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Object detection could be a technology associated with computer vision and image process that deals with crime squad work instances of semantics objects of a specific category in digital pictures and videos. Applications of object detection are in various fields of computer vision, together with image retrieval. In the existing work, SVM model has been applied to sight the article in CCTV videos, unlike many other classification or detection problems there is a strong real-time requirement for detecting. Hence, a trade-off between high accuracy and speed is inescapable. The main parameters that influence the performance are the length of the feature vector along with the algorithmic programme, and also, it is the best in two classifications. The proposed system introduces You Only Look Once (YOLO V2). YOLO V2 is highly efficient and quicker than the SVM. The simulated results set the threshold level to any confidence when compared to SVM.

This paper demonstrates two novel methods to estimate the global SNR of speech signals. In both methods, Deep Neural Network-Hidden Markov Model (DNN-HMM) acoustic model used in speech recognition systems is leveraged for the additional task of SNR estimation. In the first method, the entropy of the DNN-HMM output is computed. Recent work on bayesian deep learning has shown that a DNN-HMM trained with dropout can be used to estimate model uncertainty by approximating it as a deep Gaussian process. In the second method, this approximation is used to obtain model uncertainty estimates. Noise specific regressors are used to predict the SNR from the entropy and model uncertainty. The DNN-HMM is trained on GRID corpus and tested on different noise profiles from the DEMAND noise database at SNR levels ranging from -10 dB to 30 dB.

The classical model of innovation behind closed doors is slowly but surely being challenged by the Open Innovation model that is reshaping the way organizations bring new products and services into the market. This paper reports on the results of an International Space University (ISU) Team Project (TP) focused on the potential, limitations and conditions of success of Open Innovation in the space sector using ISU׳s international, interdisciplinary, intercultural (3Is) approach. Open Innovation can be defined as “the process of strategically managing the sharing of ideas and resources among entities to co-create value”. Conventional approaches to technology development for space, such as spin-offs or spin-ins, are no longer sufficient to fully describe the interactions between organizations in today׳s Research and Development (R&D) landscape. Traditionally, conducting space technology development and launching space missions required massive infrastructure investments, long lead times and large teams of experts. However, internal R&D, dedicated marketing departments and closely guarded intellectual property are no longer the only way to achieve success. Smaller, nimbler teams, significant use of crowdfunding, a more aggressive approach to managing risk and a great motivation to leverage intellectual property are just some of their defining characteristics. By using a case study methodology focused on asteroid mining supported by a critical literature review, the project team highlighted the potential of Open Innovation in space by identifying its most promising applications as well as its limitations.

Almost every nation today relies on space-based technology for communications, weather forecasting, satellite navigation and resource management, either through ndigenous\ud programs or through programs run by its allies. As such, it is safe to say that every country is a space-faring nation. However,when it comes to space science and technology, attention must be directed towards countries that possess the ability to launch payloads. Russia, Japan, China, ESA, India, Israel, Iran and the United States form an exclusive club of nations that not only possess launch capability but also dominate research and development in space sciences. With the exception of the ESA, whose space policy is dictated by its member states and primarily serves the EU, all other countries have national space programs governed by a dedicated space policy. However, all states including the EU have the following objectives in common:\ud 1. Development and exploitation of space applications to serve the state’s public policy objectives,\ud 2. Ensuring that the state’s national security and defense\ud needs are met with regards to space, \ud 3. Securing unrestricted access to critical technologies allowing states to pursue independent applications, and \ud 4. To further international collaboration between likeminded\ud nations through improved coordination of international activities and by setting in place a better mechanism for sharing of resources.\ud Whilst the above nations agree in principal to the UN Outer\ud Space Treaty, and they all consider space as a vital resource for ensuring national security. As such, any application or development of critical technologies is used primarily to bolster a state’s national defense capability. Current national space programs run by these countries cover various commercial, civilian and military aspects. This cross discipline research and development has led to an extremely integrated industrial base, where drawing a line between civilian and military programs is often impossible. This hazy line has often hindered technology transfer even in commercial applications as companies grapple with stringent export control regulations. With respect to the United States, whilst ITAR has ensured that critical technology is not transferred without the states consent, many in Washington agree that the regulation fails to meet its objectives and must be overhauled. It has also hindered US companies wanting to sell their products outside the United States, prompting other nations to develop indigenous technologies and market them as ITARfree.\ud \ud Although it is safe to assume that research and development with regards to space will be dominated by the United States and its partners in Europe for the foreseeable future, the recent recession has caused financial strains on both sides of the Atlantic causing drastic changes with regards to space budgets and the future outlook for both NASA and ESA. This paper briefly discusses why emerging nations might consider investing in a national space program, and factors that would determine its success. It also focuses on how the establishment of a global space program could prove to be an innovative and cost-effective way of ensuring a robust space industry that serves the social and political objectives of member nations whilst promoting a global technological base that fosters innovation, growth and sustainable development.

