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The design of smaller and less costly gantries for carbon ion particle therapy represents a major challenge to the diffusion of this treatment. Here we present the work done on the linear beam optics of possible gantry layouts, differing for geometry, momentum acceptance, and magnet technology, which share the use of combined function superconducting magnets with a bending field of 4T. We performed parallel-to-point and point-to-point optics matching at different magnification factors to provide two different beam sizes at the isocenter. Moreover, we considered the orbit distortion generated by magnet errors and we introduced beam position monitors and correctors. The study, together with considerations on the criteria for comparison, is the basis for the design of a novel and compact gantry for hadrontherapy., Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator colliding beams of protons and lead ions at energies up to 7 TeV and 2.76 TeV, respectively. ALICE is one of the detector experiments optimised for heavy-ion collisions. A fixed-target experiment in ALICE is considered to collide a portion of the beam halo, split using a bent crystal, with an internal target placed a few meters upstream of the detector. Fixed-target collisions offer many physics opportunities related to hadronic matter and the quark-gluon plasma to extend the research potential of the CERN accelerator complex. Production of physics events depends on the particle flux on target. The machine layout for the fixed-target experiment is being developed to provide a flux of particles on a target high enough to exploit the full capabilities of the ALICE detector acquisition system. In this paper, we discuss a method of increasing the system’s performance by applying a local modification of optics to set the crystal at the optimal betatron phase., Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

The High Intensity Muon Beams (HIMB) project at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) will provide muon intensities of the order of 1e10 muons/s for particle physics and material science experiments, two orders of magnitude higher than the state of the art, which is currently available also at PSI. In particle transport simulations for the HIMB, we use G4beamline with measured pi+ cross-sections and with variance reduction. We also use the codes COSY INFINITY, TRANSPORT, and TURTLE for some studies. We perform asynchronous Bayesian optimisation of the beamlines on a computing cluster using G4beamline and the optimisation package DeepHyper. We performed numerous studies for the design of the HIMB, and we produced various results, including the muon transmission, beam phase space, polarisation, and momentum spectrum., Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

Nb₃Sn, NbTiN and NbN are superconductors with critical temperatures of 18.3, 12.6-17 and 11.6-17.5 K, respectively, these are higher than that of Nb at 9.3 K. Hence, at 4 K, they have an RF resistance, an order of magnitude lower than that of Nb, which leads to quality factors above those of Nb. In recent years, there has been an extensive effort converting Nb cavities into Nb₃Sn. Alloying the top inner layer of the cavity using Sn diffusion at a high temperature has had some degree of success, however, the reproducibility remains a major hindering and limiting factor. In this study, we report on the PVD deposition of NbTiN inside a 6 GHz cavity, using an external magnetic coil configuration. The deposition is done at an elevated temperature of about 650 C. We report on the superconducting properties, film structure and its stoichiometry and surface chemical state. The films have been characterised with SEM, XRD, XPS, EDS and SQUID magnetometer., Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

In order to study the remaining open questions concerning CP violation and neutrino mass hierarchy, as well as to search for physics beyond the Standard Model, future experiments require precise measurements of the neutrino interaction cross-sections in the GeV/c regime. The absence of a precise knowledge of the neutrino flux currently limits this measurement to a 10-20% uncertainty level. The ENUBET project is proposing a novel facility, capable of constraining the neutrino flux normalization through the precise monitoring of kaon decay products in an instrumented decay tunnel. The collaboration has conducted numerous studies using a beam-line with a central Kaon momentum of 8.5 GeV/c and a ±10% momentum spread. We present here the design of a new beam-line, broadening the range of Kaons to include momenta of 4, 6, and 8.5 GeV/c, thus allowing ENUBET to explore cross-sections over a much larger energy range. In this contribution, we discuss the status of this design, the optimization studies performed, the early results, and the expected performance in terms of kaon and neutrino rates. We also present the first estimations of the background expected to be seen by the experiment.

