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We studied the effect of feeding young growing pigs a semisynthetic diet containing 7.5% white kidney beans - germinated (GB), pancreatin treated (PTB), or untreated (raw beans RB) - on protein and amino acid (AA) digestibilities at the terminal ileum. Eleven castrated male pigs (12.2 kg live weight) fitted with a post-valve T-cecal cannula and two blood catheters were used. The 15N-isotope dilution method was used to determine the amount of endogenous protein passing the terminal ileum and the true ileal protein digestibility. Ileal crude protein losses in pigs fed the RB, GB, and PTB diets were 51.9, 27.4, and 51.1 g/kg of DMI, respectively. The total amounts of AA passing the terminal ileum of the pigs fed the RB, GB, and PTB diets were 48.6, 21.4, and 42.2 g/kg DMI, respectively. The apparent ileal crude protein and AA digestibilities of the RB, GB, and PTB diets were 74, 87, and 75% and 76, 89, and 78%, respectively. True ileal protein digestibilities were 88, 93, and 93% for the RB, GB, and PTB diets, respectively. On the basis of this research, germination of white kidney beans improves the digestion of protein by decreasing the content of bean antinutritional factors and increasing the bean true ileal protein digestibility. Key Words: Amino Acids, Ileum, Isotope Dilution, Nitrogen, Protein Digestion

Endogenous recoveries and true ileal digestibilities of amino acids were determined in pigs fed cornstarch-based diets with untreated or protease-treated soybean meal as protein sources. Twelve pigs, fitted with a modified post valve T-cecum cannula on d 14, 15, and 16 after birth, were weaned on d 20 and assigned to one of four diets according to a two-period balanced change-over design. Diets consisted of soybean meal 1) untreated (SBM), 2) incubated (1:2 wt/vol in distilled water adjusted to pH 4.5, for 16 h at 50 [degrees] C; CI-SBM), 3) sprayed with protease (1 [Mu]L/g of soybean meal; PS-SBM), and 4) incubated, as for CI-SBM, with protease in the water (PI-SBM) at the same application rate as that for PS-SBM. Each period consisted of 5 d of adaptation to diets followed by collection of ileal digesta on d 6 and 7 to determine the apparent ileal amino acid digestibilities of the diets. On d 9, guanidinated meals were fed, followed by a 24-h continuous collection of digesta. Recoveries of chromic oxide and dysprosium from the guanidinated meals were 96.0 [+ or -] .5 and 94.5 [+ or -] 1.1%, respectively. Endogenous amino acid recoveries were similar (P > .05) for SBM, CI-SBM, and PS-SBM but less (P < .05) for PI-SBM. True digestibilities were also less (P < .05) for PI-SBM than for the other meals. Recoveries of endogenous branched-chain and aromatic amino acids were less (P < .05) during Period 2 than during Period 1, suggesting dietary change- and(or) age-dependent adaptive increases in the secretions of pepsin and pancreatic proteases. In conclusion, protease treatment did not improve the true digestibilities of amino acids in soybean meal fed to newly weaned pigs. Key Words: Pigs, Amino Acids, Proteinases, Digestibility

Apparent ileal digestibilities of amino acids were determined in pigs fed cornstarch-based diets with untreated or protease-treated soybean meal as the protein source. Sixteen pigs were fitted with a modified post valve T-cecum cannula on d 14, 15, and 16 after birth and then returned to their sows until d 20 when they were weaned. Twelve of the pigs were selected for the study, which was conducted according to a two-period balanced change-over design. Treatments consisted of soybean meal that was 1) untreated (SBM), 2) processed by incubation (1:2 wt/vol distilled water adjusted to pH 4.5, for 16 h at 50 [degrees] C; CI-SBM), 3) sprayed with protease (supplied at 1 [Mu]L/g of soybean meal; PS-SBM), and 4) processed by incubation, as for CI-SBM, with protease in the water at the rate of 1 [Mu]L/g of soybean meal (PI-SBM). Each period consisted of 5 d of adaptation to diets followed by three 8-h collection periods (total of 24 h) that alternated with 8-h periods in which digesta were not collected. Apparent CP digestibilities were similar (P > .05) at 70.4, 72.4, 65.2, and 70.3% for the SBM, CI-SBM, PS-SBM, and PI-SBM diets, respectively. Corresponding amino acid digestibilities were also similar (P > .05), ranging from 62.5, 67.5, 57.9, and 65.0% for alanine to 83.5, 83.4, 78.7, and 84.7% for arginine. Apparent digestibilities were less (P < .05) for Period 1 (on d 7 after weaning) than for Period 2 (on d 16 after weaning). In conclusion, protease treatment of soybean meal had no effect on ileal digestibilities of CP and amino acids in newly weaned pigs. Key Words: Pigs, Amino Acids, Proteinases, Ileum, Digestibility

Primary (plant), secondary (animal), and tertiary (human) biological systems are driven by energy, either fossil or renewable energy in biomass. Their ratio shifts from about 10:90 in primary, via 25:75 in secondary, to 90:10 in tertiary systems. Energy input in ruminant production is mainly as plants and plant parts from primary production, and the amount needed per unit product (milk, meat) primarily depends on its digestibility. This is high in young, leafy, whole plants, in roots and tubers, and in reproductive organs (whole seeds) or organ parts (by-products) of mature plants. Use of fossil energy per kilogram of DM for primary production ranges from 1 to 3 MJ in forage to over 8 MJ in concentrate feeds, whereas input per kilogram of milk is 1 to 10 MJ. Biomass energy used in ruminant production contains nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), but in a ratio rarely balanced to the animals requirements. In secondary systems, energy is partitioned between foods of animal origin and waste. The latter contains OM, N, P, K, and gases (C[O.sub.2], [CH.sub.4]), which may cause environmental problems. Losses per kilograms of milk vary and are 10 to 45 g for N, 0 to 3 g for P, and 2 to 20 g for K. Environmental impacts of animal production can be reduced by varying the use of inorganic fertilizer and changing the forage to concentrate ratio. Digestibilities can be improved by proper harvest management. Level and ratio of dietary N, P, and K can be adjusted to requirements by selecting proper ingredients, reducing their loss in waste. Limited scope exists to reduce losses in respiration and fermentation gases. Key Words: Environment, Nutrition, Ruminants, Waste