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1. The Simons Observatory: Design, Integration, and Testing of the Small Aperture Telescopes

Author

Nicholas Galitzki, Tran Tsan, Jake Spisak, Michael Randall, Max Silva-Feaver, Joseph Seibert, Jacob Lashner, Shunsuke Adachi, Sean M. Adkins, Thomas Alford, Kam Arnold, Peter C. Ashton, Jason E. Austermann, Carlo Baccigalupi, Andrew Bazarko, James A. Beall, Sanah Bhimani, Bryce Bixler, Gabriele Coppi, Lance Corbett, Kevin D. Crowley, Kevin T. Crowley, Samuel Day-Weiss, Mark J. Devlin, Simon Dicker, Brooke DiGia, Peter N. Dow, Cody J. Duell, Shannon M. Duff, Remington G. Gerras, John C. Groh, Jon E. Gudmundsson, Kathleen Harrington, Masaya Hasegawa, Erin Healy, Shawn W. Henderson, Johannes Hubmayr, Jeffrey Iuliano, Bradley R. Johnson, Brian Keating, Ben Keller, Kenji Kiuchi, Anna M. Kofman, Brian J. Koopman, Akito Kusaka, Adrian T. Lee, Richard A. Lew, Lawrence T. Lin, Michael J. Link, Tammy J. Lucas, Marius Lungu, Aashrita Mangu, Jeffrey J McMahon, Amber D. Miller, Jenna E. Moore, Magdy Morshed, Hironobu Nakata, Federico Nati, Laura B. Newburgh, David V. Nguyen, Michael D. Niemack, Lyman A. Page, Kana Sakaguri, Yuki Sakurai, Mayuri Sathyanarayana Rao, Lauren J. Saunders, Jordan E. Shroyer, Junna Sugiyama, Osamu Tajima, Atsuto Takeuchi, Refilwe Tanah Bua, Grant Teply, Tomoki Terasaki, Joel N. Ullom, Jeffrey L. Van Lanen, Eve M. Vavagiakis, Michael R Vissers, Liam Walters, Yuhan Wang, Zhilei Xu, Kyohei Yamada, and Kaiwen Zheng

Subjects
Cosmic microwave background radiation, Millimeter astronomy, Ground telescopes, Telescopes, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

The Simons Observatory (SO) is a cosmic microwave background survey experiment that includes small-aperture telescopes (SATs) observing from an altitude of 5200 m in the Atacama Desert in Chile. The SO SATs will cover six spectral bands between 27 and 280 GHz to search for primordial B-modes to a sensitivity of σ ( r ) = 0.002, with quantified systematic errors well below this value. Each SAT is a self-contained cryogenic telescope with a 35° field of view, 42 cm diameter optical aperture, 40 K half-wave plate, 1 K refractive optics, and 12,000 transition edge sensor detectors. We describe the nominal design of the SATs and present details about the integration and testing for one operating at 93 and 145 GHz.

Published
2024
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2. Symmetric Time-Division-Multiplexed SQUID Readout With Two-Layer Switches for Future TES Observatories

Author

Malcolm Durkin, Scott Backhaus, Simon R. Bandler, James A. Chervenak, Ed V. Denison, William B. Doriese, Johnathon D. Gard, Gene C. Hilton, Richard A. Lew, Tammy J. Lucas, Carl D. Reintsema, Daniel R. Schmidt, Stephen J. Smith, Joel N. Ullom, Leila R. Vale, Michael R. Vissers, and Nicholas A. Wakeham

Subjects
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Published
2023
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3. Assembly Development for the Simons Observatory Focal Plane Readout Module

Author

Aamir M. Ali, Kam Arnold, Jason E. Austermann, James A. Beall, Jake Connors, Shannon M. Duff, Gene Hilton, Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho, Johannes Hubmayr, Bradley R. Johnson, Yaqiong Li, Michael J. Link, Tammy J. Lucas, Maximiliano Silva-Feaver, Michael R. Vissers, and Edward J Wollack

Subjects
Optics
Abstract

The Simons Observatory (SO) is a suite of instruments sensitive to temperature and polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) to be located at Cerro Toco in the Atacama Desert in Chile. Five telescopes, one large aperture telescope and four small aperture telescopes, will host roughly 70,000 highly multiplexed transition edge sensor (TES) detectors operated at 100 mK. Each SO focal plane module (UFM) couples 1,764 TESes to microwave resonators in a microwave multiplexing (μMux) readout circuit. Before detector integration, the100 mKμMux components are packaged into multiplexing modules (UMMs), which are independently validated to ensure they meet SO performance specifications. Here we present the assembly developments of these UMM readout packages for mid frequency (90/150 GHz) and ultra high frequency (220/280 GHz) UFMs.

