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Human operating error is one of the important factors affecting the reliable operation of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) components, however, people always neglect human-operating-error of the existing unmanned aircraft systems and components reliability assessment methods. This article set the problem to the most important position to search, divided the scene of UAV components assignment to the Status debugging monitoring model and Preventive maintenance type. First, analysis of two scenarios UAV components made qualitative analysis of human error using the method of failure mode and effect analysis; and then put forward the two scenarios of human reliability assessment model, used to quantify the probability of human error. In example analysis, it considers the primary factors those affect humans reliability, to calculate and compare the proportion of human error at different situation. Results show that the proposed method can quantify human error probability, and quantitative characterization of human error can affect the reliability of the UAV components.

The yellow seed characteristic in Brassica napus L. is desirable because of its association with higher oil content and better quality of oil-extracted meal. YN01-429 is a yellow-seeded canola-quality germplasm developed in Canada arising from several years of research. Seed-coat pigmentation is due to oxidized proanthocyanidins (PA; condensed tannins) derived from phenylpropanoids and malonyl CoA. We found PA accumulation to be most robust in young seed coats (20 d post anthesis; dpa) of a related black-seeded line N89-53 and only very little PA in YN01-429, which also contained much less extractable phenolics. The flavonol content, however, did not show as great a difference between these two lines. Furthermore, sinapine, a product of the general phenylpropanoid metabolism, was present at comparable levels in the embryos of both lines. Dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR) activity that commits phenolics to PA synthesis was lower in YN01-429 seed coats. The results of Southern blot and in silico analyses were indicative of two copies of the DFR gene in B. napus. Both copies were functional in YN01-429, ruling out homeoallelic repression or silencing, but together they showed very low expression levels (17-fold fewer transcripts) relative to DFR activity in N89-53 seed coats. These results collectively suggest that YN01-429 differs in regulatory circuits that impact the PA synthesis branch much more than the flavonol synthesis branch in the seed coats and such circuits do not impinge upon general phenylpropanoid metabolism in the embryos. Key words: condensed tannin, dihydroflavonol reductase, flavonoids, oilseed rape, rapeseed, transparent testa. Le jaune caracteristique des grains du Brassica napus L. est desirable, compte tenu de son association avec une haute teneur en huile et une meilleure qualite de la farine extraite de l'huile. Le YN01-429 constitue un germplasme a graine jaune de qualite canola resultant de plusieurs annees de recherches. La pigmentation des teguments est attribuee a des proanthocyanidines oxydees (PA; tannins condenses) derivees de phenylpropanoides et du CoA du malonyl. Les auteurs ont trouve une plus forte accumulation de PA chez les jeunes teguments (20 jours apres l'anthese; dpa) d'une lignee apparentee a grains noirs N89-53 et tres peu de PA chez la lignee YN01-429 qui contient a la fois beaucoup moins de phenols extractibles. Cependant, la teneur en flavonols ne montre pas autant de differences entre ces deux lignees. De plus, la sinapine, un produit du metabolisme general des phenylpropanoides, se retrouve a des teneurs comparables chez les embryons des deux lignees. L'activite de la reductase du dihydroflavonol (DFR) qui pousse les phenols vers la synthese de PA, est plus faible dans les teguments du YN01-429. Les resultats du transfert Southern et des analyses in silico indiquent la presence de deux copies du gene DFR chez le B. napus. Les deux copies sont fonctionnelles chez le YNO1429, ce qui elimine la repression ou le silencing homeoallelique, mais ensemble elles ne montrent que de tres faibles degres d'expression (transcriptions 17 fois inferieures) par rapport a l'activite du DFR chez les teguments du N89-53. Ces resultats pris dans leur ensemble suggerent que le YN01-429 differe a l'echelle des circuits qui agissent sur la ligne de synthese des PA beaucoup plus que sur la ligne de synthese des flavonols dans les teguments, et de tels circuits n'affectent pas le metabolisme general des phenylpropanoides chez les embryons. Mots-cles : tannin condense, reductase du dihydroflavonol, flavonoides, colza, oleagineux, colza, teguments transparents. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Canola refers to lines of Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L. that have much reduced erucic acid ( The importance of the seed coat was recognized very early [...]