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Human brain neuron activities are incredibly significant nowadays. Neuronal behavior is assessed by analyzing signal data such as electroencephalography (EEG), which can offer scientists valuable information about diseases and human-computer interaction. One of the difficulties researchers confront while evaluating these signals is the existence of large volumes of spike data. Spikes are some considerable parts of signal data that can happen as a consequence of vital biomarkers or physical issues such as electrode movements. Hence, distinguishing types of spikes is important. From this spot, the spike classification concept commences. Previously, researchers classified spikes manually. The manual classification was not precise enough as it involves extensive analysis. Consequently, Artificial Intelligence (AI) was introduced into neuroscience to assist clinicians in classifying spikes correctly. This review discusses the importance and use of AI in spike classification, focusing on the recognition of neural activity noises. The task is divided into three main components: preprocessing, classification, and evaluation. Existing methods are introduced and their importance is determined. The review also highlights the need for more efficient algorithms. The primary goal is to provide a perspective on spike classification for future research and provide a comprehensive understanding of the methodologies and issues involved. The review organizes materials in the spike classification field for future studies. In this work, numerous studies were extracted from different databases. The PRISMA-related research guidelines were then used to choose papers. Then, research studies based on spike classification using machine learning and deep learning approaches with effective preprocessing were selected., Comment: 8 figures, 32 pages

Diabetes mellitus (DM) predisposes patients to vascular complications. Retinal images and vasculature reflect the body's micro- and macrovascular health. They can be used to diagnose DM complications, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), neuropathy, nephropathy, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, as well as forecast the risk of cardiovascular events. Artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled systems developed for high-throughput detection of DR using digitized retinal images have become clinically adopted. Beyond DR screening, AI integration also holds immense potential to address challenges associated with the holistic care of the patient with DM. In this work, we aim to comprehensively review the literature for studies on AI applications based on retinal images related to DM diagnosis, prognostication, and management. We will describe the findings of holistic AI-assisted diabetes care, including but not limited to DR screening, and discuss barriers to implementing such systems, including issues concerning ethics, data privacy, equitable access, and explainability. With the ability to evaluate the patient's health status vis a vis DM complication as well as risk prognostication of future cardiovascular complications, AI-assisted retinal image analysis has the potential to become a central tool for modern personalized medicine in patients with DM., Comment: 44 Pages, 6 figures, 1 table, 166 references

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a severe condition affecting premature infants, leading to abnormal retinal blood vessel growth, retinal detachment, and potential blindness. While semi-automated systems have been used in the past to diagnose ROP-related plus disease by quantifying retinal vessel features, traditional machine learning (ML) models face challenges like accuracy and overfitting. Recent advancements in deep learning (DL), especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have significantly improved ROP detection and classification. The i-ROP deep learning (i-ROP-DL) system also shows promise in detecting plus disease, offering reliable ROP diagnosis potential. This research comprehensively examines the contemporary progress and challenges associated with using retinal imaging and artificial intelligence (AI) to detect ROP, offering valuable insights that can guide further investigation in this domain. Based on 89 original studies in this field (out of 1487 studies that were comprehensively reviewed), we concluded that traditional methods for ROP diagnosis suffer from subjectivity and manual analysis, leading to inconsistent clinical decisions. AI holds great promise for improving ROP management. This review explores AI's potential in ROP detection, classification, diagnosis, and prognosis., Comment: 28 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables, 235 references, 1 supplementary table

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) methods - in particular, deep learning (DL) - has been on the rise lately for the analysis of different CVD-related topics. The use of fundus images and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in the diagnosis of retinal diseases has also been extensively studied. To better understand heart function and anticipate changes based on microvascular characteristics and function, researchers are currently exploring the integration of AI with non-invasive retinal scanning. There is great potential to reduce the number of cardiovascular events and the financial strain on healthcare systems by utilizing AI-assisted early detection and prediction of cardiovascular diseases on a large scale. Method: A comprehensive search was conducted across various databases, including PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Sciences, IEEE Xplore, and ACM Digital Library, using specific keywords related to cardiovascular diseases and artificial intelligence. Results: The study included 87 English-language publications selected for relevance, and additional references were considered. This paper provides an overview of the recent developments and difficulties in using artificial intelligence and retinal imaging to diagnose cardiovascular diseases. It provides insights for further exploration in this field. Conclusion: Researchers are trying to develop precise disease prognosis patterns in response to the aging population and the growing global burden of CVD. AI and deep learning are revolutionizing healthcare by potentially diagnosing multiple CVDs from a single retinal image. However, swifter adoption of these technologies in healthcare systems is required., Comment: 41 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables, 114 references