Space has often been referred to as the final frontier. It is the curiosity of what lies beyond our planet that drives us to turn to the skies. This quest for knowledge and the chance of travelling to the heavens has compelled people to devote their lives to space science, innovation and analysis of our ever-expanding universe. Today the most significant impact of rocketry comes in the form of manned spaceflight. Vehicles like the Space Shuttle and Soyuz began the trend of greater commercialization of manned rocketry, enabling widespread access to space. Whilst the curiosity of what lies beyond may have propelled the development of the space tourism industry, its current operational cost is estimated as $20-$28 million per passenger per flight. Although the vision of providing low cost space travel still exists, its application is hindered by the costs associated with current space vehicles and mission operations. Furthermore, if we are to better understand our universe and are keen on commercializing space, we would require the space tourism industry to operate in a similar fashion to the aviation industry. As most current launch vehicles rely on chemical propulsion, the level of uncertainty in the market drives their fuel costs. In order to reduce the cost per flight, we must effectively increase the load factor per flight and operate multiple flights, enabling a greater number of paying passengers. In order to provide widespread access to space there needs to be a greater emphasis on the research and development of low cost Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLV) which predominantly rely on alternative fuel technologies, thereby reducing the overall cost per flight. Although progress would be slow, we would still be able to witness a boom in space tourism. This paper proposes the use of magnetic levitation and propulsion (Maglev) within a vacuum chamber as a viable low-cost propulsion technology. It aims to prove that such a system is capable of providing adequate thrust to future space vehicles. As Maglev systems allow for horizontal take-off and landing, such a launch system could be used in conjunction with current airports worldwide. Although the inception and creation of such a system may seem expensive, the long-term fiscal costs are relatively lower than current day systems. This is primarily because such a system relies on electrical power, whose supply and generation costs are much lower than that of chemical propellants. Also, the maintenance costs associated with the Maglev track are minimal, as during take-off there is no physical contact between the track and the launch vehicle. Similar to the aviation industry, the success of future space exploration programs and space tourism relies on international cooperation and alliances. This not only ensures that no one country dominates access to space, but also nurtures healthy competition by providing a level playing field. By implementing the afore mentioned system in politically stable developing nations, we ensure employment, innovation and motivation, all achieved through an international alliance. This system would not only ensure a faster urban development within these countries, but would also bring the vision of space science and exploration to a larger global audience. This paper discusses the overall cost analysis for a vacuum operated Maglev system, the various options available for the generation of power required by such a system and how the system’s long term costs can be aligned with the aviation industry.

Over the last century chemical propellants have been the dominant fuel source for the aviation and aerospace industry, primarily because they are able to provide ample power for a limited cost. However, over the last decade as the price of chemical propellant continues to soar and their detrimental effect on our environment comes to light, there has been a surge to develop an alternative propulsion system. This has driven us in the search for a greener technology, which is capable of providing similar power without compromising on safety and reliability. This paper proposes the use of magnetic levitation and propulsion within a vacuum chamber as an alternative technology. Since such a system relies on an external energy source, the amount of power that can be supplied to the track and craft is only limited by available technology and power sources. Although magnetic levitation has been used for high speed ground transport before, we shall break from tradition by trying to propose the development of an alternative propulsion system that could be used for commercial aircrafts as well as future space travel.

*† ‡ § ** Rocketry can be considered as the enabler of more or less all space technologies. It's ability to deliver satellites at reasonable costs has made us dependent on this delivery mechanism to fulfill our daily tasks, be it communications, satellite navigation, visual entertainment or weather forecasting. Scientifically, advances in rocketry have enabled us to view the ever-expanding universe. It's most significant impact however comes in the form of manned spaceflight vehicles such as the Space Shuttle, Soyuz and now Space Ship One. A significant development is greater commercialization of manned rocketry, helping provide widespread access to space. Most rocket designs use some form of chemical propellant as their dominant fuel source, primarily as combustion of these propellants provides ample power at limited costs. However, over the last decade as the price of chemical propellants continues to soar and their detrimental effect on our environment comes to light, there has been significant interest in developing an alternative propulsion mechanism to power a new generation of space vehicles. There is now, more than ever, the need for a greener technology, which is capable of providing a similar power output without compromising on safety and reliability. This paper proposes the use of magnetic levitation and propulsion within a vacuum chamber as that technology. It aims to prove that such a system, located strategically close to the equator, is capable of providing adequate thrust to future space vehicles, be it for space tourism or exploration. Although, inception and creation of such a system may seem radical and expensive, the long-term costs are relatively lower than current day systems.