Search

Diabetes mellitus develops when the insulin hormone's secretion or work activity is reduced, resulting in an increase in blood glucose levels. Diabetes mellitus is one of the comorbid disease associated with COVID-19. Coronavirus Disease-19 is causing concern among DM patients since it has the potential to harm their psychological health. People with diabetes may suffer stress, which might affect their glucose management. Increased glucose levels alter food intake, resulting in weight loss. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the study to know the relationship between vitamin C intake and nutritional status with stress levels in T2DM patients. With a total of 105 respondents, the study was done cross-sectional in three health centres: Bantul 1 Health Center, Bambanglipuro Health Center, and Pajangan Health Center. Respondents involved were T2DM patients who were members of the Chronic Disease Management Program. BMI was used to measure nutritional status, while the Semi-Quantitative-Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) were used to determine vitamin C intake and stress levels. The Chi-Square test was used to analyze data in SPSS. This study's nutritional status (p: 0.183) and vitamin C intake (p: 0.055) have a Chi-Square value, indicating that p more 0,05. The conclusion there was no relationship between nutritional status and vitamin C intake and stress levels in T2DM patients. Abstrak: Diabetes melitus terjadi apabila ada kenaikan kadar glukosa darah yang diakibatkan dari penurunan sekresi atau aktivitas kerja hormon insulin. Salah satu penyakit yang komorbid terhadap COVID-19 yaitu diabetes melitus. Penderita DM memiliki kekhawatiran terhadap COVID-19 karena akan dapat berakibat pada kesehatan psikososial. Stres yang dialami oleh penyandang DM dapat berdampak pada gangguan pengontrolan glukosa. Adanya peningkatan kadar glukosa akan mengubah asupan makanan dan terjadi penurunan berat badan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeta

Background: Knee OA can affect mobility in the elderly causing pain and impaired functional ability. This study aims to analyze the effect of aquatic therapy on functional ability in knee osteo­arthritis patients based on the results of a number of previous primary studies..Subject and Method: This study was conducted using a meta-analysis method with articles searched using the search keywords "knee osteoarthritis" OR "osteoarthritis genu" AND "aquatic therapy" OR "hydrotherapy" OR "water exercise" AND "functional ability" OR "WOMAC" AND "Randomized Controlled Trial” OR “RCT” from PubMed, google scholar and science direct and processed using RevMan 5.3.Results: 9 RCT articles that fit into the inclusion criteria, with a total of 573 samples. Knee OA patients receiving aquatic therapy had a mean WOMAC score of 1.22 units lower than those without aquatic therapy, and the effect was statistically significant (SMD = -1.22; 95% CI -2.03 to -0.41; p = 0.003). In other words, aquatic therapy is effective in improving functional ability in knee OA patients.Conclusion: Aquatic therapy has an effect on increasing functional ability in knee osteoarthritis patients.Keywords: Osteoarthritis, aquatic therapy, WOMAC indexCorrespondence: Wita Hana Puspita. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: wita.tj0408@gmail.com. Mobile: +628164837959.Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2022), 07(02): 138-149https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2022.07.02.03

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 is the most common type of diabetes caused by insulin resistance and relative deficiency of insulin secretion. Several studies have shown inconsistent results regarding the effect of Zingiber officinale powder in patients with type 2 DM. As a result of these inconsistencies, researchers are compelled to prove the effect of Zingiber officinale powder on fasting blood sugar (GDP) and HbA1c levels in type 2 DM patients through a meta-analysis study.Subject and Method: This study is a meta-analysis of a number of randomized controlled trials. The articles were obtained from the PubMed, Science Direct, Springerlink and Google Scholar databases published in 2012-2022. The search articles were carried out by considering the feasibility of the criteria determined using the PICO model. Population: type 2 DM patients, Intervention: Zingiber officinale rhizome powder, Comparison: placebo, Outcome: GDP and HbA1c levels. The keywords used are “Zingiber officinale” OR “Zingiber” OR “Z. officinale” OR “Ginger” AND “Fasting blood glucose” AND “HbA1c” OR “A1c” OR “Glicemic” OR “Glucose” OR “Diabetes Mellitus” OR “type 2 diabetes mellitus” AND “Randomized Controlled Trial”. Article selection with PRISMA flow diagram. Analysis of articles using the Revman 5.3 application.Results: A total of 11 articles were reviewed in this study. Analysis of 11 articles showed that administration of Zingiber officinale rhizome powder could significantly reduce GDP levels in type 2 DM patients (Standardized Mean Difference (SMD)= -0.79; 95% CI= -1.32 to -0.26; p= 0.004). Analysis of 10 articles showed that administration of Zingiber officinale rhizome powder could significantly reduce HbA1c levels (SMD = -0.38; 95% CI= -0.55 to -0.22; p<0.001).Conclusion: Zingiber officinale rhizome powder can significantly reduce GDP and HbA1c levels in type 2 DM patients.Keywords: Zingiber officinale, diabetes mellitus tipe 2, GDP, HbA1cCorrespondence: Fajar Novianto. Master

Background: The COVID-19 lockdown has an impact on the daily lives of people with type 1 diabetes, including restrictions on physical activity, changes in diet, difficulty contacting health care providers and concerns about drug supplies. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on blood sugar control in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients.Subjects and Method: This research is a meta-analysis study using PRISMA flowchart guide­lines. The PICO model used is Population= type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. Intervention = COVID-19 lockdown. Comparison = before the COVID-19 lockdown. Outcome = HbA1c. The article search process was carried out between 2019 and 2022 using online databases from PubMed, Springer Link and Google Scholar. The keywords used in the article search were “Quarantine” OR “Quarantines” OR “Stay at Home Orders” OR “Health Lockdowns” OR “Self-Quarantine” OR “Self-Quarantine” AND “Diabetes Mellitus” OR “Diabetes Insipidus” OR “Diabetic” OR “Glucose Intole­rance” AND “Glycemic Control” OR “Blood Glucose Control”. The inclusion criteria used in this study were full paper articles with cohort studies, using English or Indonesian, the intervention given was COVID-19 lockdown, and the outcome was blood glucose level (HbA1C) in diabetes mellitus patients.The analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software.Results: A total of 11 articles reviewed in the meta-analysis showed that the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown decreased HbA1c levels by 0.23 compared to before the COVID-19 lockdown in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and was statistically significant (SMD= -0.23; 95% CI -0.29 to -0.18; p<0.001).Conclusion: COVID-19 lockdown reduces HbA1c levels compared to before COVID-19 lockdown in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients.Keywords: COVID-19 lockdown, type 1 diabetes mellitus, HbA1c.Correspondence: Yeocelin Mega Pratiwi. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jalan Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Jawa

Background: Tuberculosis or TB is a disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. There are several comorbidities that experience severity and death when infected with tuberculosis or TB, namely hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, cerebrovascular disease, and other diseases. This study aims to estimate the magnitude of the risk of death in Tuberculosis patients undergoing treatment with comorbid Diabetes Mellitus, with a meta-analysis of primary studies conducted by previous authors.Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis with the following PICO, population: Tuberculosis patients. Intervention: comorbidities of chronic diabetes mellitus. Comparison: without comorbid diabetes mellitus. Outcome: death. The articles used in this study were obtained from three databases, namely Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct. Key­words to search for articles “Tuberclosis” OR TBC AND “Diabetes Mellitus” OR DM AND Mortality OR Death The included full-text articles are in English with a cohort study design from 2007 to 2021 and report the adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) in a multivariate analysis. Article selection is done by using PRISMA flow diagram. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: A total of 12 cohort studies involving tuberculosis patients undergoing treatment from America, Europe, Africa and Asia were selected for a systematic review and meta-analysis. The data collected showed tuberculosis patients undergoing treatment with comorbid Diabetes Mellitus had a 1.68 times risk of death compared to COVID-19 patients without comorbid chronic kidney disease (aOR = 1.68; 95% CI = 1.42 to 1.99; p<0.001).Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus comorbidity increases the risk of death in tuberculosis patients undergoing treatment.Keywords: Diabetes Melitus, Tuberculosis, mortalityCorrespondence: Hakim Anasulfalah. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl

Background: Based on the reported cases, 16.9% of COVID-19 patients were accompanied by comorbidities. Hypertension and smoking are suspected to be one of the pathological determinants that play a role in clinical predictors that are predicted to cause a worsening of the patient's condition during the treatment period. This study aimed to examine correlations between hypertension, smoking, and severity risk of COVID-19.Subjects and Method: Meta-analysis was carried out using PRISMA flow diagrams. Article searches through journal databases include: PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar. articles used in 2020-2022. The PICOs in this study were, Population: COVID-19 patients, Intervention: hypertension and smoking Comparation: not hypertension and not smoking, Outcome: severity of COVID-19. The keywords in this study were “hypertention” OR “high blood pressure” AND “severe COVID-19” OR “severty COVID-19” OR “patient COVID-19 outcome” “cigarette” OR “smoking” OR “current smoker” OR former smoker” AND “severe COVID-19” OR “severty COVID-19” OR “patient COVID-19 outcome” Inclusion criteria were articles used in full paper articles with a cohort design, relationship size used with aOR, intervention given the association of hypertension and smoking on the severity of COVID-19. Eligible articles were analyzed using the Revman 5.3 application.Results: A meta-analysis of 12 cohort articles originating from Asia, America, Africa, Europe, concluded that COVID-19 treatment patients with hypertension had higher severity 1.82 times compared to those without hypertension (aOR= 1.82; 95% CI= 1.18 to 2.79; p=0.006). Likewise, COVID-19 treatment patients with smoking habit had higher severity than those who do not smoke (aOR= 0.62; 95% CI= 0.14 to 2.65; p=0.520).Conclusion: COVID-19 patients with hypertension have an increased risk of severity. COVID-19 patients with smoking lower risk of severity.Keywords: Severe COVID-19, hypertention, cigarette.Correspondence: Lisa Safaah Novia Lar

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee joint has the highest prevalence among all types of rheumatic diseases. The most common symptom of knee OA is pain around the joint. Patients with OA require long treatment, especially using analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Turmeric is efficacious as a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory. This study aims to estimate the magnitude of the effect of turmeric extract (Curcuma domestica) on pain in patients with knee OA compared to placebo and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), based on the results of a number of previous similar studies.Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis with the following PICO, population: patients with knee OA. Intervention: turmeric extract. Comparison: placebo and NSAIDs. Outcome: pain reduction. The articles used in this study were obtained from three databases, namely Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct. Keywords to search for articles: “Knee Osteoarthritis” OR “Knee OA” AND “Curcuma longa” OR “Curcuma domestica” OR “Turmeric extract” AND “Placebo” OR “NSAID” AND “pain” OR “visual analogue scale” OR “ VASE". The articles included are full-text with RCT study designs from 2011 to 2021. The selection of articles is carried out using PRISMA flow diagrams. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: A total of 15 RCT studies were selected for systematic review and meta-analysis. Data collected from 10 studies showed that patients with knee OA who received turmeric extract experienced 1.60 units lower joint pain than placebo (SMD= -1.60; 95% CI= -2.23 to -0.97; p<0.001). Data from 5 studies showed that patients with knee OA who received turmeric extract experienced 0.06 units higher joint pain than NSAIDs. The comparison between the turmeric extract group and the NSAID group did not show any significant difference (SMD= 0.06; 95% CI= -0.10 to -0.22; p= 0.490).Conclusion: Administr

Background: Injectable contraception is the most popular contraceptive method in Indonesia with a user percentage of 63.71% of the coverage of modern family planning users. In addition to the benefits and practicality of its use, this method also has various negative impacts that can endanger the health of the acceptor. This study aims to explore and describe the acceptor's response to the negative impacts experienced as a form of responsibility for the health of the acceptor.Subjects and Method: This study was conducted using descriptive qualitative method with triagulation analysis technique that connects empirical facts. The dependent variable is injectable family planning. The independent variables are responsibility, patriarchal culture, and decision making. The study was conducted on 18 informants who are injection family planning acceptors in Timor Tengah Selatan Regency.Results: The informants do not mind experiencing the negative impacts of using injectable contraceptives and prioritize the benefits and practicality of their use. The low level of education of informants is a problem in receiving and digging information. Limited access to information is also hindered by the lack of infrastructure to reach health facilities. The high pressure of patriarchal culture is one of the decision-making factors and the high number of injecting family planning users.Conclusion: The acceptor's lack of information regarding the contraceptive method used is a barrier in responding to the negative impacts experienced. Keywords: women's responsibility, injectable family planningCorrespondence: Putu Sri Rahayu. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: ayuwijaya28895@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285338760005.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2022), 07(03): 261-267https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2022.07.03.03

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that is developing into a serious global problem. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by an increase in blood levels that are more than the normal reference. In type 2 DM generally occurs due to reduced insulin secretion and sensitivity over time. Control of blood sugar levels can improve the patient's quality of life. This study aimed to analyze the effect of curcuma longa rhizome extract on fast­ing blood sugar levels and HbA1C in patients with type 2 diabetes.Subjects and Method: This was a meta-analysis of a number of randomized con­trolled trials. The articles were obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, Springerlink, BMJ, and Sci­encedirect data­bases, published from 2010-2020. The article search was carried out by con­sidering the eligibility criteria defined using the PICO model. P: Type 2 diabetes patients, I: Cur­cuma longa rhizome extract, C: Placebo, and O: Fasting blood sugar levels and HbA1C. The keywords to find articles are as follows: "Curcuma longa", OR "Curcu­min" OR "Tume­ric" OR "Curcuma" AND "Fast­ing blood glu­cose" AND "HbA1C" OR "Glice­mic" OR "Dia­betes Mellitus" AND "Rando­mized Controll Trials". Articles were collected using PRISMA flow diagrams. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: A total of 14 articles were reviewed in this study. Meta-analysis of 12 articles showed that the curcuma longa rhizome extract reduced fasting blood sugar levels (Stan­dar­dized Mean Diffe­rence= -0.48; 95% CI= -0.61 to -0.34; p <0.001). The meta-analysis of 11 articles showed that admi­nis­tration of curcuma longa rhizome extract decreased HbA1C levels (Standardized Mean Difference= -0.40; 95% CI= -0.59 to -0.20; p <0.001). This meta-ana­ly­sis combines primary studies from Iran, Japan, Thailand, China, Mexico, Brazil, and AustraliaConclusion: Curcuma longa rhizome extract reduces fasting blood sugar and HbA1C levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.Keywords: Curcuma lo

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic disease, requires continuous monitoring and treatment to have a better quality of life. Telemonitoring is a medium that may help in monitoring patients with type 2 DM. This study aimed to analyze the effect of using telemonitoring on blood sugar levels and quality of life of patients with type 2 DM with a meta-analysis study.Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted with PRISMA flow diagram. The arti­cles were collected through journal databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and ProQuest, published in 2000-2021. The keywords used were ("tele­medicine" OR "tele-monitoring" OR "tele-monitoring") AND ("diabetes" OR "diabetes mellitus" OR "diabetes mellitus type 2") AND ("glucose level") AND ("quality of life"). The searching of articles used the PICO model. Population: people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Intervention: telemonitoring, Comparison: not using telemonitoring, Outcome: blood sugar level and quality of life. Inclusion criteria were full-text articles with Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) study design, published in English, with the effect measure of Mean SD. Eligible articles were analyzed using Revman 5.3.Results: A meta-analysis of 11 primary studies on the use of telemonitoring of blood sugar level showed a decrease in blood sugar (HbA1c) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes by 0.20 times compared to not using telemonitoring (SMD= -0.20; 95% CI= -0.39 to -0.01; p= 0.040). A meta-analysis of 6 primary studies on the use of telemonitoring on quality of life showed an increase in quality of life in type 2 diabetes patients by 0.16 times compared to not using telemonitoring (SMD= -0.16; 95% CI= -0.29 to -0.03; p= 0.020).Conclusion: Telemonitoring can improve blood sugar levels and the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes.Keywords: telemonitoring, type 2 diabetes mellitus, quality of life, meta-analysisCorrespondence: Anisa Asri Sholih

Background: An increase in type 2 diabetes and related risk factors, which include increased rates of obesity, an unhealthy diet, and a lack of physical activity. One category of intervention to prevent diabetes in adults that has developed rapidly in recent years is family-based intervention. The family is also the party that helps each member in maintaining health, such as meeting the needs of eating, drinking, bathing, resting, recreation, sports, and others. This study aims to estimate the magnitude of the effect of family-based intervention on improving the quality of life of patients with diabetes mellitus.Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted using PRISMA flow diagrams. Search articles through journal databases including: PubMed, Science Direct, Google Schoolar and SpingerLink by selecting articles published in 2010-2020. The PICOs of this study are, Population: diabetes mellitus patients, Intervention: family-based intervention, Comparison: not family-based intervention, Outcome: quality of life. The keywords used are “family-based intervention” OR “family-based program” OR “family-based treatment” OR “family-based” OR “home-based intervention” OR “household-based intervention” AND “quality of life” AND “diabetes mellitus” AND RCT OR “randomized controlled trial” OR “cluster-randomized controlled trial. The inclusion criteria were full paper articles with Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) research methods, the measure of the relationship used was Mean SD, the intervention given was family-based intervention, the research subjects were patients with diabetes mellitus. Eligible articles were analyzed using the Revman 5.3 application.Results: A meta-analysis of 10 articles showed the results of Family-Based Intervention (SMD 0.23; 95% CI= -0.08 to 0.53; p=0.140).Conclusion: Family-Based Intervention has an effect on improving the quality of life of patients with diabetes mellitus.Keywords: family-based intervention, quali

Background: Bullying can cause feelings of insecurity in adolescents with reduced social support and the need for acceptance in the environment and peers is not fulfilled. 16.8% of teenagers who are involved in cyberbullying have a risk of depression. Depressive disorders are common in adolescents, with a prevalence approaching 5.6% in adulthood. This study aims to examine the effect of bullying on depression in adolescents.Subjects and Method: This research is a meta-analytical study and a systematic review. The articles used were obtained from several electronic databases including PubMed, Science Direct and ProQuest. The articles used in this study are articles that have been published from 2010-2021. The research data search process used the search words “bullying and depression”, “bullying and depression and adolescent and cross-sectional study”, “bullying and depression and adolescent and cross-sectional study and adjusted odd ratio”.Results: The results of the meta-analysis study in this study contained 9 articles consisting of Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Seychelles, United States, Massachusetts, Bosnia and Canada. Bullying can increase the risk of depressive disorder in adolescents (aOR= 2.43; 95% CI= 1.87 to 3.15; p<0.001).Conclusion: Bullying affects the risk of depression in adolescents.Keywords: teens, bullying, depressionCorrespondence: Fitriah. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: fitriahbaharuddin@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282350701936.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2021), 06(02): 112-121DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2021.06.02.04

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 or known as COVID-19 was a disease caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There are seven comorbidities that experience the most severity and death when infected with COVID-19, namely hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer. This study aimed to estimate the magnitude of the risk of death in COVID-19 patients with comorbid chronic kidney disease, with a meta-analysis of primary studies conducted by previous authors.Subjects and Method: This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis with the following PICO, population: COVID-19 patients. Intervention: comorbid chronic kidney disease. Compa­rison: no comorbid chronic kidney disease. Outcome: death. The articles used in this study were obtained from three databases, namely Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct. Keywords to search for articles “Chronic Renal Disease” OR “Chronic Kidney Disease” AND COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 AND Mortality OR Death. The articles included are full-text English with a cohort study design from 2020 to 2021 and report on adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) in multivariate analysis. Article selection is done by using PRISMA flow diagram. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: A total of 12 cohort studies involving 234,124 COVID-19 patients from America, Europe and Indonesia were selected for a systematic review and meta-analysis. The data collected showed that COVID-19 patients with comorbid chronic kidney disease had a 4.61 times risk of death compared to COVID-19 patients without comorbid chronic kidney disease (aOR= 4.61; 95% CI= 3.30 to 6.45; p<0.001)Conclusion: Chronic kidney disease increases risk of death in COVID-19 patients.Keywords: chronic kidney disease, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, mortalityCorrespondence: Isna Nur Rohmah. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret.

Background: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become the highest priority of global pandemic. New and repurposed drugs are being tested on mild to moderate levels of COVID-19 to help suppress transmission of the virus. Ivermectin is one of the repurposed drugs with known safety records with more than 2.5 billion doses dispensed in the past. This study aims to estimate the effectiveness of ivermectin in reducing the risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients based on the results of a number of previous similar studies.Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis. This study used secondary data in the form of data from previous study results. A systematic and comprehensive database search was carried out through several databases including: PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Springer Link. Analysis of this study was using RevMan 5.3 software. This study used the eligibility criteria with the PICO model, populations: covid-19 patients, intervention: ivermectin administration, comparison: patients without ivermectin, outcome: mortality in COVID-19 patients. The inclusion criteria used were full paper in English and Indonesian with a randomized controlled trial, including the number of deaths, and the primary study was conducted in a hospital. The keywords used to search the database were “ivermectin” AND “COVID-19” OR “SARS-COV-2” AND “mortality” OR “death” AND “randomized controlled trial”. Meta Analysis using RevMan 5.3 with Fixed Effect Model (FEM).Results: Based on the results of the analysis, there is homogeneity of data between studies (I2= 0%; p= 0.940) so that the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) is used. The use of ivermectin in COVID-19 patients reduced the median risk of death by 0.46 times compared to patients who were not given ivermectin (aOR= 0.46; CI 95%= 0.29 to 0.72; p<0.001).Conclusion: Ivermectin is effective in reducing the average risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients.Keywords: COVID-19, Ivermectin, MortalityCorr

Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona­virus 2 (SARSCoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 is a new type of coronavirus that has never been pre­vi­ously identified in humans. Globally, 213 countries (as of August 11, 2020) are facing serious consequences from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to ana­lyze the magnitude of the relationship of hyper­tension, gender, and older age to COVID-19 mortality with a meta-analysis study. Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by follow­ing the PRISMA flow diagram. The article search process is carried out through a journal database which includes: PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, and PMC Europe by selecting articles published in 2020-2021. The keywords used included: “sex” OR “gender” AND “older age” AND “hypertension” AND “mortality” OR “death” OR “fatal outcome” OR “Predictors outcome” OR “Impact” AND “coro­navirus” OR “Covid-19” OR “SARS-COV-2” OR “2019 n-Cov” OR “severe acute respira­tory syn­drome related coronavirus”. The inclu­sion cri­teria were full text articles with a retro­spec­tive cohort study design. The article is in English, and the analysis used is multivariate with adjusted Odds Ratio. Eligible articles were analyzed using the Revman 5.3 app.Results: A total of 20 articles were reviewed in this study. A meta-analysis of 10 retrospective cohort studies showed that hypertension increased COVID-19 mortality by 1.40 times compared with no hypertension (aOR= 1.40; 95% CI= 1.04 to 1.89; p = 0.030). A meta-ana­lysis of 10 retrospective cohort studies showed that males had a 1.42 times increased risk of COVID-19 mortality compared to females (aOR= 1.42; 95% CI= 1.20 to 1.67; p<0.001). Meta-analysis of 7 retrospective cohort studies showed that old age has a 3.42 times increased risk of COVID-19 death compared to younger age (aOR=4.15; 95% CI= 2.35 to 7.32; p <0.001).Conclusion: Hypertension, gen

Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease in the form of a metabolic disorder characterized by blood sugar levels that exceed normal limits. The cause of the increase in blood sugar levels is the basis for grouping the type of Diabetes. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the use of electronic health in patients with diabetes mellitus.Subjects and Method: Meta-analysis was carried out using PICO as follows: The population in this study were patients with diabetes mellitus. Intervention in the form of the use of electronic health. Comparison in the form of direct consultation. The outcome is a decrease in HbA1c levels. Meta-analytical studies were applied to this study with electronic data sources: Google Scholar, MEDLINE/PubMed, Science Direct and ProQuest. The article used is a full-text article with a Randomized Control Trial (RCT) study design. There are 9 articles used in this study with a total sample of 1.137 people who were divided into two groups (568 people in the electronic health group and 569 people in the direct consultation group). Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application. The results of this study aim to determine the Standardized Mean difference (SMD) and the heterogeneity of the research sample.Results: There was a high heterogeneity between one experiment and another (I2=91%; P<0.001) so the Random Effect Model (REM) was used. The use of Electronic Health help reduces HbA1c levels with Standardized Mean Different (SMD) by 0.39 compared to direct consultation (SMD= -0.39; 95% CI = -0.79 to -0.01; p=0.050).Conclusion: The use of electronic health help reduces HbA1c levels in diabetes mellitus patients with Standardized Mean Different (SMD) by 0.39 compared to direct consultation.Keywords: Electronic Health, Diabetes Mellitus, HbA1cCorrespondence:Eni Nur Rahmawati. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: eninur_rahma@udb.ac.id.

Background: Uncontrolled hypertension or high blood pressure is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Non-pharmacological treatment has become an important part of hypertension management. Aerobic exercise and yoga breathing exercise (pranayama) are types of non-pharmacological treatment that have an effect on lowering blood pressure. This study aims to examine the effect of aerobic exercise and yoga breathing exercise (prana­yama) on blood pressure in hypertensive patients.Subjects and Method: The meta-analysis was carried out according to the PRISMA guidelines. Articles with randomized controlled trial study designs published in 2010-2020 were included using databases from PubMed, Science Direct, Research Gate, and Google Scholer. Based on the database, there were 20 articles that met the inclusion criteria. This study involved 1564 subjects which were divided into, 953 aerobic exercise subjects and 611 yoga breathing exercise (pranayama) subjects. The analysis was carried out using RevMan 5.4 software.Results: A total of 20 articles were reviewed in the meta-analysis. A total of 11 articles in the meta-analysis showed a statistically significant effect of the aerobic exercise intervention on reducing systolic blood pressure (SMD = -0.93; 95% CI= -1.33 to -0.53; p< 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (SMD= -0.56; 95% CI= -0.92 to -0.20; p= 0.002). A total of 9 articles conducted meta-analysis showed a statistically significant effect of yoga breathing exercise (pranayama) intervention on reducing systolic blood pressure (SMD= -1.68; 95% CI= -2.52 to -0.84; p< 0.001). There was a statistically insignificant effect on the decrease in diastolic blood pressure (SMD= -0.65; 95% CI= -1.54 to 0.25; p= 0.16).Conclusion: Aerobic exercise and yoga breathing exercise (pranayama) can lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Keywords: Aerobic exercise, yoga breathing exercise, pranayama, blood pressure, hyper­tension, meta analysisCorrespondence: Khairunissa. M

Background: Sexual satisfaction refers to a person's pleasant feelings from the type of sexual relationship that forms an important part of one partner's impression of another. 75% of women experience sexual problems. Symptoms of sexual dysfunction occur in nearly half of the marriage period and 75% of couples need therapy. This study aims to analyze the effect of hypnosis on pain during sexual activity and the intensity of pain.Subjects and Method: This study was a meta-analysis and a systematic study. The arti­cles used were obtained from several elec­tronic databases including Pubmed, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Google Scholar. Articles were collected for 4 weeks. The keywords to search for articles were as follows: "non-medi­cal therapy", "non-medical care", "randomized control trial", "sexual disturbance", "sexual function", "sexual satisfaction". The articles studied were full text articles with an obser­vational research design. Articles were collected using PRISMA diagrams, and analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: The effects of hypnosis on pain during sexual activity (aOR= 3.55; 95% CI= 2.63 to 4.79; p = 0.001) and intensity of pain (aOR= 2.39; 95% CI= 1.96 to 2.82; p= 0.006).Conclusion: Hypnosis can reduce pain during sexual activity and the intensity of pain.Keywords: Hypnosis, sexual dysfunctionCorrespondence: Kumalasari. Masters Program in Public Health Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: logicakinanthi@gmail.com. Mobile: +62812623900900.Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2020), 05(04): 291-298https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2020.05.04.04.

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common occurrence of nerve com­pression. Some cases of CTS have chronic sym­p­toms. The most common complaint is "Noc­turnal Acroparesthesia", which is tingling pain at night. Physiotherapy interventions can be do­ne to relieve complaints of CTS one of which is the use of Kinesio Taping. This study aimed to analyze the effect of Kinesio taping on the re­d­uction of pain in patients with carpal tunnel syn­drome from some previous studies.Subjects and Method: This was a systematic and meta-analysis study. The study used the PICO model as follows Population=Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Intervention= Gi­­ven Kinesio Taping, Comparison= Not Given Kinesio Taping, and Outcome=Reductionof Pa­in. The articles used in this study were obtained from several databases including PubMed, Sci­enceDirect, and Google Scholar. The articles we­re collected in a month. The keywords for sear­ching the articles were as follows: "kinesio taping" OR "kinesio tape" OR "pain" OR "carpal tunnel syndrome" AND "Randomized Control­led Trial". The articles included in this study we­re full-text articles with a randomized con­trol­led trial study design. The articles were collected using PRISMA flow diagrams and ana­lyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 ap­p­l­i­cation.Results: The total of seven articles reviewed in this meta-analysis study was from Turkey, Po­land, the Republic of Korea, Egypt, and the USA. The studies showed that giving KT could reduce pain in CTS and it was statistically very significant (Standardized Mean Difference= -1.21; 95% CI= -2.14 to -0.28; p<0.01).Conclusion: Kinesio Taping can reduce pain in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.Keywords: kinesio taping, reduction of pain, carpal tunnel syndrome.Correspondence: Cahyo Setiawan, Masters Program In Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: setiawan.cahyo10@gmail.com.Mobile Pho­ne: 089693257305.Indonesian Journa

Background: Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus have a high risk of serious compli­cations. Complications resulting from diabetes can be minimized and prevented by imple­menting self-care behavior. The study revealed that one of the factors that affect self-care acti­vity is family support. The correlation of family support with self-care activity has been exten­sively investigated in several primary studies with several contradictions in the results. This study aimed to determine the correlation between family support and self-care activity in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus using the meta-analysis method.Subjects and Method: This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was carried out by systematically reviewing articles published from 2010 to 2020 from the Pubmed, Google Scholar, DOAJ, and Springer Link databases using search key­words, namely ("Family Support" OR "Social Support") AND ("Self Management "OR" Self Care ") AND" Diabetes Mellitus Type 2". Article searches were carried out using PICO. The study population was people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Intervention/exposure was getting family support compared to not getting family support, and the outcome was diabetes mellitus self-care. The search for articles was carried out for one month. The articles included in this study were full-text articles with a cross-sectional design. Articles were reviewed using the PRISMA flow diagram guidelines. Articles analyzed using Revman 5.3 Software.Conclusion: People with type 2 diabetes mellitus with good family support will increase self-care activity 2.22 times compared to people with type 2 diabetes mellitus who do not get family support. (aOR = 2.22 (95% CI = 1.84-2.68; p <0.001) The study of 7 articles originated from Africa.Keywords: family support, self-care, diabetes mellitus type 2Correspondence: Dian Dini Islami. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Centra

Background: Corona Virus Deases 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the corona virus. COVID-19 is currently a challenge for diabetes patients. Diabetes mellit­us predisposes to a very severe disease course and increases the risk of death from COVID-19. This study aims to estimate the average mag­ni­tude of the effect of diabetes mellitus comor­bi­dity on the risk of death of COVID-19 patients.Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis. This research was conducted using secondary data that will be conducted by searching and selecting data from the results of clinical trials conducted around the world. Search for articles through syste­matic and comprehensive databases from Pub­med, Google Scholar, Springer Link. The ana­lysis in this study was carried out using the Review Manager 5.3 software. The results of the analysis are the effect size, heterogeneity and then the study model. Variations between studies are used to determine the analysis model which is divided into two models, namely the fixed effect model (FEM) and the random effect model (REM).Results: Based on the results of the analysis, there was high heterogeneity between experi­ments (I2= 85%; p= 0.04), so that the Random Effects Model (REM) was used. COVID-19 patients with comorbid diabetes mellitus were 2.17 times more likely to die than patients without comorbid diabetes mellitus (aOR 2.17; 95% CI 1.04 to 4.54).Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus co-morbidity increases 2.17 times the risk of death in COVID-19 patients compared to patients without dia­betes mellitus comorbidity.Keywords: COVID-19, Comorbidity, Diabetes Mellitus, DeathCorrespondence: Utin Ilma Agni Kun'ain. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: utinilmaagni8p@gmail.com. Mobile: +628111044542.Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2020), 05(04): 368-377https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2020.05.04.12.

Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic disorder first diagnosed during pregnancy. According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) in 2006, GDM occurred in 7% of pregnancies each year. Family history of diabetes is an important risk factor for GDM. The relationshipbetween family history of DM and GDM has been inves­tigated in several primary studies with several contradictions in the outcome. There­fore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between family history of diabetes and GDM using a meta-analysis method.Subjects and Method: The meta-analysis was conducted by systematically reviewing articles published from 2007 to 2020 from the Pubmed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and ResearchGate databases. The keywords were "Risk factor" OR "family history" OR "family history DM") AND "GDM" AND "cross sectio­nal". The article search was carried out using PICO: the study population was pregnant women, the intervention/exposure was family history of DM, the comparison was no family history of DM, and the outcome was GDM. The article search was carried out for one month. The articles included in this study were full-text articles with a cross-sectional design. The arti­cles were reviewed using the PRISMA flow diagram guidelines. This study used Revman 5.3 Software to analyze the articles.Results: Family history of DM increased the risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (aOR= 2.02; 95% CI= 1.54 - 2.67; p<0.001). This study used 11 articles from Ethiopia, Cameroon, Peru, Iran, Pakistan, Malaysia, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and India.Conclusion: Family history of diabetes melli­tus increases the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus.Keywords: Gestational diabetes mellitus, Family history of diabetesCorrespondence: Ummu fatihah Ammutammima. Masters Pro­gram in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: ummuftha64@­gmail.­com. Mobile: 081717252573.Indonesian Journal of Medicin

Background: Child development problems are problems that need attention. A child can experience developmental delays in one or more developmental domains. It usually occurs in infants who born prematurely. In Indonesia, data from the Ministry of Health states that there are 675,700 premature infants in Indo­nesia. This study aimed to examine the effect of premature births on language delay in children using a meta-analysisSubjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis. The articles used in this study were obtained from several databases including PubMed, Wiley, Springer Link, Else­vier, BMC Pediatrics and Google Scholar. The articles used in this study were those published from 2000-2020. The article search was carried out by considering the eligibility criteria defined using the PICO model. The population in the study were children with intervention in the form of babies born prematurely, the com­parison was that babies born at term, the outcome was language delay. The keywords for searching articles are as follows: (preterm OR "short gestational ages" OR SGA OR prema­ture) AND "language delay" AND child AND observational AND aOR. The articles included in this study are full text articles with an obser­vational study design. Articles were collected using PRISMA flow diagrams. Articles were ana­lyzed using the Review Manager 5.3.Results: A total of 8 articles from the Ame­ricas, Europe, Asia and Australia were reviewed in this study. The meta-analysis combining 8 cohort studies concluded that preterm infants caused language delay in children 1.65 times as much as non-nomal children (aOR= 1.65, 95% CI= 1.11 to 2.44, p= 0.010).Conclusion: Infants born prematurely expe­rience delays in language development.Keywords: premature birth, language development delay Correspondence: Alfiani Vivi Sutanto. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Su­ta­mi 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: alfianivivi85@gmail.com. Mobile

Background: Basic health research shows that the prevalence of non-communicable diseases has in­creased, including cancer, stroke, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. The impact of these changes can cause one of them to decrease the quality of life of patients. Stroke in individuals can cause several changes including physical, social and psychological changes that will affect the quality of life. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of the quality of life of pa­tients post stroke.Subjects and Method: This study was a cross sectional study conducted at Surakarta City Hos­pital, from September to October 2019. The sample used was 200 patients post stroke. The sam­pling technique used purposive sampling. The dependent variable was the quality of life of patients post stroke. The independent variables were age, gender, employment status, patient income, fa­mi­ly income, attack status, post-stroke comorbidity, duration of illness, marital status, family sup­port, level of functional disorders, and depression status. The data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis with the Stata 13 program.Result: The quality of life of post-stroke patients increased directly in patients with married status (b=1.79; 95% CI=0.24 to 3.35; p=0.024), have a job (b=1.93; 95% CI=0.13 to 3.72; p=0.035), good fa­mily support (b=2.17; 95% CI=0.46 to 3.88; p=0.013), and mild functional disorders (b=1.68; 95% CI=0.11 to 3.25; p=0.036). Quality of life decreased directly in patients aged ≥60 years old (b=-1.99; 95% CI=-3.80 to -0.17; p=0.032), female gender (b=-1.74; 95% CI=-3.28 to -0.19; p= 0.027), stro­­kes more than 1 time (b=-1.87; 95% CI=-3.59 to -0.15; p=0.033), sick ≥6 months (b=-2.12 ; 95% CI=-3.87 to -0.36; p=0.018), have comorbidities (b=-1.96; 95% CI=-3.67 to -0.24; p= 0.025), and de­pression (b=-1.40; 95% CI=-2.97 to 0.16; p=0.078). Quality of life was indirectly affected by age, ill­ness, marital status, family support