The generative pre-trained transformer (GPT)-based chatbot software ChatGPT possesses excellent natural language processing capabilities but is inadequate for solving arithmetic problems, especially multiplication. Its GPT structure uses a computational graph for multiplication, which has limited accuracy beyond simple multiplication operations. We developed a graph-based multiplication algorithm that emulated human-like numerical operations by incorporating a 10k operator, where k represents the maximum power to base 10 of the larger of two input numbers. Our proposed algorithm attained 100% accuracy for 1,000,000 large number multiplication tasks, effectively solving the multiplication challenge of GPT-based and other large language models. Our work highlights the importance of blending simple human insights into the design of artificial intelligence algorithms. Keywords: Graph-based multiplication; ChatGPT; Multiplication problem, Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures

Interpretation of electrocardiography (ECG) signals is required for diagnosing cardiac arrhythmia. Recently, machine learning techniques have been applied for automated computer-aided diagnosis. Machine learning tasks can be divided into regression and classification. Regression can be used for noise and artifacts removal as well as resolve issues of missing data from low sampling frequency. Classification task concerns the prediction of output diagnostic classes according to expert-labeled input classes. In this work, we propose a deep neural network model capable of solving regression and classification tasks. Moreover, we combined the two approaches, using unlabeled and labeled data, to train the model. We tested the model on the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database. Our method showed high effectiveness in detecting cardiac arrhythmia based on modified Lead II ECG records, as well as achieved high quality of ECG signal approximation. For the former, our method attained overall accuracy of 87:33% and balanced accuracy of 80:54%, on par with reference approaches. For the latter, application of self-supervised learning allowed for training without the need for expert labels. The regression model yielded satisfactory performance with fairly accurate prediction of QRS complexes. Transferring knowledge from regression to the classification task, our method attained higher overall accuracy of 87:78%.

With the increasing growth of information through smart devices, increasing the quality level of human life requires various computational paradigms presentation including the Internet of Things, fog, and cloud. Between these three paradigms, the cloud computing paradigm as an emerging technology adds cloud layer services to the edge of the network so that resource allocation operations occur close to the end-user to reduce resource processing time and network traffic overhead. Hence, the resource allocation problem for its providers in terms of presenting a suitable platform, by using computational paradigms is considered a challenge. In general, resource allocation approaches are divided into two methods, including auction-based methods(goal, increase profits for service providers-increase user satisfaction and usability) and optimization-based methods(energy, cost, network exploitation, Runtime, reduction of time delay). In this paper, according to the latest scientific achievements, a comprehensive literature study (CLS) on artificial intelligence methods based on resource allocation optimization without considering auction-based methods in various computing environments are provided such as cloud computing, Vehicular Fog Computing, wireless, IoT, vehicular networks, 5G networks, vehicular cloud architecture,machine-to-machine communication(M2M),Train-to-Train(T2T) communication network, Peer-to-Peer(P2P) network. Since deep learning methods based on artificial intelligence are used as the most important methods in resource allocation problems; Therefore, in this paper, resource allocation approaches based on deep learning are also used in the mentioned computational environments such as deep reinforcement learning, Q-learning technique, reinforcement learning, online learning, and also Classical learning methods such as Bayesian learning, Cummins clustering, Markov decision process., Comment: 23 pages, 9 figures

Myocardial infarction (MI) results in heart muscle injury due to receiving insufficient blood flow. MI is the most common cause of mortality in middle-aged and elderly individuals around the world. To diagnose MI, clinicians need to interpret electrocardiography (ECG) signals, which requires expertise and is subject to observer bias. Artificial intelligence-based methods can be utilized to screen for or diagnose MI automatically using ECG signals. In this work, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of artificial intelligence-based approaches for MI detection based on ECG as well as other biophysical signals, including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models. The performance of traditional ML methods relies on handcrafted features and manual selection of ECG signals, whereas DL models can automate these tasks. The review observed that deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) yielded excellent classification performance for MI diagnosis, which explains why they have become prevalent in recent years. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive survey of artificial intelligence techniques employed for MI diagnosis using ECG and other biophysical signals., Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures