human activities that are accelerating C[O.sub.2] emissions and increasingly becoming detrimental for several ecosystems (Lambin et al. 2003). [...]