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35. Geographic Distribution, Genetic Variability and Biological Properties of Rice Orange Leaf Phytoplasma in Southeast Asia

Author

Ong, Socheath, primary, Jonson, Gilda B., additional, Calassanzio, Matteo, additional, Rin, Soriya, additional, Chou, Cheythyrith, additional, Oi, Takao, additional, Sato, Ikuo, additional, Takemoto, Daigo, additional, Tanaka, Toshiharu, additional, Choi, Il-Ryong, additional, Nign, Chhay, additional, and Chiba, Sotaro, additional

Published
2021
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42. Self-host discrimination by a parasitic wasp: the role of short-term memory

Author

Ueno, Takatoshi and Tanaka, Toshiharu

Subjects
Wasps -- Behavior, Short-term memory -- Research, Parasitic insects -- Behavior, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

The female parasitoid wasp, Pimpla nipponica, use short term memory to discriminate between the hosts they has parasitized and those parasitized by conspecifics. After the females have attacked two or three hosts, she fails to reject the first parasitized host. The females fail to recognize self-parasitized hosts after induced amnesia. The different smells of hosts helps the females distinguish between self and conspecifically parasitized hosts. This indicates that short term memory plays an important role in the foraging strategies.

Published
1996

48. Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) teratocytes release Mp19 protein in MpVLP, suppressing the function of hyper-spreading hemocytes in Mythimna separata

Author

Kato, Yoshiaki, Sato, Reina, Sano, Takeshi, Nakamatsu, Yutaka, Miura, Ken, and Tanaka, Toshiharu

Subjects
fungi, venom gland protein, teratocytes, teratocyte-secreted protein, virus-like particle
Abstract

Insects rely on their immune defense system for protection against foreign substances invading the host hemocoel. The humoral and cellular immune systems have a well-evolved relationship. The cellular immune response, encompassing processes such as encapsulation and nodule formation, is associated with local melanin formation on the surface of the foreign substance. Hemocytes identified as the hyper-spread cells (HSCs) of Mythimna separata larvae deposit melanin around their peripheral edge. Some granulocytes carrying pro-phenoloxydase settle near to the HSCs and may collaborate with them in melanin formation. The HSC population serves as a signal marker on the foreign substance to other hemocytes involved in encapsulation. In the present study, we examined the proteins associated with inhibiting the adhesion and extension of HSCs on foreign substances, focusing on the elimination of HSCs from the parasitized host. The Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) wasp produces virus-like particles (VLPs) consisting of proteinaceous substances, and injects them with its egg into the host hemocoel. The VLPs regulate the host cellular immune system to facilitate the development of the parasitoid eggs and larvae. We found that Mp18 and Mp19 proteins (mainly Mp19) contained in the M. pulchricornis virus-like particle (MpVLP) led to the inhibition of actin formation and filopodia extension in adhesive hemocytes such as granulocytes and plasmatocytes. The same protein identified with anti-Mp19 antibody was released from teratocytes at a later developmental stage. In addition, a parasitoid larva in the late stages of development expressed the same Mp19 gene, whereas smaller amount of Mp18 mRNA was observed. This result indicates that during the larval stage, the teratocytes and larvae express the Mp19 gene without temporal overlap; the protein makes the HSC and the related hemocytes inactive. This is supported by the existence of small particles around teratocytes and host tissues stained with anti-Mp19 antibody from 7 to 8 d after parasitization.

Published
2016

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