The Next Ion Medical Machine Study (NIMMS) is an umbrella R programme for CERN accelerator technologies targeting advanced accelerator options for proton and light ion therapy. In collaboration with the European program HITRIplus, one area of study is slow extraction which is required to deliver a uniform beam spill for radiotherapy treatment. Several techniques use the third-order resonance to extract hadrons; these include betatron core driven extraction and radiofrequency knock-out. Flexible simulations tools using these techniques were prepared and initially benchmarked with results from the literature that used the Proton-Ion Medical Machine Study (PIMMS) design. The limits of the current PIMMS design were then pushed to evaluate its compatibility to deliver >10x higher intensity ion beams, and using increased extraction rates., Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

European XFEL foresees a superconducting undulator (SCU) afterburner in the SASE2 hard X-ray beamline. It consists of six 5m-long undulator modules with a 5mm vacuum gap, where each module contains two 2m-long coils and one phase shifter. Prior to installation, the magnetic field must be mapped appropriately. Two magnetic measurement test stands named SUNDAE 1 and 2 (Superconducting UNDulAtor Experiment) are being developed at European XFEL. While SUNDAE1 will be a vertical test stand to measure SCU coils up to two meters with Hall probes in a liquid or superfluid helium bath, SUNDAE2 will measure the SCU coils assembled in the final cryostat. This contribution presents the development status of SUNDAE2 and its main requirements., Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

The Heavy Ion Therapy Research Integration plus (HITRIplus) is a European project that aims to integrate and propel research and technologies related to cancer treatment with heavy ions beams. Among the ambitious goals of the project, a specific work package includes the design of a gantry for carbon ions, based on superconducting magnets. The first milestone to achieve is the choice of the fundamental gantry parameters, namely the beam optics layout, the superconducting magnet technology, and the main user requirements. Starting from a reference 3T design, the collaboration widely explored dozens of possible gantry configurations at 4T, aiming to find the best compromise in terms of footprint, capital cost, and required R We present here a summary of these configurations, underlying the initial correlation between the beam optics, the mechanics, and the main superconducting dipoles design: the bending field (up to 4 T), combined function features (integrated quadrupole), magnet aperture (up to 90 mm), and angular length (30°-45°). The resulting main parameters are then listed, compared, and used to drive the choice of the best gantry layout to be developed in HITRIplus., Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

A Physics Beyond Colliders (PBC) initiative was recently established at CERN to exploit the full scientific potential of its accelerator complex and scientific infrastructure to tackle fundamental open questions in particle physics through experiments complementary to those in current and future colliders. This initiative brings together similar studies to optimize resources globally in order to reach a common goal and promote scientific development efficiently. In this work, we present the work performed by the Conventional Beam Working Group (CBWG) and specifically from the Neutrino Beams (NB) subgroup. The subgroup currently deals with two novel neutrino-tagged beams projects, ENUBET and NUTAG, as well as with a more classic, low energy, beamline dedicated to hadron cross-sections for neutrino beams with the NA61 experiment already installed in the H₂ beamline of the CERN North Area. This contribution will detail the advances made with these three projects as well as their status and future plans., Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

Modern particle accelerator projects, such as MYRRHA, have very high stability and/or reliability requirements. To meet those, it is necessary to optimize or develop new methods for the control systems. One of the difficulties lies in the relatively long computation time of current beam dynamics codes. In this context, the very low computation time of neural network is of great attraction. However, a neural network has to be trained in order to be of any use. The training of a beam dynamic predictor uses a large dataset (experimental or simulated) that represents the dynamics over the parameter space of interest. Therefore, choosing the right training dataset is crucial for the quality of the neural network predictions. In this work, a study on the sampling choice for the training data is performed to train a neural network to predict the transmission of a beam through a low energy beam transport line and a Radiofrequency Quadrupole. We show and discuss the results obtained on training data set to model the IPHI and MYRRHA injectors., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

In the framework of the EuroCirCol collaboration (work package 4 "Cryogenic Beam Vacuum System"), the fabrication of the FCC-hh beam screen (BS) prototype has been carried out with the aim of testing it at room temperature on the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 2.5 GeV electron storage ring KARA (KArlsruhe Research Accelerator) light source. The BS prototype was tested on a beamline installed by the collaboration, named as BEam Screen TEstbench EXperiment (BESTEX). KARA has been chosen because its synchrotron radiation (SR) spectrum, photon flux and power match quite well the one foreseen for the 50+50 TeV FCC-hh proton collider. The BS prototype (2 m in length) was manufactured according to the base line design (BD) of the FCC-hh BS. It implements a saw-tooth profile designed to absorb the SR generated at the bending magnets. Also, a laser-ablated anti-electron cloud surface texturing [2] was applied at the BS inner walls. We present here the results obtained at BESTEX and the comparison of the results obtained during irradiation of the saw-tooth profile at different geometric configurations., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

