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Many European languages distinguish the form of familiarity (the T form) from the form of formality (the V form) in the second person singular pronoun. Previous studies based on the translations of English literature showed that French uses the V form in a wider range of situations than German. The present article examines whether this tendency also applies to the translations of seven Japanese novels. It turns out that French does not always use the V form more widely than German. This paper describes the contexts in which the T/V use of both languages differ. This article investigates further into the T/V distinction in German and French and its correlation with the speech styles in Japanese. Although we see many congruous cases in which the Japanese polite speech style corresponds to the European V form and the normal speech style to the T form, there are many incongruous cases, too. This incongruity seems to come from the features of the T/V distinction and the speech style. The T/V distinction is mainly based on the social role or status of the interlocuters, while the Japanese speech style often shows the personality of interlocuters. Thus, the shift from the V form to the T form may occur, even when the Japanese speech style does not change between the same interlocuters., ドイツ語のdu/Sie，フランス語のtu/vousのように，現代ヨーロッパ諸語の多くは二人称単数代名詞に親称と敬称の区別（the T/V distinction）をもつ。英語の文学作品の翻訳に基づく先行研究では，フランス語はドイツ語よりも敬称を用いる範囲が広いことが示されたが，本稿ではこれが日本語の文学作品の翻訳にも当てはまるのかどうかを探った結果，必ずしも当てはまらないことがわかった。また，日本語の文体（普通体・丁寧体）とドイツ語・フランス語のT/V使用との間の相関関係についても調べたところ，普通体が親称に，丁寧体が敬称に訳される場合とともに，そうではない場合も多く見られた。これはヨーロッパ諸語の親称・敬称の区別が主として対話者同士の社会的な関係によって規定されるのに対し，日本語の文体が発話者の性格を表す面があるためであると考えられる。分析の対象としたのは以下の7作品とそのドイツ語訳およびフランス語訳である。芥川龍之介「河童」（1927年），川端康成『雪国』（1937年），三島由紀夫『宴のあと』（1960年），池澤夏樹『花を運ぶ妹』（2000年），小川洋子『博士の愛した数式』（2003年），東野圭吾『容疑者Ｘの献身』（2005年），村田紗耶香『コンビニ人間』（2016年）。

研究ノート

This article researches the usage distinction between T/V forms of the second person singular pronoun in some European languages by means of the analysis of the translations of J.K. Rowling’s “Harry Potter and the Pilosopher’s Stone”. The researched languages are Dutch, German, Luxembourgish, Russian, and French. The main fi ndings of this research are as follows. As expected, the V form is likely to be used in the remarks of inferiors to superiors, and between strangers, while the T form is likely to be used in the remarks of superiors to inferiors, between family members, and between pupils or mates. Of the remarks in which the T/V usage differs among languages the V form is used most frequently in French, while the T form is used most frequently in Dutch. The other three languages take the middle position and resemble each other in the number of T/V forms used. The characteristic usage of French V form is seen in some of the remarks to which Hagrid, keeper of keys and grounds of the school, participates as a speaker or an addressee. As opposed to other languages in which Hagrid is spoken to with the T form even by pupils, he speaks or is spoken to with the V form in French except for a few exceptions. The status difference is a more important factor in the T/V distinction of French than in other languages. The characteristic usage of Dutch T form is seen in some of the remarks of superiors to inferiors. In Dutch the T form is used even in the remarks of professors to pupils and between colleagues in which the V form is used in other languages. It can be said that informality is preferred in wider range of situations in Dutch than in other languages.

This article researches the usage distinction between the familiar form (= the T form) and the polite form (the V form) of the second person singular pronoun in some European languages by means of an analysis of the translations of Lewis Carroll’s “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland”. The researched languages are German (4 translations), Luxembourgish, Dutch, French (3 translations), and Russian (3 translations). The main findings of this research are as follows. In 44 situations (remarks of a speaker to an addressee) the V form is used by French translators most frequently and the T form is used by German translators most frequently. The situations are divided into the following 5 groups and arranged in order of the probability of the V form usage; (A) Alice to a character of higher social status, (B) Alice to other characters, (C) Between characters of same status, (D) Superior to inferior or other characters to Alice, (E) Between mates. In the situations of (A) the V form and in the situations of (E) the T form is exclusively used in all translations.

This article researches the use of the transitive construction with an inanimate subject in “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland” and its translations. The researched languages are English, French, Portuguese, Dutch, Luxemburgish, German (3 translations), Russian (3 translations) and Japanese (4 translations). The findings are compared with the conclusions of Tamura (2019) which researches the same construction in “Le Petit Prince”.

Japanese linguists advocate a typology of the linguistic expressions, according to which languages are divided into two groups; the DO-languages (= TUN-Sprachen) and the BECOME-languages (=WERDEN-Sprachen). European languages belong to the former and Japanese belongs to the latter. This article researches the use of the perceptive construction and the transitive construction with an inanimate subject, which are considered to be the features of the DO-languages, based on the original version of “The Little Prince” and its translations. The researched languages are French, English, German, Dutch, Portuguese, Russian, Luxembourgish (2 translations), and Japanese (9 translations). The main findings of the research are as follows: Japanese translations as a whole and the Russian translation avoid the features of DO-type expressions. The Luxembourgish translation by Josy Braun, being different from other Western European languages, also avoids the features of DO-type expressions. The same results have been obtained in the Luxembourgish translation of “Pinocchio”, too. It remains to be researched, whether this result applies to other literary works.