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Background: Evaluation has often been associated with Northern paradigms in its formulation and practice. It is extractive in nature and often a top-down approach that implies that those who receive aid or interventions have no voice and no rights. The African Evaluation Principles (AEPs) are aimed at addressing power asymmetries that exist within the evaluation ecosystem in Africa while giving agency, voice and power to Africans. Objectives: The article explores the role that colonisation has played and continues to influence how development is carried out and therefore, how and when evaluations are carried out and who performs the evaluation. Specifically, it explores the AEPs and how they could be used to contribute to addressing inequalities and power asymmetries. Methods: The article reviews secondary data and uses one’s own experiences on the continent and observation. Results: The article discusses how the AEPs could contribute to making the concept of equitable evaluation more relevant and applicable in the practice of evaluations in Africa. The article highlights the role of African indigenous knowledge and ways of knowing, values and traditions to inform what equitable evaluation could look like from an African perspective. Conclusion: The article concludes that there is much work and commitment needed to ensure the use of the AEPs to contribute towards the practice of true equitable evaluation where this is genuinely practiced with the aim of addressing power asymmetries and inequalities. This requires a change of mindsets, challenging one’s own biases as well as the power imbalances. Contribution: This article contributes to better understanding of AEPs and how they could be used to achieve equitable evaluation.

Ultrahigh-energy density (UHED) states greater than 1 Gbar pressure are typically observed under extreme conditions, such as in the core of an inertial confinement fusion implosion. A novel alternative approach for generating volumetric UHED states is to use nanowire arrays irradiated with a femtosecond ultrahigh-intensity laser. In this paper, we present an experimental investigation on laser absorption and energy transport in nanowire arrays irradiated with a picosecond kilojoule petawatt laser. The laser–target interactions were studied by measuring the x-ray emission and escaping hot electrons from a bare Cu foil and a foil with a nanowire array grown on its surface. The measured Cu-Kα and He-α emissions from the nanowire array were higher than those from the flat foil. In addition, hot electrons observed from the front surface of the nanowire array were enhanced. On the other hand, despite the stronger Kα emission from the nanowire array and the enhancement of hot electrons escaping from the front surface of the nanowire array, the number of hot electrons observed from the rear side of the flat foil target was slightly lower than that of the flat foil. A comparison of the experimental results with the results of a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation code suggested that the magnetic fields generated around the periodic nanowire array trap hot electrons, improving the electron-to-target energy coupling and efficiently producing UHED states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evaluation has often been associated with Northern paradigms in its formulation and practice. It is extractive in nature and often a top-down approach that implies that those who receive aid or interventions have no voice and no rights. The African Evaluation Principles (AEPs) are aimed at addressing power asymmetries that exist within the evaluation ecosystem in Africa while giving agency, voice and power to Africans. Objectives: The article explores the role that colonisation has played and continues to influence how development is carried out and therefore, how and when evaluations are carried out and who performs the evaluation. Specifically, it explores the AEPs and how they could be used to contribute to addressing inequalities and power asymmetries. Methods: The article reviews secondary data and uses one's own experiences on the continent and observation. Results: The article discusses how the AEPs could contribute to making the concept of equitable evaluation more relevant and applicable in the practice of evaluations in Africa. The article highlights the role of African indigenous knowledge and ways of knowing, values and traditions to inform what equitable evaluation could look like from an African perspective. Conclusion: The article concludes that there is much work and commitment needed to ensure the use of the AEPs to contribute towards the practice of true equitable evaluation where this is genuinely practiced with the aim of addressing power asymmetries and inequalities. This requires a change of mindsets, challenging one's own biases as well as the power imbalances. Contribution: This article contributes to better understanding of AEPs and how they could be used to achieve equitable evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]