The updated field quality for the baseline design option of the Nb₃Sn dipoles for Future Circular Collider (FCC-hh) is discussed. The impact on the expected dynamic aperture is shown at injection and collision energy and the consequent non-linear correction schemes together with their integration in the optics are defined., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

Dark current is particularly relevant during operation in high-gradient linear accelerators. Resulting from the capture of field emitted electrons, dark current produces additional radiation that needs to be accounted for in experiments. In this paper, an analysis of dark current is presented for four accelerating structures that were tested and conditioned in CERN’s X-band test facility for CLIC. The dependence on power, and therefore on accelerating gradient, of the dark current signals is presented. The Fowler-Nordheim equation for field emission seems to be in accordance with the experimental data. Moreover, the analysis shows that the current intensity decreases as a function of time due to conditioning, but discrete jumps in the dark current signals are present, probably caused by breakdown events that change the emitters’ location and intensity., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre (CCC) in the UK is a particle therapy facility providing treatment for ocular cancers using a 60 MeV passively scattered proton therapy beam. A model of the beamline using the Monte Carlo Simulation toolkit Geant4 has been developed for accurate characterisation of the beam. In order to validate the simulation, a study of the beam profiles along the delivery system is necessary. Beam profile measurements have been performed at multiple positions in the CCC beam line using both EBT3 GAFchromic film and Medipix3, a single quantum counting chip developed specifically for medical applications, typically used for x-ray detection. This is the first time its performance has been tested within a clinical, high proton flux environment. EBT3 is the current standard for conventional radiotherapy film dosimetry and was used to determine the dose and for correlation to fluence measured by Medipix3. The count rate linearity and doses recorded with Medipix3 were evaluated across the full range of available beam intensities, up to 3.12 x 10¹⁰ protons/s. The applicability of Medipix3 for proton therapy dosimetry is discussed and compared against the performance of EBT3., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

Low proton beam intensities (0.1-40 nA) are used for medical treatment of tumours at the PROSCAN facility in Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI). A cavity resonator using four quadrants operating in a dipole mode resonance has been developed to measure beam positions at these low intensities. The TM110 resonance frequency of 145.7 MHz is matched to the second harmonic of the beam pulse repetition rate (i.e.72.85 MHz). HFSS (High Frequency Structural Simulator) provides the BPM geometry and important parameters such as pickup position; dielectric dimensions etc. Comparison of test bench measurement and simulation provides good agreement. The measured position and signal sensitivity are limited by the noise, so that a position signal can be derived at beam intensities of at least 10 nA . We will discuss potential methods to increase the sensitivity. The dipole cavity resonator can be a promising candidate as a non-invasive position di-agnostic at the low proton beam intensities used in pro-ton therapy, Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

We present the current state of the HiLASE Centre control system developed in cooperation with Cosylab. The aim of the development is to build a control system which would be in charge of the operation of kW-class in-house-developed laser beamlines. These beamlines deliver picosecond pulses with repetition rates between 1 kHz and 1 MHz and high-energy nanosecond pulses at 10 Hz. A generic control system architecture is presented, which can either support full-size development lasers or compact industrial versions. The EPICS control system work focuses on image acquisition and processing, vacuum control, provision of timing, archiving and user interfaces. HiLASE provides high-level requirements, Cosylab complements them, provides the design of the solution and implementation. Delivery is performed during on-site visits where a test plan is executed for acceptance. This approach relieves HiLASE of the need to hire and manage their own team while retaining full control over the functionality through requirements and acceptance approval. Cosylab complements HiLASE with self-managed teams that deliver to specification.

The H₂020 CompactLight Project (www. CompactLight.eu) aims at designing the next generation of compact X-rays Free-Electron Lasers, relying on very high gradient accelerating structures (X-band, 12 GHz), the most advanced concepts for bright electron photo injectors, and innovative compact short-period undulators. Compared to existing facilities, the proposed facility will benefit from a lower electron beam energy, due to the enhanced undulators performance, and will be significantly more compact, with a smaller footprint, as a consequence of the lower energy and the high-gradient X-band structures. In addition, the whole infrastructure will also have a lower electrical power demand as well as lower construction and running costs.