Published
2020
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4. Assembly development for the Simons Observatory focal plane readout module

Author

Sarah Marie Bruno, Zhilei Xu, Michael D. Niemack, Kam Arnold, Aamir Ali, Johannes Hubmayr, Benjamin Westbrook, Nicholas F. Cothard, Tammy J. Lucas, Kaiwen Zheng, Maximiliano Silva-Feaver, Jason E. Austermann, Bradley Dober, Shannon M. Duff, Michael J. Link, Erin Healy, Eve M. Vavagiakis, Suzanne T. Staggs, Steve K. Choi, B. R. Johnson, Nicholas Galitzki, Jake Connors, Rita Sonka, Heather McCarrick, James A. Beall, Gene C. Hilton, Yuhan Wang, Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho, Yaqiong Li, Edward J. Wollack, and Michael R. Vissers

Subjects
Physics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), business.industry, Detector, Cosmic microwave background, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Multiplexing, Orthomode transducer, Optics, Cardinal point, Observatory, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Transition edge sensor, business, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Microwave, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The Simons Observatory (SO) is a suite of instruments sensitive to temperature and polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) to be located at Cerro Toco in the Atacama Desert in Chile. Five telescopes, one large aperture telescope and four small aperture telescopes, will host roughly 70,000 highly multiplexed transition edge sensor (TES) detectors operated at 100 mK. Each SO focal plane module (UFM) couples 1,764 TESes to microwave resonators in a microwave multiplexing (uMux) readout circuit. Before detector integration, the 100 mK uMux components are packaged into multiplexing modules (UMMs), which are independently validated to ensure they meet SO performance specifications. Here we present the assembly developments of these UMM readout packages for mid frequency (90/150 GHz) and ultra high frequency (220/280 GHz) UFMs.

Published
2022
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5. The Simons Observatory Large Aperture Telescope Receiver

Author

Zhu, N, Bhandarkar, T, Coppi, G, Kofman, A, Orlowski-Scherer, J, Xu, Z, Adachi, S, Ade, P, Aiola, S, Austermann, J, Bazarko, A, Beall, J, Bhimani, S, Richard Bond, J, Chesmore, G, Choi, S, Connors, J, Cothard, N, Devlin, M, Dicker, S, Dober, B, Duell, C, Duff, S, Dünner, R, Fabbian, G, Galitzki, N, Gallardo, P, Golec, J, Haridas, S, Harrington, K, Healy, E, Patty Ho, S, Huber, Z, Hubmayr, J, Iuliano, J, Johnson, B, Keatin, B, Kiuchi, K, Koopman, B, Lashner, J, Lee, A, Li, Y, Limon, M, Link, M, J Lucas, T, Mccarrick, H, Moore, J, Nati, F, Newburgh, L, Niemack, M, Pierpaoli, E, Randall, M, Perez Sarmiento, K, Saunders, L, Seibert, J, Sierra, C, Sonka, R, Spisak, J, Sutariya, S, Tajima, O, Teply, G, Thornton, R, Tsan, T, Tucker, C, Ullom, J, Vavagiakis, E, Vissers, M, Walker, S, Westbrook, B, Wollack, E, Zannoni, M, Ningfeng Zhu, Tanay Bhandarkar, Gabriele Coppi, Anna M. Kofman, John L. Orlowski-Scherer, Zhilei Xu, Shunsuke Adachi, Peter Ade, Simone Aiola, Jason Austermann, Andrew O. Bazarko, James A. Beall, Sanah Bhimani, J. Richard Bond, Grace E. Chesmore, Steve K. Choi, Jake Connors, Nicholas F. Cothard, Mark Devlin, Simon Dicker, Bradley Dober, Cody J. Duell, Shannon M. Duff, Rolando Dünner, Giulio Fabbian, Nicholas Galitzki, Patricio A. Gallardo, Joseph E. Golec, Saianeesh K. Haridas, Kathleen Harrington, Erin Healy, Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho, Zachary B. Huber, Johannes Hubmayr, Jeffrey Iuliano, Bradley R. Johnson, Brian Keatin, Kenji Kiuchi, Brian J. Koopman, Jack Lashner, Adrian T. Lee, Yaqiong Li, Michele Limon, Michael Link, Tammy J Lucas, Heather McCarrick, Jenna Moore, Federico Nati, Laura B. Newburgh, Michael D. Niemack, Elena Pierpaoli, Michael J. Randall, Karen Perez Sarmiento, Lauren J. Saunders, Joseph Seibert, Carlos Sierra, Rita Sonka, Jacob Spisak, Shreya Sutariya, Osamu Tajima, Grant P. Teply, Robert J. Thornton, Tran Tsan, Carole Tucker, Joel Ullom, Eve M. Vavagiakis, Michael R. Vissers, Samantha Walker, Benjamin Westbrook, Edward J. Wollack, Mario Zannoni, Zhu, N, Bhandarkar, T, Coppi, G, Kofman, A, Orlowski-Scherer, J, Xu, Z, Adachi, S, Ade, P, Aiola, S, Austermann, J, Bazarko, A, Beall, J, Bhimani, S, Richard Bond, J, Chesmore, G, Choi, S, Connors, J, Cothard, N, Devlin, M, Dicker, S, Dober, B, Duell, C, Duff, S, Dünner, R, Fabbian, G, Galitzki, N, Gallardo, P, Golec, J, Haridas, S, Harrington, K, Healy, E, Patty Ho, S, Huber, Z, Hubmayr, J, Iuliano, J, Johnson, B, Keatin, B, Kiuchi, K, Koopman, B, Lashner, J, Lee, A, Li, Y, Limon, M, Link, M, J Lucas, T, Mccarrick, H, Moore, J, Nati, F, Newburgh, L, Niemack, M, Pierpaoli, E, Randall, M, Perez Sarmiento, K, Saunders, L, Seibert, J, Sierra, C, Sonka, R, Spisak, J, Sutariya, S, Tajima, O, Teply, G, Thornton, R, Tsan, T, Tucker, C, Ullom, J, Vavagiakis, E, Vissers, M, Walker, S, Westbrook, B, Wollack, E, Zannoni, M, Ningfeng Zhu, Tanay Bhandarkar, Gabriele Coppi, Anna M. Kofman, John L. Orlowski-Scherer, Zhilei Xu, Shunsuke Adachi, Peter Ade, Simone Aiola, Jason Austermann, Andrew O. Bazarko, James A. Beall, Sanah Bhimani, J. Richard Bond, Grace E. Chesmore, Steve K. Choi, Jake Connors, Nicholas F. Cothard, Mark Devlin, Simon Dicker, Bradley Dober, Cody J. Duell, Shannon M. Duff, Rolando Dünner, Giulio Fabbian, Nicholas Galitzki, Patricio A. Gallardo, Joseph E. Golec, Saianeesh K. Haridas, Kathleen Harrington, Erin Healy, Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho, Zachary B. Huber, Johannes Hubmayr, Jeffrey Iuliano, Bradley R. Johnson, Brian Keatin, Kenji Kiuchi, Brian J. Koopman, Jack Lashner, Adrian T. Lee, Yaqiong Li, Michele Limon, Michael Link, Tammy J Lucas, Heather McCarrick, Jenna Moore, Federico Nati, Laura B. Newburgh, Michael D. Niemack, Elena Pierpaoli, Michael J. Randall, Karen Perez Sarmiento, Lauren J. Saunders, Joseph Seibert, Carlos Sierra, Rita Sonka, Jacob Spisak, Shreya Sutariya, Osamu Tajima, Grant P. Teply, Robert J. Thornton, Tran Tsan, Carole Tucker, Joel Ullom, Eve M. Vavagiakis, Michael R. Vissers, Samantha Walker, Benjamin Westbrook, Edward J. Wollack, and Mario Zannoni

Abstract

The Simons Observatory is a ground-based cosmic microwave background experiment that consists of three 0.4 m small-aperture telescopes and one 6 m Large Aperture Telescope, located at an elevation of 5300 m on Cerro Toco in Chile. The Simons Observatory Large Aperture Telescope Receiver (LATR) is the cryogenic camera that will be coupled to the Large Aperture Telescope. The resulting instrument will produce arcminute-resolution millimeter-wave maps of half the sky with unprecedented precision. The LATR is the largest cryogenic millimeter-wave camera built to date, with a diameter of 2.4 m and a length of 2.6 m. The coldest stage of the camera is cooled to 100 mK, the operating temperature of the bolometric detectors with bands centered around 27, 39, 93, 145, 225, and 280 GHz. Ultimately, the LATR will accommodate 13 40 cm diameter optics tubes, each with three detector wafers and a total of 62,000 detectors. The LATR design must simultaneously maintain the optical alignment of the system, control stray light, provide cryogenic isolation, limit thermal gradients, and minimize the time to cool the system from room temperature to 100 mK. The interplay between these competing factors poses unique challenges. We discuss the trade studies involved with the design, the final optimization, the construction, and ultimate performance of the system.

Published
2021

6. Erratum: 'The Simons Observatory Large Aperture Telescope Receiver' (2021, ApJS, 256, 23)

Author

Ningfeng Zhu, Tanay Bhandarkar, Gabriele Coppi, Anna M. Kofman, John L. Orlowski-Scherer, Zhilei Xu, Shunsuke Adachi, Peter Ade, Simone Aiola, Jason Austermann, Andrew O. Bazarko, James A. Beall, Sanah Bhimani, J. Richard Bond, Grace E. Chesmore, Steve K. Choi, Jake Connors, Nicholas F. Cothard, Mark Devlin, Simon Dicker, Bradley Dober, Cody J. Duell, Shannon M. Duff, Rolando Dünner, Giulio Fabbian, Nicholas Galitzki, Patricio A. Gallardo, Joseph E. Golec, Saianeesh K. Haridas, Kathleen Harrington, Erin Healy, Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho, Zachary B. Huber, Johannes Hubmayr, Jeffrey Iuliano, Bradley R. Johnson, Brian Keating, Kenji Kiuchi, Brian J. Koopman, Jack Lashner, Adrian T. Lee, Yaqiong Li, Michele Limon, Michael Link, Tammy J Lucas, Heather McCarrick, Jenna Moore, Federico Nati, Laura B. Newburgh, Michael D. Niemack, Elena Pierpaoli, Michael J. Randall, Karen Perez Sarmiento, Lauren J. Saunders, Joseph Seibert, Carlos Sierra, Rita Sonka, Jacob Spisak, Shreya Sutariya, Osamu Tajima, Grant P. Teply, Robert J. Thornton, Tran Tsan, Carole Tucker, Joel Ullom, Eve M. Vavagiakis, Michael R. Vissers, Samantha Walker, Benjamin Westbrook, Edward J. Wollack, and Mario Zannoni

Subjects
Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Published
2021
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7. The Simons Observatory Microwave SQUID Multiplexing Detector Module Design

Author

Shannon M. Duff, Sarah Marie Bruno, Kaiwen Zheng, Jason E. Austermann, Heather McCarrick, Suzanne T. Staggs, Zachary Atkins, Sara M. Simon, Michael D. Niemack, Megan Gralla, D. Dutcher, Johannes Hubmayr, John A. B. Mates, Bradley R. Johnson, Zachary B. Huber, Leila R. Vale, Nicholas F. Cothard, Jake Connors, A. M. Kofman, Steve K. Choi, Kam Arnold, Nicholas Galitzki, Tammy J. Lucas, Jeff Van Lanen, Kevin D. Crowley, Shawn W. Henderson, Aritoki Suzuki, Yuhan Wang, C. Yu, Edward D. Young, Simon Dicker, Edward J. Wollack, Akito Kusaka, Joel N. Ullom, Bradley Dober, Erin Healy, Zeeshan Ahmed, John Orlowski-Scherer, Adrian T. Lee, Jeffrey Iuliano, Cody J. Duell, Yaqiong Li, Joseph Seibert, Robert Thornton, Jon E. Gudmundsson, Josef Frisch, Ningfeng Zhu, Tomoki Terasaki, Zhilei Xu, Jack Lashner, Tanay Bhandarkar, James A. Beall, Michael J. Link, Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho, Eve M. Vavagiakis, Maximiliano Silva-Feaver, Michael R. Vissers, Gene C. Hilton, Marius Lungu, and Jeff McMahon

Subjects
Physics, Squid, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), biology, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Multiplexing, Optics, Space and Planetary Science, Observatory, biology.animal, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Microwave, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Advances in cosmic microwave background (CMB) science depend on increasing the number of sensitive detectors observing the sky. New instruments deploy large arrays of superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers tiled densely into ever larger focal planes. High multiplexing factors reduce the thermal loading on the cryogenic receivers and simplify their design. We present the design of focal-plane modules with an order of magnitude higher multiplexing factor than has previously been achieved with TES bolometers. We focus on the novel cold readout component, which employs microwave SQUID multiplexing ($��$mux). Simons Observatory will use 49 modules containing 60,000 bolometers to make exquisitely sensitive measurements of the CMB. We validate the focal-plane module design, presenting measurements of the readout component with and without a prototype detector array of 1728 polarization-sensitive bolometers coupled to feedhorns. The readout component achieves a $95\%$ yield and a 910 multiplexing factor. The median white noise of each readout channel is 65 $\mathrm{pA/\sqrt{Hz}}$. This impacts the projected SO mapping speed by $< 8\%$, which is less than is assumed in the sensitivity projections. The results validate the full functionality of the module. We discuss the measured performance in the context of SO science requirements, which are exceeded., Accepted to The Astrophysical Journal

Published
2021
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8. The Simons Observatory: The Large Aperture Telescope (LAT)

Author

Nicholas Galitzki, Michael R. Vissers, Osamu Tajima, Kevin D. Crowley, Karen Perez Sarmiento, Edward J. Wollack, J. Richard Bond, C. Hervias-Caimapo, Simon Dicker, Frederick Matsuda, Shreya Sutariya, Michele Limon, Brian J. Koopman, Saianeesh K. Haridas, D. Kaneko, Andrea Zonca, Federico Nati, Zachary B. Huber, Zhilei Xu, Ningfeng Zhu, Tomoki Terasaki, A. M. Kofman, Robert Thornton, Gabriele Coppi, Samantha Walker, Peter A. R. Ade, Jack Lashner, Jeffrey Iuliano, Tanay Bhandarkar, Rita Sonka, Maximiliano Silva-Feaver, Zachary Whipps, Carole Tucker, Shunsuke Adachi, Michael J. Link, Grace E. Chesmore, Eve M. Vavagiakis, Bradley Dober, Mario Zannoni, Michael D. Niemack, Steve K. Choi, Tammy J. Lucas, Joel N. Ullom, Shannon M. Duff, Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho, Nicholas F. Cothard, Emmanuel Schaan, Johannes Hubmayr, Kathleen Harrington, Mark J. Devlin, Patricio A. Gallardo, Joseph E. Golec, Lucio Piccirillo, Heather McCarrick, Yuji Chinone, Grant Teply, Jon E. Gudmundsson, Jake Connors, J. A. Beall, and John Orlowski-Scherer

Subjects
Physics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, media_common.quotation_subject, Cosmic microwave background, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, General Medicine, Large aperture, Radio spectrum, law.invention, Telescope, Sky, Observatory, law, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Microwave, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, media_common
Abstract

The Simons Observatory (SO) is a Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiment to observe the microwave sky in six frequency bands from 30GHz to 290GHz. The Observatory -- at $\sim$5200m altitude -- comprises three Small Aperture Telescopes (SATs) and one Large Aperture Telescope (LAT) at the Atacama Desert, Chile. This research note describes the design and current status of the LAT along with its future timeline., 4 pages, 1 figure

Published
2021
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