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A large concentration gradient originating from sluggish ion transport on the surface of Zn metal anodes will result in uneven Zn2+ flux, giving rise to severe dendrite growth, especially at high current density. Herein, an ion acceleration layer is introduced by a facile separator engineering strategy to realize modulated Zn2+ flux and dendrite‐free deposition. Zinc hexacyanoferrate as the modifying agent featuring strong zincophilicity and rapid diffusion tunnel can enable fast trap for Zn2+ near the electrode surface and immediate transport onto deposition sites, respectively. The ion acceleration effect is substantiated by improved ion conductivity, decreased activated energy, and promoted Zn2+ transference number, which can moderate concentration gradient to guide homogenous Zn2+ flux distribution. As a result, the separator engineering guarantees Zn||Zn symmetrical cells with long‐term stability of 2700 h at 2 mA cm−2, and 1770 h at a large current density of 10 mA cm−2. Moreover, cycling stability and rate capability for full cells with different cathodes can be substantially promoted by the modified separator, validating its superior practical feasibility. This study supplies a new scalable approach to tailoring ion flux near the electrode surface to enable robust Zn metal anodes at a high current density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to near‐neutral electrolytes (pH=3–6), Zn||Mn batteries in acidic environments can achieve voltages up to ~2 V. However, high proton concentrations raise concerns about Zn anode stability. Current strategies for inhibiting hydrogen evolution corrosion (HEC) on the anode in Zn‐based batteries mainly focus on the near‐neutral electrolytes. To supplement this gap, we developed a conversion‐type interphase strategy using phosphate, sulfate precipitation, and phytic acid modification layers for Zn anodes to demonstrate the potential of Zn anode to operate in acidic electrolytes. This approach enables stable Zn stripping/plating at pH=2.2 for over 3,600 h and 400 h at 1 mA cm−2/0.5 mAh cm−2 and 20 mA cm−2/10 mAh cm−2. Benefiting from stable Zn electrodes, the electrolytic Zn||Mn batteries can operate at 1.90 V. To show more harsh scenarios, the seawater‐based 0.25 Ah‐scale Zn||Mn pouch cells can be assembled with a practical energy density of 57.4 Wh  kg‐1 cell. Significantly, we analyze and emphasize that seawater holds promise as an alternative to deionized water for electrolyte solvents due to its energy and economic effectiveness. This strategy has motivated to expand the working pH range of metal anodes and provides the rational design for grid‐scale energy storage technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship of BOLD signals in white matter to cortical neural activity remains unclear. We quantified the degree to which spontaneous neural activities in the cortex, which are reflected in low frequency fluctuations in cortical BOLD signals, modulate BOLD signals in white matter. From measurements of resting state correlations we find cortical networks of more basic level functions tend to contribute more to correlated fluctuations in white matter than those of higher level functions. In addition, each cortical network exhibits distinct, structurally interpretable spatial distribution patterns of white matter projections. Moreover, the myelination level of cortical networks is found to be strongly correlated with the white matter projection of cortical BOLD signals. Our findings confirm that BOLD signals in white matter encode neural activity in proportion to the spontaneous activity of individual cortical networks, and with network-specific spatial distribution patterns, which could be mediated by the microstructure of the brain cortex., Competing Interests: Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in children and adults. While ADHD patients often display circadian abnormalities, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here we found that the zebrafish mutant for the circadian gene period1b (per1b) displays hyperactive, impulsive-like, and attention deficit-like behaviors and low levels of dopamine, reminiscent of human ADHD patients. We found that the circadian clock directly regulates dopamine-related genes monoamine oxidase and dopamine β hydroxylase, and acts via genes important for the development or maintenance of dopaminergic neurons to regulate their number and organization in the ventral diencephalic posterior tuberculum. We then found that Per1 knock-out mice also display ADHD-like symptoms and reduced levels of dopamine, thereby showing highly conserved roles of the circadian clock in ADHD. Our studies demonstrate that disruption of a circadian clock gene elicits ADHD-like syndrome. The circadian model for attention deficiency and hyperactive behavior sheds light on ADHD pathogenesis and opens avenues for exploring novel targets for diagnosis and therapy for this common psychiatric disorder., (Copyright © 2015 the authors 0270-6474/15/352572-16$15.00/0.)