The 2.0 GeV, 5 MW proton linac for the European Spallation Source, ESS, will have the capacity to accelerate additional pulses and send them to a neutrino target, providing an excellent opportunity to produce an unprecedented high performance neutrino beam, the ESS neutrino Super Beam, ESSnuSB, to measure, with precision, the CP violating phase at the 2nd oscillation maximum. In order to comply with the acceptance of the target and horn systems that will form the neutrino super beam, the long pulses from the linac must be compressed by about three orders of magnitude with minimal particle loss, something that will be achieved through multi-turn charge-exchange injection in an accumulator ring. This ring will accommodate over 2·10¹⁴ protons, which means that several design challenges are encountered. Strong space charge forces, low-loss injection with phase space painting, efficient collimation, a reliable charge stripping system, and e-p instabilities are some of the important aspects central to the design work. This paper presents the status of the accumulator ring design, with multi-particle simulations of the injections procedure.

The FCC-hh (Future Hadron-Hadron Circular Collider) is one of the options considered for the next generation accelerator in high-energy physics as recommended by the European Strategy Group. The latest changes brought to the lattice of the FCC-hh collider are commented: impact of the new intra-beam distance, efforts to increase the beam stay clear in the dispersion suppressors, tuning procedures, and updates on the insertions.

Within the framework of Horizon 2020 project, Compact Light, in order to provide a high performance, high-gradient X-band technology, for the new generation of hard X-ray FEL, a travelling wave (TW) Linac, working on 2pi/3 mode at 11.9952 GHz, fed by two types of asymmetrically couplers, has been designed. The design was performed using CST Microwave Studio frequency domain solver. First, simulations have been conduct in order to obtain the best trade-off between single cell’s parameters, varying iris aperture. Then, the both couplers, with and without pumping port, has been tuned to avoid reflections at the input port. Finally, the entire structure, with 5 cells, was simulated. The main structure parameters will be present and we will also show and discuss the acceleranting gradient obtained vary with linac lenght and input power., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

Coating of Copper cavities with a superconducting layer of MgB₂ thin film is an attractive alternative to bulk Nb cavities. In this work, we investigate the application of two approaches-electrochemical deposition and magnetron sputtering of MgB₂, to fabricate MgB₂ films with potential accelerator applications. In the first approach, MgB₂ powder dispersed in acetone was used as an electrolytic medium. Application of a DC voltage of 400 V between a graphite anode and a Copper film (serving as cathode), with the electrode distance maintained at ~2cm, resulted in the electrochemical deposition of MgB₂ on the Cu surface. In an alternate approach, MgB₂ in powder form was used directly for sputtering based deposition. The powder was initially compacted to form a thin layer that served as the magnetron target. Application of a pulsed DC power of 25W for 4 hours yielded MgB₂ thin film on Si substrates. Samples were characterized by XPS analysis to ascertain their elemental composition, which confirmed the presence of Mg and B, in addition to traces of C and O as impurities. Surface morphology was determined using SEM characterization technique. Further work to determine the superconducting properties of the samples and fine tune the deposition processes for large scale MgB₂ deposition inside actual RF cavities is in progress., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

The discovery of oscillations and the latest progress in neutrino physics will make possible to observe for the first time a possible CP violation at the level of leptons. This will help to understand the disappearance of antimatter in the Universe. The ESSnuSB* project proposes to use the proton linac of the ESS currently under construction to produce a very intense neutrino Super Beam, in parallel with the spallation neutron production. The ESS linac is expected to deliver 5 MW average power, 2 GeV proton beam, with a rate of 14 Hz and pulse duration of 2.86 ms. By doubling the pulse rate, 5 MW power more can be provided for the production of the neutrino beam. In order to shorten the proton pulse duration to few μs requested by the neutrino facility, an accumulation ring is needed, imposing the use and acceleration of H⁻ instead of protons in the linac. The neutrino facility also needs a separate target station with a different design than the one of the neutron facility. On top of the target, a hadron magnetic collecting device is needed in order to focus the emerging hadrons from the target and obtain an intense neutrino beam directed towards the neutrino detector.

High gradient rf photo-injectors have been a key development to enable several applications of high quality electron beams. They allow the generation of beams with very high peak current and low transverse emittance, satisfying the tight demands for free-electron lasers, energy recovery linacs, Compton/Thomson sources and high-energy linear colliders. In the paper we present the design of a new full C-band RF photo-injector recently developed in the framework of the XLS-Compact Light design study and of the EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB proposal. It allows to reach extremely good beam performances in terms of beam emittance (at the level of few hundreds nm), energy spread and peak current. The photo-injector is based on a very high gradient (>200 MV/m) ultra-fast (RF pulses 200 ns) C-band RF gun, followed by two C band TW structures. Different types of couplers for the 1.6 cell RF gun have been considered and also a new compact low pulsed heating coupler working on the TM020 mode on the full cell has been proposed. In the paper we report the design criteria of the gun, the powering system, and the results of the beam dynamics simulations. We also discuss the case of 1 kHz repetition rate., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

For more than 20 years Cryogenic Current Comparators (CCC) are used to measure the current of charged particle beams with low intensity (nA-range). The device was first established at GSI in Darmstadt and was improved over the past two decades by the cooperation of institutes in Jena, GSI and CERN. The improved versions differ in material parameters and electronics to increase the resolution and in dimensions in order to meet the requirements of the respective application. The device allows non-destructive measurements of the charged particle beam current. The azimuthal magnetic field which is generated by the beam current is detected by low temperature Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) current sensors. A complex shaped superconductor cooled down to 4.2 K is used as magnetic shielding and a high permeability core serves as flux concentrator. Three versions of the CCC shall be presented in this work: (1) GSI-Pb-CCC which was running at GSI Darmstadt in a transfer line, (2) CERN-Nb-CCC currently installed in the Antiproton Decelerator at CERN and (3) GSI-Nb-CCC-XD which will be operating in the CRYRING at GSI 2019. Noise, signal and drift measurements were performed in the Cryo-Detector Lab at the University of Jena., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

Two new absorbing materials were developed as collimator inserts to fulfil the requirements of HL-LHC higher brightness beams: molybdenum-carbide graphite (MoGr) and copper-diamond (CuCD). These materials were tested under intense beam impacts at CERN HiRadMat facility in 2015, when full jaw prototypes were irradiated. Additional tests in HiRadMat were performed in 2017 on another series of material samples, including also improved grades of MoGr and CuCD, and different coating solutions. This paper summarizes the main results of the two experiments, with a main focus on the behaviour of the novel composite blocks, the metallic housing, as well as the cooling circuit. The experimental campaign confirmed the final choice for the materials and the design solutions for HL-LHC collimators, and constituted a unique chance of benchmarking numerical models. In particular, the tests validated the selection of MoGr for primary and secondary collimators, and CuCD as a valid solution for robust tertiary collimators., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

A Cryogenic Current Comparator (CCC) is an extremely sensitive DC-Beam Transformer based on superconducting SQUID technology. Recently, a CCC without a toroidal core and with an axially oriented magnetic shielding has been developed at the Institute of Photonic Technologies (IPHT) Jena/Germany. It represents a compact and lightweight alternative to the ’classical’ CCC, which was originally developed at PTB Braunschweig and is successfully in operation in accelerators at GSI and CERN. Excellent low-frequency noise performance was demonstrated with a prototype of this new CCC-type. Current measurements and further tests are ongoing, first results are presented together with simulation calculations for the magnetic shielding. The construction from lead as well as simplified manufacturing results in drastically reduced costs compared to formerly used Nb-CCCs. Reduced weight also puts less constraints on the cryostat. Based on highly sensitive SQUIDs, the new prototype device shows a current sensitivity of about 6 pA/Hz1/2 in the white noise region. The measured and calculated shielding factor is ~135 dB. These values, together with a significant cost reduction - resulting also from a compact cryostat design - opens up the way for widespread use of CCCs in modern accelerator facilities., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

EuroCirCol is a conceptual design study of a Future Circular Collider (FCC-hh) which aims to expand the current energy and luminosity frontiers that the LHC has established. The vacuum chamber of this 50 TeV, 100 km collider, will have to cope with unprecedented levels of synchrotron radiation power for proton colliders, dealing simultaneously with a tighter magnet aperture. Since the high radiation power and photon flux will release large amounts of gas into the system, the difficulty to keep a low level of residual gas density increases considerably compared with the LHC. This article presents a study of the beam induced vacuum effects for the FCC-hh novel conditions, the different phenomena which, owing to the presence of the beam, have an impact on the vacuum level of the accelerator. To achieve this, a novel beam screen has been proposed, featuring specific mitigating measures aimed at dealing with the beam induced effects. It is concluded that thanks to the new beam screen design, the vacuum level in the FCC-hh shall be adequate, allowing to reach the molecular density requirement of better than 10¹⁵ H₂/m3 with baseline beam parameters within the first months of conditioning., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

The goal of the MYRRHA project is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of transmutation in a 100 MW Accelerator Driven System (ADS) by building a new flexible irradiation complex at Mol (Belgium). The MYRRHA facility requires a 600 MeV accelerator delivering a maximum proton current of 4 mA in continuous wave operation, with an additional requirement for exceptional reliability. Supported by SCK•CEN and the Belgium government the project has entered in its phase I: which consists in the development and the construction of the linac first part, up to 100 MeV. We review the design updates of the superconducting linac, with its enhanced fault-tolerance capabilities. The linac capabilities at 100 MeV (Phase I) and 600 MeV (ADS operation) are exposed and discussed., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

After CERN’s Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) the Extra Low Energy Antiproton (ELENA) ring will begin providing extremely low energy (100 keV) antiproton beams to the antimatter experiments in the AD hall. To allow for simultaneous operation and guarantee maximum efficiency, all transfer lines will be based on electrostatic optics and short pulse (∼100 ns) deflectors. Currently, only a limited number of simulation codes allow a realistic representation of these elements, limiting the capabilities for beam quality optimization. In this contribution methods for modelling realistic electrostatic optical elements and perform 3D tracking studies through these are presented. A combination of finite element methods and experimental measurements are used along with a modified version of the G4Beamline and BMAD codes. Multi-objective optimization techniques are then applied to optimize beam transfer and beam quality at various points along the transfer lines., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

The ESSνSB project, recently granted by the EU H₂020 programme for a 4-year design study, proposes to use the protons produced by the linac (2 GeV, 5 MW) of the European Spallation Source (ESS) currently in construction in Lund (Sweden) to deliver a neutrino super beam. It follows the studies made by the FP7 Design Study EUROν[1] (2008-2012), regarding future neutrino facilities. The primary proton beam line completing the linear accelerator will consist of one or several accumulator rings and a proton beam switchyard. The secondary beam line producing neutrinos will consist of a four-horn/target station, a decay tunnel and a beam dump. A challenging component of this project is the enormous target heat-load generated by the 5 MW proton beam. In order to reduce this heat-load there will be four targets, which will be hit in sequence by the compressed proton pulses, thereby reducing the beam power on each target to 1.25 MW. Following the EUROν studies, a packed bed of titanium spheres cooled with helium gas has become the baseline design for a Super Beam based on a 2-5 GeV proton beam with a power of up to 1 MW per target, with other targets being considered for comparison. The hadron collection will be performed by four hadron collectors (magnetic horns), one for each target. Each of these target/hadron-collector assemblies will receive proton pulses three times more frequently than in present projects, and by an average beam power of 1.25 MW, which is twice as high as in present neutrino projects. The feasibility of the target/horn station for the ESSνSB project is discussed here.

In this paper we report the start-to-end simulation results of one of the options under consideration for the CompactLight Project (XLS). The XLS is a hard X-ray Free Electron Laser under design, using the latest concepts for bright electron photo injectors, very high-gradient X-band structures, and innovative short-period undulators. Presently there exist various tracking codes to conduct the design process. Therefore identifying the most convenient code is of notable importance. This paper compares the tracking codes, Placet and General Particle Tracer, using the XLS lattice based on a S and X-band Injector. The calculation results in terms of beam quality and tracking performance of a full 6-D simulation are presented., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

In this study we report on the PVD deposition of Nb₃Sn on Cu substrates with and without a thick Nb interlayer to produce Cu/Nb/Nb₃Sn and Cu/Nb₃Sn multilayer structures. The Nb₃Sn was sputtered directly from an alloy target at room and elevated temperatures. The dependence of the superconducting properties of the total structure on deposition parameters has been determined. The films have been characterized via SEM, XRD, EDX and SQUID magnetometer measurements. Analysis showed that the composition at both room and elevated temperature was within the desired stoichiometry of 24’25 at%. However, superconductivity was only observed for deposition at elevated temperature or post annealing at 650 °C. The critical temperature was determined to be in the range of 16.8 to 17.4 K. In the case of bilayer deposition, copper segregation from the interface all the way to the surface was observed., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

Proton computed tomography aims to increase the accuracy of proton treatment planning by directly measuring proton stopping power. This imaging technique requires a proton beam of 330 MeV incident kinetic energy for adult patients. Employing superconducting technology in the beam delivery system allows it to be of comparable size to a conventional proton therapy gantry. A superconducting bending magnet design for a proton computed tomography gantry is proposed in this paper. The 30 deg, 3.9 T canted-cosine-theta dipole wound with NbTi wires is used to steer 330 MeV protons in an isocentric beam delivery system which rotates around the patient. Two methods of magnetic field shielding are compared in the context of proton therapy facility requirements; traditional passive shielding with an iron yoke placed around the magnet and an active shielding option utilising extra layers of the superconducting coil., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

The Future Circular Collider (FCC-hh) is being designed as a 100 km ring that should collide 50 TeV proton beams. At 8.3 GJ, its stored beam energy will be a factor 28 higher than what has been achieved in the Large Hadron Collider, which has the highest stored beam energy among the colliders built so far. This puts unprecedented demands on the control of beam losses and collimation, since even a tiny beam loss risks quenching superconducting magnets. We present in this article the design of the FCC-hh collimation system and study the beam cleaning through simulations of tracking, energy deposition, and thermo-mechanical response. We investigate the collimation performance for design beam loss scenarios and potential bottlenecks are highlighted.

There is a matter-antimatter asymmetry observed in the universe that can not be explained by the Standard Model of particle physics. To resolve that problem additional CP violating phenomena are needed. A candidate for an additional CP violating phenomenon is a non-vanishing Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) of subatomic particles. Since permanent EDMs violate parity and time reversal symmetries, they also violate CP if the CPT-theorem holds. The Jülich Electric Dipole moment Investigation (JEDI) Collaboration works on a direct measurement of the electric dipole moment (EDM) of protons and deuterons using a storage ring. The JEDI experiment requires a small beam orbit RMS in order to measure the EDM. Therefore an ongoing upgrade of the Cooler Syncrotron (COSY) is done in order to improve the precision of the beam position. One of part of this upgrade is to determine the magnetic center of the quadrupoles with respect to the beam position monitors. This can be done with the so called beam-based alignment method. The first results of the beam-based alignment measurement performed in February 2019 will be presented., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

The FCC-hh (Future Hadron-Hadron Circular Collider) is one of the options considered for the next generation accelerator in high-energy physics as recommended by the European Strategy Group. The evaluation of the various magnets mechanical error and field error tolerances in the arc sections of FCC-hh, as well as an estimation of the required correctors strengths, are important aspects of the collider design. In this study the mechanical tolerances, dipole and quadrupole field error tolerances for the arc sections of FCC-hh are evaluated. The consolidated correction schemes of the linear coupling (with skew quadrupoles) and of the beam tunes (with normal quadrupoles) are presented. The integration of the different ring insertions (interaction region, collimation, injection, etc) is also discussed.

The CompactLight project is currently developing the design of a next generation hard X-ray FEL facility, based on high-gradient X-band (12 GHz) structures, bright electron photo-injectors, and compact short period undulators. However, to improve the brightness limitations due to the non-linear energy spread of the electron bunches, a K-band (36 GHz) linearizer is being considered to provide a harmonic compensation during the bunch compression. In this paper, we analyze the feasibility of such linearizer., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

The European Spallation Source (ESS), currently under construction in Lund, Sweden, is the world’s most powerful neutron spallation source, with an average power of 5 MW at 2.0 GeV. In the ESS neutrino Super Beam Project (ESSnuSB) it is proposed to utilise this powerful accelerator as a proton driver for a neutrino beam that will be sent to a large underground Cherenkov detector in Garpenberg, mid-Sweden. In this paper we discuss the required modifications of the ESS linac to reach an additional 5 MW beam power for neutrino production in parallel to the spallation neutron production., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia