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Background. There is reason suppose that the concentration of photosynthetic pigments in sphagnum mosses, as in vascular plants, changes throughout the year and varies from species to species. Moreover, hollow sphagnum species have a higher growth and photosynthesis rate than ridge sphagnum species, which suggests the presence of differences in the pigment complex of species from different habitats. Purpose. Evaluation of quantitative changes in the pigment complex of the sphagnum mosses growing in different microclimatic conditions within oligotrophic bogs during the growing season at high latitudes. Materials and methods. The content of photosynthetic pigments in the three Sphagnum species growing in oligotrophic conditions was determined using the photometric method in an acetone extract once a month from May to October. The study was carried out for S. fuscum and S. lindbergii in 2021-2022, and for S. angustifolium only in 2022. Statistical data processing was carried out in Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS Statistics 11. Results. Seasonal and interannual variability in the content of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and their ratios was revealed for the studied sphagnum species. The pigment complex of S. lindbergii and S. angustifolium during the growing season is influenced by the bog water level and air temperature. Changes in the pigment complex of S. fuscum are associated with the amount of precipitation. Conclusion. Apparently, the seasonal and interannual dynamics of the pigment complex of sphagnum mosses is species-specific, but to further verify this statement it is necessary to study other species of sphagnum mosses from the same habitats, since the dynamics may be associated not so much with a peculiar species, but with the ecological conditions of the habitat.

Introduction The study of the kinematic and kinetic parameters of gait in children with achondroplasia would allow a more detailed understanding of the features of their locomotion and determine the strategy of planned treatment. Purpose To evaluate features of locomotor kinematics and kinetics in children with achondroplasia and compare with peers without orthopedic pathology. Materials and methods The locomotor profile was assessed by video gait analysis. Kinematic data were recorded by Qualisys7+ optical cameras (8 cameras) with passive marker video capture technology synchronized with six dynamic platforms KISTLER (Switzerland). The analysis of kinematics and kinetics was carried out in the QTM (Qualisys) and Visual3D (C-Motion) programs with automated calculation of the values of indicators of the total peak power in the joints. Three groups were formed for gait analysis: 1) children 6–7 years old, achondroplasia (6 subjectsle, n = 12 limbs); 2) their peers, children without orthopedic pathology, 6–7 years old (8 subjects, n = 16 limbs); 3) children without orthopedic pathology 3–4 years old similar in height (8 subjects, n = 16 limbs). Results In children with achondroplasia, statistically significant disorder in locomotor kinetics and kinematics were found. The former are associated with a longitudinal deficiency of limb segments and decreased walking speed. The latter are not associated with a longitudinal deficit, but manifested in all planes, namely: an increase in the maximum forward inclination of the pelvis, a flexion position in the hip and knee joints, and dorsal flexion of the ankle joint; increased maximum angle of hip abduction and varus deformity of the knee joint; increased rotational range of motion of the pelvis. Discussion Since the characteristic features of the main gait profile begin to appear in children by the age of 4–5 years, and is associated with the formation of the activity of central and spinal generators that induce the self-organization of motor stereotypes, we believe that the deviations detected in the locomotor kinematics are secondary pathogenetic manifestations of the kinetics due to the longitudinal deficit in limb segments. Conclusion Features of locomotor kinetics in children with achondroplasia are due to the longitudinal deficit of the limb length and are associated with low walking speed. Significant deviations of the locomotor kinematics were not associated with the longitudinal deficit of the segments, but were detected in all planes and are related to the entire biomechanical chain.

Abstract Objective To investigate the association between ultraviolet light index (UVI), as a marker for UV exposure, and seasonality with rash and systemic disease activity in youth with childhood-onset systemic lupus (cSLE) from the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) Registry. Methods We reviewed data on rash and disease activity from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2 K) scores from cSLE CARRA Registry participants with visits between 2010 and 2019 and obtained zipcode level UVI data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Our main exposures were UVI and season during the month of visit and one month prior to visit. We used mixed-effects logistic regression models to examine associations between regional UVI (by zipcode)/season and odds of rash and severe SLEDAI-2 K score (≥ 5 vs. 0–4), adjusting for age, sex, race and income. Results Among 1222 participants, with a mean of 2.3 visits per participant, 437 visits (15%) had rash and 860 (30%) had SLEDAI-2 K score ≥ 5. There were no associations between UVI during the month prior to visit or the month of the visit and odds of rash or elevated systemic activity. However, fall season was associated with increased odds of rash (OR = 1.59, p = 0.04), but not increased disease activity. Conclusion This study found no association between UVI and rash or UVI and disease activity. However, further studies directly measuring UV exposure and accounting for patient-level protective behavioral measures may help to better understand the complex relationship between sun exposure and SLE disease activity.

Introduction There are not enough published studies on the impact of early isolated triceps lengthening operations in hemiparesis on the state of motor characteristics and on the development of orthopedic complications in children with GMFCS II. Purpose Аnalyze motor locomotion in children with spastic hemiplegia who had not previously been operated on and those who had undergone isolated surgical lengthening of the triceps at an early age. Material and methods Four groups of children with spastic hemiplegia according to Rodda et Graham types: I) type 2a gait (4 children), II) type 3 (3 children), III) type 4 (7 children), IV) type 4 with previous triceps lengthening (9 children). Results The features revealed in gait types 2a, 3 and 4 in the sagittal plane correspond to the characteristic and previously described features. In all groups, asymmetric rotational movements of the pelvis and tilt asymmetry in the frontal plane were observed. In the group of early isolated tricep lengthening, a decrease in the moment of force by pushing with the foot at the end of the single-support phase was revealed, in combination with an increase in the moment of forces of knee joint extension in the single-support phase. Discussion Early isolated triceps lengthening that weakens its function leads to a compensatory increase in the work of the knee extensors which is similar to the mechanism to of iatrogenic crouch gait, but does not result in a complete loss of walking function in the conditions of a contralateral healthy limb. Conclusions Movement pathology is present in all three measurement planes in gait types 2a, 3, 4 according to the Rodda et Graham classification. The most pronounced deviations were found in gait type 3. The rotational turn of the pelvis is an initially compensatory mechanism due to intratorsion femur deformity. Isolated triceps lengthening surgeries performed at an early age lead to reduced plantar push strength, increased compensatory work of the knee extensors, and probably do not prevent the orthopedic pathology found in Rodda et Graham's gait type 4.

Objective. To analyze and summarize the data of modern literature on the issues of surgical treatment and natural course of the spine and spinal cord pathology in patients with various types of caudal regression syndrome (CRS). Material and Methods. A systematic review of the literature on the issue of treatment of the spine and spinal cord pathology in patients with CRS was performed. Selection criteria were: articles for the period 2002–2022, original studies of populations/patients with various forms of CRS with a description of treatment methods and long-term results of treatment or observation. A total of 28 articles on the treatment of various forms of CRS with the described results of treatment of 212 patients were analyzed: 29 patients with CRS in combination with open neural tube defects and 183 patients with closed forms of CRS. Evaluation criteria included number of patients, gender, type of spinal cord pathology, type of sacral agenesis, presence of the spine and lower extremities deformities, concomitant pathology, operations performed and their complications, and results. Results. The studied patients underwent the following surgeries on the spine and spinal cord: untethering of the spinal cord, correction and stabilization surgeries on the spine, plasty of the spinal cord herniation, plasty of the terminal meningocele, and removal of the presacarial volumetric mass. The greatest number of complications occurred after operations on the spine and sacrum. The majority of patients (67 %) with sacral agenesis by the end of the follow-up period (average 14 years) walked independently or with the help of devices, and a minority of them (33 %) could not walk. More than half of patients with CRS (67 %) had a neurogenic bladder, urinary incontinence, or suffered from a chronic urinary tract infection. Fecal incontinence and constipation were less common (46 %). Conclusions. Patients with CRS have a good potential for improvement/recovery of walking and pelvic organ dysfunction. This is extremely important to timely carry out multimodality treatment of patients with CRS who have neurosurgical, orthopedic, urogenital and colorectal problems in CRS, and to start early motor rehabilitation and physiotherapy.

Introduction Sagittal and coronal balance of the body cannot be evaluated with the modern programs for musculoskeletal assessment using 3D motion capture and additional software operations are required for the measurements. The objective was to review information capacity and comparability of the quantitative assessments of the dynamic axial balance of the body using radiography and 3D gait analysis. Material and methods Comparative analysis of the information capacity of sagittal and coronal balance using radiographs and 3D gait analysis was performed in adolescents without orthopedic pathology (n = 12); untreated patients with idiopathic scoliosis (n = 53); patients with degenerative disorders of the spine (n = 15). Results Axial balance identified with 3D gait analysis showed dynamic measurements and depended on the posture during recording. There were no significant differences in the balance measurements in the samples in comparison with radiological findings with the medians being almost identical. Correlations between the balances were statistically significant in patients with degenerative disorders of the spine without clinical manifestations and in patients with idiopathic scoliosis without pain, and were not significant in patients with clinical and antalgic manifestations of vertebral pathology. Discussion Absence of statistically significant differences and close central trends in the samples indicated the comparability of the measurements in general population due to sagittal and coronal balance measured in the same patients, at different time points, in different postures and by different methods. However, significant differences in variation and a statistically significant effect of antalgic manifestations on the strength of correlation suggested that the dynamic balance measured with 3D gait analysis were more sensitive and informative to pathogenetic symptoms. Conclusions Algorithms for measurements of the axial balance using 3D gait analysis were comparable with radiographic findings and were much more informative and sensitive to antalgic manifestations of spinal pathology.

In recent years, small peptide and non-peptide AVPI-/Smac-mimetics have been developed as IAP antagonists and are in clinical trials to overcome resistance to apoptosis in various cancer types. In this study, we present molecular modeling studies and in vitro biological evaluation of a set of AVPI-mimetics, including parent AVPI, tetrapeptide AVPI-mimetics and AVPI-conjugates.Combined molecular modeling studies and HYDE analyses provided valuable information regarding the protein–ligand interactions within the binding site of cIAP1-BIR3 and XIAP-BIR3 domains, showing that the binding part of both domains (cIAP1- and XIAP-BIR3) are formed from 22 amino acid residues, and their active part of 11 AAs. Moreover, 5 amino acids are defined common for both targets, namely Lys299, Gly306, Leu307, Trp310, and Trp323. Based on the observed docking models, six amino acid residues for cIAP1-BIR3 and five amino acids for XIAP-BIR3 are recognized actively involved in the formation of H-bonds with the respective ligand. The amino acid sequence 308 (Arg308 in cIAP1-BIR3, Thr308 in XIAP-BIR3), simultaneously forming two H-hydrogen bonds, seems to plays a key role in improvement of binding affinity.Apart from docking results the synthesized set of AVPI-mimetics was tested in vitro using cell biology (MTT assay) and parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA). The results showed that the double modification of AVPI via substitution of Pro3 with Hyp3, as well as elongation of AVPI’s C-terminus by its conjugation with RGD-analogs, significantly increase the antiproliferative effects of AVPI-conjugates on all tested cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, HepG2 and HT-29 cells) compared to the parent AVPI peptide. SARs analysis defined this modification beneficial for the overall biological activity of the AVPI-mimetics and pointed out AVHypI-AgbGD as the most active conjugate with an IC50 of 348 µM for MDA-MB-231, 457 µM for MCF-7, 399 µM for HepG2, and 578 µM for HT-29 cells. Though the calculated IC50 values were still high, we consider AVHypI-AgbGD peptide as a good basis for further modifications. In addition, PAMPA results showed that substitution of Pro with Hyp improved the BBB permeability of AVHypI peptide compared to its parent molecule.

Vinpocetine is a multipurpose medicine with several pharmacological targets. It is known for its neuroprotective properties. Its mechanism of action in brain pathology is due to a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 1, inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels, and a decrease in calcium influx into neurons. Vinpocetine combines high clinical efficacy and safety of use. Therefore it successfully competes in the pharmaceutical market with an ever-increasing number of new medicines. The purpose of the work was to experimentally study the effects of vinpocetine in cats at a dose of 5 mg/kg on the indicators of the acid-base state (ABS) of arterial and venous blood in the simulation of total cerebral ischemia. The effect of vinpocetine on acid-base status indicators should be considered as the most important aspect of its action, contributing to the neuroprotective effect. The paper discusses possible molecular targets and mechanisms for implementing the protective effect of vinpocetine in ischemia, considering its favorable effect on ABS. These new findings may point to increased use of vinpocetine in human cardiovascular diseases accompanied by ABS deterioration.

Abstract Background Lake Baikal, the world’s deepest freshwater lake, contains important numbers of Candidatus Patescibacteria (formerly CPR) in its deepest reaches. However, previously obtained CPR metagenome-assembled genomes recruited very poorly indicating the potential of other groups being present. Here, we have applied for the first time a long-read (PacBio CCS) metagenomic approach to analyze in depth the Ca. Patescibacteria living in the bathypelagic water column of Lake Baikal at 1600 m. Results The retrieval of nearly complete 16S rRNA genes before assembly has allowed us to detect the presence of a novel and a likely endemic group of Ca. Patescibacteria inhabiting bathypelagic Lake Baikal. This novel group seems to possess extremely high intra-clade diversity, precluding complete genomes' assembly. However, read binning and scaffolding indicate that these microbes are similar to other Ca. Patescibacteria (i.e. parasites or symbionts), although they seem to carry more anabolic pathways, likely reflecting the extremely oligotrophic habitat they inhabit. The novel bins have not been found anywhere, but one of the groups appears in small amounts in an oligotrophic and deep alpine Lake Thun. We propose this novel group be named Baikalibacteria. Conclusion The recovery of 16S rRNA genes via long-read metagenomics plus the use of long-read binning to uncover highly diverse “hidden” groups of prokaryotes are key strategies to move forward in ecogenomic microbiology. The novel group possesses enormous intraclade diversity akin to what happens with Ca. Patescibacteria at the interclade level, which is remarkable in an environment that has changed little in the last 25 million years.

The pattern of pathological crouch gait in patients with spastic paralysis is characteristic of diplegic forms and in natural development manifests itself usually after the age of 10-12 years. This pathological gait may develop earlier after early surgical interventions that weaken the triceps of the lower leg, especially the soleus muscle. The heterogeneity of the crouch gait pattern is diverse. Qualitative assessment of the difference in the decompensated crouch pattern, especially associated with stiff-knee gait, according to the graphs of kinematics and kinetics of the joints can be difficult, and quantitative criteria for differentiation have not been reflected in the literature. The purpose of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the quantitative parameters of the compensated, decompensated and associated stiff-knee gait crouch pattern. Materials and methods The assessment of the locomotor profile by 3D gait analysis (3DGA) was carried out in stationary conditions in 27 children (54 limbs) with spastic diplegia, who had previously undergone percutaneous fibromyotomy according to the Ulzibat method, or open lengthening of the Achilles tendon. The mean age at the time of the survey was 13.0 (8–17) years. Control group: 19 children without orthopedic pathology (38 limbs) of the same age. Three groups of changes within the crouch gait pattern, recorded on separate limbs, were distinguished: I – model of the crouch pattern of the “compensated” type (n = 30); II – model of the crouch pattern of the "decompensated" type (n = 14); III – models of crouch pattern of the "stiff-knee" type (n = 10). Results An analysis of the evaluation of the models of compensated, decompensated, and stiff-knee patterns of crouch gait revealed criteria for their differentiation in terms of quantitative indicators of kinematics and kinetics. GPS: compensated and decompensated crouch gait up to 25.0, stiff-knee gait – more than 25.0. The angle of maximum dorsiflexion of the foot in the stance phase: compensated and decompensated crouch pattern up to 35.0°, stiff-knee crouch pattern – more than 35.0°. Knee joint extension range: compensated crouch over 11.0°, stiff-knee gait up to 6.0°. Flexion knee joint range: compensated crouch more than 11.0°, stiff-knee gait – up to 6.0°. The strength of the leg extensor muscles during the formation of the support push: compensated and decompensated crouch less than 1.0 H*m/kg, stiff-knee – more than 1.0 N*m/kg. The strength of the leg flexor muscles in the midstance period: compensated crouch less than 0.25 H*m/kg, stiff-knee – more than 0.75 N*m/kg. Absorption power (negative) of the knee joint: compensated and decompensated crouch more than 0.9 W/kg, stiff-knee less than -0.9 W/kg. Useful peak power of the joints: compensated and decompensated crouch patterns – more than 0.40 W/kg, stiff‑knee gait – less than 0.40 W/kg. Conclusions The development of the crouch gait pattern in the absence of a tertiary compensatory deviation (torso tilt) can be formed with or without a decrease in the power of the joints. The decompensated and compensated types of the crouch pattern have a significant difference in the kinematics of the knee joint and in the duration of the internal moment of extension, while the power parameters of the joints do not have significant differences. Stiff-knee associated crouch pattern is the most severe type in which all the power parameters of the joints are decreased. The manifestation of the severity of this pathological pattern may vary between the right and left limbs of the individual.

Introduction. Currently, there is an increasing importance of microbial associations in the pathogenesis of genital inflammatory diseases. However, the issues of deciphering the taxonomic affiliation and the diagnostic significance of the bacteria detected in this case remain unresolved. The aim of the study was to review the diagnostic significance of the quantitative approach in determining the etiological role of microorganisms in andrology. Materials and methods. For the study, samples of ejaculate and/or discharge from the urethra from 15 men who were in infertile marriages, 12 with a confirmed diagnosis of "acute genital gonococcal infection" were used. The testing included a classic bacteriological study and the metagenomic analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA samples carried out at the Department of Collection Cultures of the State Research Center for Applied Microbiology (Obolensk). To standardize the distribution of samples into groups based on the indicators of alpha diversity and the concentration of putrescine, the range of variation and the average linear deviation were used. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was carried out using Excel software (MS Office package). Results. The microbial landscape of the ejaculate was characterized by the predominance of representatives of the genera Enterococcus, Neisseria, Lactobacillus, Corynebacterium, Prevotella, Bacteroides. Stable associations of E. faecalis and M. osloensis were detected in the ejaculate. When using the cultural method, representatives of the genus Moraxella were not isolated in any sample. It was shown that discrepancies can affect not only quantitative indicators, but also reveal inconsistencies between the qualitative assessment of detected genetic markers and the results of identification in a bacteriological study of individual representatives of similar or phenotypically similar taxa. Discussion. The results of this study indicate that the lesser diversity of opportunistic pathogens gives them more opportunities to realize their pathogenic potential. On the other hand, in a complex community with greater alpha diversity, its realization is hindered by a complex intermicrobial relationships and the need to survive. Conclusion. As a result, it seems that the most promising approach is the integrated use of cultural methods and metagenomics with a comparative statistical analysis of the obtained qualitative and quantitative indicators.

A review of Kaimal, Padma. Opening Kailasanatha: The Temple in Kanchipuram Revealed in Time and Space. Seattle: The University of Washington Press, 2020, 288 pages, 62 b&w illus., 19 color plates, ISBN: 9780295747774. An important contribution to South Asian architectural history, this book is well worth reading for both its content and methodology. Through a complex interweaving of thick description and analysis, Kaimal destabilizes traditional ways of approaching temples and invites readers to encounter the goddess through multiple historical frames.

The aim of this prospective study of a continuous cohort was to investigate anatomical and functional disorders, as well as their combination with manifestations of pathological changes in the articular cartilage of the knee joint in patients with cerebral palsy and a gait pattern classified as crouch gait. Materials and methods The study cohort consisted of 24 patients (20 men and 4 women) with cerebral palsy who had completed natural long bone growth (ages 16 to 42 years). Clinical, X-ray data, results of magnetic resonance imaging, computer analysis of gait, as well as visual assessment of articular cartilage according to Outerbridge were studied in two groups of patients: with natural development of crouch gait (group 1) and with iatrogenic crouch gait (group 2). Results According to the KSS questionnaire, in group 1, four patients (28.6 %) had a satisfactory function of the knee joint, and 10 patients (71.4 %) had poor function. Pain in the knee joint was reported by 12 patients (85.7 %). In the second group, two patients (20 %) had a satisfactory function, and the remaining eight (80 %) a poor one; pain syndrome was reported in 8 cases (80 %). Local articular cartilage defects were found in 6 out of 14 examined patients (42.9 %) in group 1 and in 6 out of 10 examined patients (60 %) in group 2. More pronounced efforts and high energy intensity of walking were found in patients with iatrogenic crouch gait: a more significant moment of force acting on flexion in the knee joint at initial contact, as well as a more pronounced pelvic tilt, combined with significant energy requirements to overcome the maximum flexion and extension moments in the hip joints. For the group of iatrogenic crouch gait, additional factors were found that predispose to pain and arthrosis of the knee joint: stiff knee gait (“frozen knee”), the shift of the generated energy towards the knee and hip joints. Conclusions The crouch gait pattern is heterogeneous in terms of the mechanisms, radiological features of foot deformities, and parameters of computer analysis of gait. An increase in power generation at the level of the hip joints is a common phenomenon in crouch gait, but with the natural development of this gait pattern, a large degree of power generation is also preserved at the level of the ankle joint, while in iatrogenic crouch gait, a decrease in the power generation of the ankle joint and, as a result, the developed increased power at the level of the knee joint contributes to the progression of arthritic degenerative changes. Damage to the articular surfaces of the knee joint is a manifestation of early arthritic changes and requires correction along with the standard elements of surgical intervention in the crouch gait pattern.

Recently, there have been increasing an interest to study a role of polyamines in intercellular interactions, especially in the focus of inflammation, where accumulation of such polycations is observed. In this regard, products of microbial origin cadaverine and putrescine are of particular attention. The role of polyamines as scavengers of free radicals has been described, but no data of their effect on the leukocyte radical-producing activity have been obtained so far. The aim of the investigation was to study features of hydroxyl radical generation by human leukocytes exposed to microbe-derived polyamines. Materials and methods. Peripheral venous blood samples were obtained from 20 healthy donors. To assess radical production, a luminol-dependent chemiluminescence reaction was carried out with blood leukocytes pre-incubated with cadaverine (0.01 M) and putrescine (0.01 M), measured on a Luminoskan Ascent Thermo Labsystems luminometer (USA) for 180 min. For statistical analysis, an integral chemiluminescence index was used for the entire measurement period (RLU). Results and discussion. It was shown that cadaverine has a stimulating effect on the leukocyte potential to produce radicals (averaged area under the curve is 6.70.7 r.u., p 0.05). Putrescine had little effect on the radical-producing activity of human cells (2.80.4 r.u., p 0.05). This might be due to the direct influence of polycations on the mechanisms of radical generation, as well as increased activity of leukocyte diamine oxidase catalyzing the conversion of diamines into aminoaldehyde, which is accompanied by the release of hydrogen peroxide reacting with luminol. In addition, the enzyme inactivates other compounds, such as histamine leading to formation of a less pronounced clinical picture. Polyamines, particularly cadaverine and putrescine, can be referred to the factors remodeling the metabolic activity of the host leukocytes, which is aimed at maintaining the viability and increasing the number of microorganisms. Conclusion. Thus, cadaverine and putrescine produced by microorganisms, depending on the conditions of the microenvironment, might be evidently considered as mediators of the mild or asymptomatic course of inflammatory diseases, which contributes to underlying persistent potential of bacteria.

Purpose To determine the normative values of the kinetic parameters of gait in healthy children in different speed ranges of movement. Materials and methods Locomotor profile assessment by video gait analysis (CGA) was performed on an outpatient basis in 27 children (54 limbs), aged 10–13 years. The following variables were used and processed: peak negative hip, knee and ankle power (W/kg) (relaxation); peak positive power of the hip, knee and ankle (support push) joints (W/kg) (generation); the total positive and total negative power was calculated(for the hip, knee and ankle joints); total peak power; net peak power values and overall mechanical efficiency. Kinetics indicators were generalized according to the ranges of ranking of the absolute walking speed (km/h), taking into account the weight of patients. Quantitative characteristics are presented in the table as a median, percentile range of distribution of values (25÷75 %) and the number of observations (n) equal to the number of limbs. Results The normative kinetic parameters of gait are presented at a speed of movement in the range from 1.1 to 5.0 km/h in healthy children aged 10–13 years. A strong correlation was found between the values of the power of the reference shock during the formation of the reciprocal inhibition reflex of the shin sprain and the speed parameters of movement (r = -0.925, n = 142 and p < 0.001). To change the speed of movement, the motor locomotor stereotype was changed with the redistribution of the load from one joint muscle to another. If the share of the contribution of the power of the muscles of the hip joint increased, on average, by 10.8 %, and of the knee joint – by 15.3 %, then the share of the contribution of the ankle joint decreased by 16.8 %. Discussion In locomotor stereotypes in the examined children, a significant positive correlation was found between walking speed and the total (r = 0.907, n = 104) and useful peak power (r = 0.475, n = 104) of the joint muscles, while the maximum median values of the useful total peak the power of all joint muscles was recorded at a speed of movement in the range from 3.1 to 4.0 km/h.

Recurrent pyogenic effusion combined with bilateral pneumothorax is a rare complication associated with the COVID−19 infection. Current article presents the case report of a 68-year-old male with the severe community-acquired bilateral polysegmental viral COVID−19 pneumonia. Chest radiography on the 15th day after admission to the hospital showed the presence of air and pleural effusion in the right pleural cavity with collapse of the right lung. Thoracentesis and thoracostomy in the sixth intercostal space on the mid-axillary line were performed. About 1400 ml of a yellowish opaque liquid were evacuated from the pleural cavity. Pleural fluid analysis confirmed an exudative lymphocytic-rich effusion with no growth of acid-fast bacteria (AFB). In the pleural fluid such gram-negative bacteria as Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were cultured. Chest computed tomography obtained on the third day after thoracentesis showed radiological sings of bilateral hydropneumothorax. Needle thoracocentesis and new pleural drainage in the second intercostal space on the right midclavicular line were established. Five days later after the second drainage of the pleural space was initiated the patient was diagnosed with pleural empyema and transferred to the Surgical Clinic. This case report highlights that in patients with COVID-19 recurrent pyogenic effusion combined with bilateral pneumothorax may occur.

Redox potential and acidity are widely used to describe soil processes and to assess the state of soils, including peat soils. This study aimed to identify the main trends in the change of peat physicochemical properties with depth below the surface of a peat deposit. The research was carried out on the Ilas bog complex, Russia, which is typical for the South White Sea bog province. Changes in peat indicators (Eh, pH, botanical and elemental composition, the number of viable cells of the main groups of aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms) with depth demonstrated that the redox regime of the studied peat deposit corresponded to the moderately reduced class of organogenic soils with Eh range 100–400 mV. There was an increase in pH (from 3.3 to 4.3) and a non-monotonic decrease in Eh (from 340 to 220 mV) with increasing depth within the deposit (up to 360 cm). These results were consistent with data on the elemental composition of peat and the number of viable cells of the main groups of aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms. The stratigraphic zoning of the peat deposit of a typical boreal raised bog will serve as a theoretical basis for assessing the transformation of wetland ecosystems resulting from anthropogenic pressure or climatic changes within this geographical region.

Previously, the main studies were focused on viruses that cause disease in commercial and farmed shellfish and cause damage to food enterprises (for example, Ostreavirusostreidmalaco1, Aurivirus haliotidmalaco1 and Aquabirnavirus tellinae). Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have extended the studies to natural populations of mollusks (and other invertebrates) as unexplored niches of viral diversity and possible sources of emerging diseases. These studies have revealed a huge diversity of mostly previously unknown viruses and filled gaps in the evolutionary history of viruses. In the present study, we estimated the viral diversity in samples of the Baikal endemic gastropod Benedictia baicalensis using metatranscriptomic analysis (total RNA-sequencing); we were able to identify a wide variety of RNA-containing viruses in four samples (pools) of mollusks collected at three stations of Lake Baikal. Most of the identified viral genomes (scaffolds) had only distant similarities to known viruses or (in most cases) to metagenome-assembled viral genomes from various natural samples (mollusks, crustaceans, insects and others) mainly from freshwater ecosystems. We were able to identify viruses similar to those previously identified in mollusks (in particular to the picornaviruses Biomphalaria virus 1 and Biomphalaria virus 3 from the freshwater gastropods); it is possible that picorna-like viruses (as well as a number of other identified viruses) are pathogenic for Baikal gastropods. Our results also suggested that Baikal mollusks, like other species, may bioaccumulate or serve as a reservoir for numerous viruses that infect a variety of organisms (including vertebrates).

Regeneration of periodontal tissues requires an integrated approach to the restoration of the periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone surrounding the teeth. Current strategies in endogenous regenerative dentistry widely use biomaterials, in particular the decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), to facilitate the recruitment of populations of resident cells into damaged tissues and stimulate their proliferation and differentiation. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effect of the exogenous components of the extracellular matrix (hyaluronic acid, laminin, fibronectin) on the differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) cultured with dECM (combinations of decellularized tooth matrices and periodontal ligament) in a 3D collagen I hydrogel. The immunohistochemical expression of various markers in PDLSCs was assessed quantitatively and semi-quantitatively on paraffin sections. The results showed that PDLSCs cultured under these conditions for 14 days exhibited phenotypic characteristics consistent with osteoblast-like and odontoblast-like cells. This potential has been demonstrated by the expression of osteogenic differentiation markers (OC, OPN, ALP) and odontogenic markers (DSPP). This phenomenon corresponds to the in vivo state of the periodontal ligament, in which cells at the interface between bone and cementum tend to differentiate into osteoblasts or cementoblasts. The addition of fibronectin to the dECM most effectively induces the differentiation of PDLSCs into osteoblast-like and odontoblast-like cells under 3D culture conditions. Therefore, this bioengineered construct has a high potential for future use in periodontal tissue regeneration.

Radiography of the spine makes it possible to assess disorders in the global sagittal balance of the spine only in statics. Therefore, the assessment of the dynamic sagittal balance according to the data of three-dimensional (3D) gait analysis including the balance of the trunk in general (in the sagittal and frontal planes) and the lumbosacral area, in particular, and determination of the compensatory mechanisms employed by the patient while walking due to the body segments and limbs, is getting more topical. Foreign publications on these topics in the last decade in the search resources of PubMed, e-Library, Cochrane Library and Scholar Google are not numerous, and there are no domestic ones at all, that, in turn, requires an independent detailed study. Purpose Primary analysis of the literature with the identification of methods and criteria for assessing the dynamic balance of the body. Materials and Methods In preparation of the review, the search and information resources of PubMed, eLibrary, Cochrane Library and Scholar Google were used. In the resources of the scientific e-Llibrary, there are no publications on the sagittal dynamic balance, that, in turn, requires an independent detailed analysis. Results and Discussion The postural model that considers the trajectory of movement of the center of mass (CoP) below foot was used to assess the dynamic sagittal balance. It is possible to evaluate the compensatory mechanisms for maintenance of dynamic sagittal balance basing only on the data of three-dimensional (3D) analysis of gait motions. Compensated / decompensated condition of the dynamic balance was defined according to the data of the ground reaction in 3 planes, the motions of the chest with regards to the pelvis, and according to the evaluation of the frontal vertical alignment (CVA-G) and sagittal vertical alignment (SVA-G). Conclusion The standard medical block for 3D gait analysis allows to perform quantitative estimation of compensatory mechanisms for sagittal imbalance, such as in-phase / antiphase coordination pattern of the trunk with regards to the pelvis; the compensated / decompensated condition of the dynamic balance according to the Ground Reaction data in three planes; and compensatory mechanisms, manifested in the parameters of the kinetics and kinematics of the lower limb joints. Assessment of dynamic sagittal balance is carried out in laboratories, where there is a software with an additional calculation option. Two main directions were proposed for its formation, taking into account either the maximum approximation to the X-ray criterion, or to the anatomical position of the center of mass.

In this work, the corrosion resistance of AISI 321 stainless steel is increased through. the two-stage implantation of oxygen ions and of both aluminum and boron ions together. During ion implantation, a modified layer with a thickness of about 200 nm is formed, which affects the properties of material. The increase in corrosion resistance is confirmed by prolonged acid corrosion tests at pH 3.5 and by accelerated electrochemical tests using a potentiostat. The corrosion rate of the implanted sample is 0.708 μA/cm2, in contrast to the non-implanted sample (1.26 μA/cm2). The modified surface layer is examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Aluminum and boron are implanted to a depth of more than 250 nm. It is found that the modified surface of the stainless steel substrate contains oxides of implanted ions (Al2O3) and oxides of substrate ions (Cr2O3 and NiCr2O4).

Thrombotic complications are the most significant factors determining the prognosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Markers for assessing the risk of thrombosis are the number of leukocytes, platelets, hemoglobin level, hematocrit, age, molecular status, history of thrombosis, obesity, arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hereditary or acquired thrombophilia. The pathogenesis of thrombosis in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms is complex and multifactorial. In most cases, the etiological factor remains unknown. Currently, antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy is carried out on an individual basis. The algorithm for primary and secondary (after thrombosis) prevention requires development and testing. We present a clinical case of repeated arterial and venous thrombotic complications in a patient with primary myelofibrosis.

The article examines the mechanisms of organizing verbal constructs that manifest the linguopragmatic structure of texts in modern Russian political communication. A special class of figurative means of political language stands out – tropofigures. Tropofigures include irony and parcelling, which are characterized, on the one hand, by formal-semantic ambivalence and, on the other hand, by an apparent idiostylistic touch. The proposed methodological framework of the study aimed at the identification and systematic characterization of the categorical features of these synergetic linguistic signs, facilitated the description of the ways of their exemplification in political interactions. The authors established that the tropofigures of irony and parcelling ornamentally form the antinomy of the identity / non-identity of the sign and the object (semasiological discrepancy between the logical and grammatical organization of the syntagma). The tropofigures not only organize the expressive-pragmatic center of political discursive practice but also fulfill the function of a verbal marker of the cognitive mechanisms of text formation, which allow the participant to present their communicative goal setting in a certain way. The authors emphasized that the tropofigures of irony and parcelling are transformed from means of enhancing expressiveness into markers of the idiomental process and set a different social perception. The results of the linguistic rhetorical research indicate new mechanisms of convergence / divergence of semantic constructs in various political interactions and, as a result, linguocultural “reaccentuation” of sign-symbolic and axiological constituents of the political institution in the modern Russian-speaking space.

Introduction There is a lack of studies analyzing the molecular aspects of body functioning in purulent complications of bone tissue. The purpose of the review was to explore the serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in patients with high-energy trauma complicated with infection. Material and methods The study included 36 individuals who sustained a high-energy injury. The participants were identified as no-infection patients (Group I) and those who developed infection during treatment (Group II). Enzyme immunoassay was employed to quantify VEGF with Thermofisher immunoassay analyzer (USA). The study was performed according to the methodology from the R & D Systems kit manual (Angiopoietin-1 and -2 (Ang-1, Ang-2)), platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF-AB, PDGF-BB), Invitrogen (epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), RayBiotech (macrophage stimulating protein (MSP), Biomerika Inc. (Calcitonin-calciotonin) USA) and Immunodiagnostic (bone sialoprotein (BSP) (Germany). HITACHI HI Vision Avius ultrasound scanner was used to explore vessels of the soft tissues and the periosteum at the site of regeneration (defect). Results There were no differences in the serum growth factor levels among the participants by gender. Patients of Group II showed 60% reduction in the Ang-2 and VEGF concentration as compared with that in the no-infection group. The serum EGF concentration was 1.6 times higher in individuals suffering from complications of high-energy trauma than in no-infection patients. There were no significant differences in platelet-derived growth factor PDGF-AB, PDGF-BB between the groups. Сhanges in the VEGF concentration were confirmed by the results of Doppler ultrasonography. Conclusion The findings suggest that the VEGFs examined can be additional diagnostic and prognostic markers for the cohort of patients.

The evolution of a positively charged metallic macroparticle placed into the low-temperature plasma is considered. The influence of the value of the initial macroparticle charge on the dynamics of the electrical potential and temperature of the macroparticle, as well as the possibility of evaporation of a macroparticle due to its interaction with plasma particles are studied. The system of equations of the energy balance and the current balance based on the OML theory, that takes into account the changing of macroparticle potential and its temperature over the time is solved numerically. The solution of the system of equations shows the evolution of the macroparticle potential and temperature within the time interval from the moment when the macroparticle is placed in the plasma until the moment the macroparticle has charged to the floating potential. The positive charge of the macroparticle excludes the thermionic emission and secondary electron emission from the macroparticle surface, as well as the mechanisms of cooling of the macroparticle associated with these emission processes. Analytical expressions that determine the macroparticle potential, the electron current on the macroparticle, as well as the power transferred by plasma electrons in the case when the energy of attraction of electrons to the macroparticle strongly exceeds the energy of thermionic electrons, the energy of secondary electrons and the energy of plasma ions are obtained. A simplified system of equations of the energy balance and the current balance for a positively charged macroparticle is solved; the solution of the simplified equations matches with the solution of the general equations in the region of positive values of the macroparticle potential. Calculations show that during the charging of the macroparticle, its temperature increases up to the boiling point of the macroparticle substance. An equation that determines the conditions under which evaporation of macroparticles is possible has been obtained and solved numerically. The possibility of evaporation of macroparticles of a given size (critical value of the radius) due to initial charging to high positive values of potential is shown. The dependencies of the critical value of the radius on the initial value of the potential for tungsten and copper macroparticles that can be evaporated in a low-temperature plasma are obtained. These solutions bound the region of the parameters where evaporation of a macroparticle is possible and where it is not. The critical values of the potential for copper and tungsten particles with sizes of 0.1 and 1 μm are calculated. The dependence of the radius of a macroparticle on time during the process of vaporization is obtained.

The article considers the influence of dialectal layer of the languages by means of incorporating vernaculars into the lexical system of the literary language. It is stated that substandard verbs most frequently get the status of colloquial verbs due to their expressive semantic content or to their wider area of usage. The material for the analysis was 24 substandard verbal lexemes recorded in the explanatory and dialectal dictionaries of the Russian language and found in the speech of native speakers of the literary language. Data on the use of these units were obtained from recordings of the speech of residents of Perm and cities of Perm Krai (the total duration of the audio is about 30 hours). The research is based on the description of the semantic and functional-stylistic potential of vernacular vocabulary. The dynamics of stylistic characteristics of a word is described on the basis of the data recorded in lexicographic publications of different years. It is shown that the transition of words from one subsystem of the Russian language to another is a natural and logical process that contributes to the enrichment of the vocabulary of the Russian language. It has been confirmed that vernacular is a transitional space between dialects and literary language.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of multilevel interventions in patients with spastic diplegia and crouch gait. Materials and methods The study cohort consisted of 39 patients (10 females, 29 males). The average age of the patients was 16.3 ± 4.29 years (range, 7 to 26 years). In 19 cases, the GMFCS level was III, in 16 cases it corresponded to level II and in 4 cases to level I. The gait study data were analyzed in two groups of patients. In group 1, patients did not have any previous orthopedic interventions, and the crouch gait pattern was considered to have developed naturally (15 patients). In group 2, patients underwent previous operations on the tendon-muscular apparatus (in other medical institutions) such as fibromyotomy (16 patients) or open lengthening of the Achilles tendon (8 patients). The crouch gait pattern in group 2 was considered iatrogenic. Gait analysis using the Edinburgh Scale and 3D analysis was performed before surgery, and at one to 2 years after the interventions. Results Upon comparing the pre- and postoperative indicators of the Edinburgh scale, there was an improvement in the indicators of movements in the ankle joint both in the supporting and in the non-supporting phases of the stride cycle for both groups: a decrease in the maximum dorsal flexion of the foot under load, an improvement in the maximum extension in the knee joint during the support phase, practically complete elimination of the pathological orientation of the foot relative to the motion vector, as well as improvement of the position in the knee joint immediately before the initial contact with the supporting surface. Computer gait analysis showed that multilevel surgical interventions improved the parameters of the knee flexion angle at the time of initial contact, increased the amplitude of knee joint extension in the support phase of the stride, normalized the orientation of the foot relative to the motion vector, reduced or completely corrected the pathological values of the dorsal flexion of the foot in the support phase of the stride and reduced the energetic intensity of movements. There was no significant increase in the indicators reflecting the strength characteristics of the plantar flexors, which reflects a pronounced suppression of the function of these muscles in the development of crouch gait. GPS changed from 17.1 ± 3.01 to 13.4 ± 3.19 for natural crouch gait and from 15.9 ± 6.16 to 14.8 ± 4.6 for iatrogenic one. Conclusion The crouch gait pattern is not homogeneous, both in terms of natural and iatrogenic development, and in terms of orthopedic disorders. The iatrogenic pattern develops with excessive surgical weakening of the plantar flexors of the foot, even if there is no pathological rotation of the lower limb segments in younger patients and with lower GMFCS levels. The planning of multilevel surgical treatment is based on 3D gait analysis and should be aimed at eliminating orthopedic components of the pathology that determine the crouch gait pattern. Surgical treatment enables to improve the kinetics and kinematics in the knee joint and the kinematic indicators of the ankle joint and, in general, increase the gait profile indicator.

The objective of this study was to evaluate outcomes of single-event multilevel orthopaedic procedures including distal rectus femoris transfer (DRFT) performed for adolescents and adults with cerebral palsy (CP) and stiff knee gait (SKG) pattern. Material and methods Twenty patients (mean age, 17.1 ± 2.9 years) with SKG were included in the study. Among them, 16 were classified as GMFCS level II and 4 as GMFCS level III. All patients underwent singleevent multilevel orthopedic procedures including DRFT. Gait analysis was performed preoperatively and at a 1-to-2-year follow-up using Edinburgh Visual Gait Score and 3D analysis. The Gait Profile Score (GPS), peak knee flexion in swing phase, knee range of motion across the gait cycle and the maximum knee flexion angle recorded with the time of occurrence as a percentage of the gait cycle were measured in the patients. Results Comparison of pre- and postoperative measurements showed improvement in peak knee flexion in swing phase and the associated improvement in foot clearance. Improved knee terminal-swing position was found to improve initial foot contact with the supporting surface. Postoperative statistically significant increase in the knee range of motion across the gait cycle could be attributed to both increase in the knee flexion in swing phase and decrease in the knee flexion angle in stance due to correction of a pathological angle of dorsiflexion that necessitated correction of compensatory knee flexion to retain vertical position. Conclusion DRFT has been shown to be effective for correction of disturbed knee kinematics in patients with SKG pattern to allow increase in peak knee flexion in swing phase and overall knee range of motion across the gait cycle. The technique can be advocated as part of single-event multilevel orthopedic procedures to improve integral gait parameters. Excessive ankle dorsiflexion in stance phase resulting from previous triceps surae lengthening surgeries must be accurately addressed with DRFT procedure in order to prevent a greater increase in ankle dorsiflexion and iatrogenic crouch gait.

Introduction. One of the pathogenic chains in neurodegenerative diseases, and the Alzheimer’s disease especially, is the disorder of cellular energy supply. Investigation of changes in the indices characterizing a functional state of the mitochondria in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus under the influence of carbacetam, a new modulator of GABA-system, is of a certain interest. The objective of the study was to evaluate the protective effect of carbacetam under conditions of mitochondrial dysfunction of the brain in rats with scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s disease. Materials and methods. The experiments were conducted on laboratory nonlinear albino male rats with the body weight of 0.18-0.20 kg. To simulate Alzheimer’s disease, scopolamine hydrochloride (Sigma, USA) was injected in rats through the peritoneum, in the dose of 1 mg/kg for 27 days. Since the 28th day of the experiment, carbacetam was introduced through the peritoneum in the dose of 5 mg/kg, in 1 mL of 0.9 % NaCl solution, once a day for 14 days. Results. Under conditions of scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s disease, light dispersion decreases and a relative rate of mitochondrial swelling increases in the mitochondrial fraction of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats; free radical oxidation of lipids and proteins increases, and activity of Krebs cycle enzymes decreases – -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase. After carbacetam administration for 14 days, a gradual decrease of light dispersion and relative rate of mitochondrial swelling are found in the mitochondrial fraction of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Moreover, the content of products reacting with 2-thiobarbituric acid and protein oxidation modification in the examined structures decreases; the activity of catalase, -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase increases, and superoxide dismutase – only in the cerebral cortex Conclusions. Reduced intensity of mitochondrial swelling, improvement of the antioxidant system state and energy supply of mitochondria in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats with scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s disease are indicative of mitoprotective properties of carbacetam as a promising neuroprotector.

The effects of heating (40 °C, 1 and 2 h) in dark and light conditions on the photosynthetic activity (photosynthesis rate and photosystem II activity), content of photosynthetic pigments, activity of antioxidant enzymes, content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), and expression of a number of key genes of antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic proteins were studied. It was shown that, in darkness, heating reduced CO2 gas exchange, photosystem II activity, and the content of photosynthetic pigments to a greater extent in the phyB mutant than in the wild type (WT). The content of TBARs increased only in the phyB mutant, which is apparently associated with a sharp increase in the total peroxidase activity in WT and its decrease in the phyB mutant, which is consistent with a noticeable decrease in photosynthetic activity and the content of photosynthetic pigments in the mutant. No differences were indicated in all heated samples under light. It is assumed that the resistance of the photosynthetic apparatus to a short-term elevated temperature depends on the content of PHYB active form and is probably determined by the effect of phytochrome on the content of low-molecular weight antioxidants and the activity of antioxidant enzymes.

The regeneration of periodontal tissues is a decisive factor in the treatment of periodontitis. Currently, to achieve complete periodontal regeneration, many studies have evaluated the effectiveness of decellularized tissue-engineered constructs on periodontal regeneration. We studied the possibilities of osteogenic and odontogenic differentiation of periodontal progenitor and stem cells (SCs) of the periosteum and periodontal ligament, in decellularized tooth matrix (dTM) and periodontal ligament (dPDL), in 2D and 3D culture. The cell culture of periodontal cells without decellularized matrices was used as control. On the 14th day of cultivation of PDLSCs, PSCs, and PDLSCs + PSCs on dTM and/or dPDL scaffolds in 2D conditions, in all scaffold variants, a dense monolayer of spindle-shaped cells was intensely stained for markers of osteogenic differentiation, such as osteopontin and osteocalcin. Periodontal cells in the collagen I hydrogel (3D-dimensional culture) were more diverse in shape and, in combination of dTM and dPDL, in addition to osteogenic expression, expressed dentin sialophosphoprotein, an odontogenic differentiation marker. Thus, collagen I hydrogel contributed to the formation of conditions similar to those in vivo, and the combination of dTM with dPDL apparently formed a microenvironment that promoted osteogenic and odontogenic differentiation of periodontal cells.

To interpret the clinical gait analysis (CGA), it is necessary to associate changes in gait with clinical impairment and differentiate the primary deviations in the gait stereotype from compensatory adaptive changes. Purpose To assess the pathological elements of the locomotor profile according to video gait analysis and clinical examination of patients; to compare the abnormalities identified in gait kinematics with the probable clinical causes of these abnormalities. Materials and methods Clinical examination and assessment of the locomotor profile with video gait analysis (CGA) were performed in 46 children (92 limbs) with bilateral spastic types of cerebral palsy (25 boys, 21 girls). We used 6 Qualisys Oqus cameras and one AMTI dynamometric platform (Advanced Mechanical Technology Inc., Watertown, MA, USA) with passive marker video capture technology. The IOR model was used for installing markers. The patterns of the locomotor profile adopted by the Delphic Convention were analyzed. The assessment of diagnostic coincidences or discrepancies was evaluated as percentage rates. Results The portion of the pathological elements of the locomotor profile identified according to the video gait analysis and clinical examination of patients is presented in the tables. The positive ratio of the pathological elements of the locomotor profile identified according to the video gait analysis and clinical examination of patients averaged 66.7 %. The lowest error rate: when assessing the limitation of the range of motion of the ankle joint and hip joint there were 82.6% and 81.8% of positive results, respectively. Discussion Clinical gait analysis (CGA) is crucial in controversial situations regarding detorsion osteotomies in multilevel operations. Conclusions Muscle retraction is the main (primary) clinical sign leading to positional kinematic deviations in joints and segments. The limitation of the range of motion in the knee and ankle joints due to muscle retraction results in secondary contractures of these joints.

Purpose To evaluate the changes in gait parameters in patients over 16 years old with cerebral palsy who underwent detorsion osteotomy in the lower extremities as part of multilevel interventions. Materials and methods This retrospective study evaluated functional treatment results of 32 adolescents and adult patients (average age, 23.4 ± 6.5 years). Included were patients with cerebral palsy, able to move independently and having clinically significant torsion deformities of the lower limb bones. Exclusion criteria were age younger than 16 years, as well as patients with stiff knee gait and crouch gait. All patients underwent multilevel single-event surgical interventions, including detorsion osteotomy. Gait analysis using the Edinburgh visual gait score was conducted before surgery, and 1.5– 2 years after the interventions. Patients were divided into group 1 who had no previous surgical interventions, or had undergone the Strayer operation, and group 2 after surgical interventions such as lengthening of the Achilles tendon or fibromyotomy in the early age. Results Before the operation in group 1, the changes in the parameters corresponded to true equinus gait or jump gait in combination with internal rotation of the lower extremities. Correction of torsion deformities of the femurs improved the orientation of the knee joints. In the support phase, improvements were recorded for initial contact, heel lift, maximum dorsiflexion of the foot, rotation and obliquity of the pelvis. In the non-support phase of the cycle, clearance, maximum dorsiflexion of the foot, and peak flexion of the knee joint improved. Before the operation in group 2, the changes corresponded to true equinus gait in combination with the internal rotation of the knee joints in the support phase in five subjects. In the remaining patients, torsion was combined with the initial contact produced by the forefoot due to excessive bending of the knee joint at the terminal swing of the non- support phase, followed by late heel lift and insufficient knee joint straightening in the support phase. It can be explained by weakening of the triceps due to previous operations. Correction of the femur significantly improved the orientation of the knee joint. In the support phase of the cycle, improvements were in the initial contact, heel lift, maximum dorsiflexion of the foot, and pelvic rotation. Lengthening of the knee flexors enabled to improve the maximum extension of the knee joint in the support phase of the gait cycle in all patients. No improvement in trunk balance was found in either the first or second group in the long-term period. Differences were statistically significant by comparing the parameters between the groups before surgery according to the Mann-Whitney criterion showing better results in patients of group 1. The result in the long-term period did not show statistically significant differences. Conclusion Correction of torsion deformities of the lower extremities in adolescents and adult patients with cerebral palsy as part of multilevel single-event interventions results in improvement in many gait parameters and the overall total score. During the follow-up period of 1.5-2 years after surgery, there was no improvement in the parameters of the trunk balance by walking. Patients who underwent early surgical interventions in childhood had worse walking parameters before surgery than the patients not operated previously.

Introduction Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of motor disorders that occurs in early childhood and is present throughout life. The incidence rate of the disease is 1/500 newborns. About 17 million people with cerebral palsy live in the world. According to domestic epidemiologists, the reported incidence of cerebral palsy in Russia is from 2.2 to 3.8 per 1,000 births. Spastic cerebral palsy types are 80% of all the cases. Purpose Analysis of changes in the kinematic parameters of gait after multilevel interventions in children with cerebral palsy with the initial true equinus gait and jump gait patterns. Material and methods This retrospective study included 64 children (26 girls, 38 boys) with cerebral palsy and spastic diplegia. The average age was 8.7 ± 2.41 years. All patients corresponded to levels I or II of impaired motor function (GMFCS: I/II = 14/50). Results All patients showed a significant improvement in the kinematic parameters of gait throughout the observation period. Deviation from the normal values decreased almost four times in the whole group of patients. Conclusion Multilevel single-event orthopedic interventions improve the kinematic and kinetic parameters of the gait of the entire biomechanical chain in the lower extremities. In addition to the local effects of surgical interventions (elimination of orthopedic disorders such as contractures and deformities of bones and joints of the lower extremities), there are long-term changes in the reduction of energyconsumptive compensatory movements.

В пробах почвы среди корней заманихи (Oplopanax elatus), собранных на горе Хуалаза в 2018 г. (Шкотовский район, Приморский край), найдены три вида нематод семейств Teratocephalidae и Metateratocephalidae: Teratocephalus lirellus Andrassy, 1969 и два новых для науки вида. Euteratocephalus montanus sp. n. отличается от других видов рода положением амфидов у основания головной капсулы и одним яичником. Teratocephalon hexahamus gen. et sp. n. отличается от всех известных видов метатератоцефалид головной структурой в виде зонтика с крючьями около ротового отверстия.

Introduction. One of medical-social chronic consequences of diabetes mellitus is encephalopathy, with an advancing course and development of neurodegenerative disorders in the central nervous system. Objective: to examine carbacetam effect as a new modulator of gamma-aminobutyric acid activity on protein peroxide oxidation and morphological condition of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in rats under conditions of experimental neurodegeneration in case of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods. Changes in the content of protein peroxide oxidation in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus under effect of carbacetam (5 mg/kg) are examined in nonlinear laboratory albino male rats with neurodegeneration under conditions of type 2 diabetes mellitus simulated by streptozotocin and high-fat diet. Results. In rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the degree of protein peroxide oxidation in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus increases, which is associated with increased amount of cells with karyopyknosis, decreased relative density of staining of the neuron tigroid substance and partial denudation of vessels. After carbacetam administration during 14 days in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus the level of protein peroxide oxidation decreases, the amount of cells with karyopyknosis reduces, a relative density of staining of the neuron tigroid substance increases, and denudation of vessels is lacking. Conclusions. Decreased intensity of the protein peroxide oxidation processes, histological destruction of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus are indicative of a neuroprotective potential of carbacetam under conditions of neurodegeneration caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The article deals with the problem of the information and communication technologies (ICT) use for the scientific and research competency formation of the future doctors of philosophy (PhD) in specialty 011 "Educational, pedagogical sciences", specialization "Theory and teaching methods: Germanic / Romance languages". The analysis of approaches to the definition of the scientific research competency content and structure has been carried out. The research oriented general and special competencies set needed to the PhD in methodology of teaching foreign languages and cultures, which are formed mainly in the process of studying the academic disciplines "Methodology and the scientific research technologies in the methods of teaching foreign languages and cultures" and "Information technologies in scientific research practice" has been specified. It has also been determined that there is a certain difficulty in finding the optimal way of transferring knowledge from the field of ICT to the future PhD professionally oriented practical activity, which requires a well-grounded selection of cloud, multimedia, projection, information search, analytical research technologies and computer-based tools as a purpose of their study, and further use by postgraduate students at all stages of the dissertation preparation (design, information search, analytical-modeling, experimental-research, narrative, practical). The examples of the postgraduate students use of the Web-sites, blogs, Wiki, cloud services for data storage, scientific search systems, Smart-technologies, the Internet information resources, educational electronic editions and video services in the process of self-preparation for interactive lectures and practical classes in the discipline "Methodology and the scientific research technologies in the methods of teaching foreign languages and cultures" have been given.

Purpose Hemodynamics of the hand arteries and microcirculation of the skin in patients with Dupuytren's contracture in grades 3-4 at the stages of treatment with the use of transosseous fixation was analyzed. Materials and methods Skin microcirculation using laser Doppler flowmetry as well as the microhemodynamics of the arcus palmaris superficialis and the digital arteries using pulse Doppler sonography were studied in 12 patients before surgery and following two to 11 months after the surgery of selective fasciectomy, arthrolysis and transosseous fixation. The state of the arteries of the palmar aponeurosis was verified histologically using light microscopy of paraffin sections of the surgical material. Results Before surgery, seven out of 12 patients had vasoconstriction of the digital arteries on the ulnar side of the hand and the palmar arch. Histologically, the arteries of the palmar aponeurosis were of small caliber (four or less layers of smooth muscle cells in the media) with signs of muscle hyperplasia and remodeling of the elastic membrane; larger arteries featured damage to the internal elastic membrane and neointimal thickening. Eight to 10 days after the intervention, there were no hemodynamic signs of vasoconstriction; volumetric systolic velocity was increased three times. At long-term follow-up after the surgery, the index of peak blood flow was increased 1.5 times (p

This paper presents a review on the methodology used to enable capturing pathological gait data via clinical video analysis which is used in diagnosis and treatment of individuals with functional disorders of the musculoskeletal system. Available literature sources were used to formulate recommendations for researchers and doctors in clinical study of walking and gait. Main patterns of placement of passive markers used in the clinical analysis of the gait in children with cerebral palsy were described. It was found that the IOR model is optimal for clinical analysis of the gait in patients that have low walking speed using a minimal capture system configuration (6 cameras). The method of Oxford Foot Model is described which is able to reflect in detail the biomechanics of foot parts during walking.

The objective of the study was to investigate the changes of the kidney functions in mature rats with rapid acetylation type, under conditions of subacute cadmium-nitrate intoxication and preventive introduction of Echinacea purpurea. Methods. Male rats, 6 months of age, with rapid acetylation type, were divided into 3 groups: І – control; ІІ – rats with of subacute cadmium-nitrate intoxication model; ІІІ – rats receiving intragastric alcohol tincture of fresh rhizomes with roots of Echinacea purpurea (LC “State Municipal Enterprise “Pharmaceutical Plant Vishpha””, Ukraine; 0,25 mk/rg). Results. Under the effect of preventive introduction of Echinacea purpurea in rats with rapid acetylation type and cadmium-nitrate lesion of the kidneys, diuresis and glomerular filtration rate became normal; distal transport of sodium ions increased; hyponatraemia and decreased natriuresis remained without changes; concentrations of creatinine in the blood plasma, potassium ions in the blood plasma and urine, kaliuresis decreased. Similar to the group of rats without Echinacea purpurea, proximal reabsorption of sodium ions, which is standardized by glomerular filtration, decreased. Conclusion. Under conditions of preventive introduction of Echinacea purpurea, volume regulating kidney function is maintained in mature rats with rapid acetylation type and subacute cadmium-nitrate intoxication, but it does not prevent the development of toxic nephropathy, with prevailing lesion of the nephron proximal portion, disorders of ion regulating kidney function and water-electrolytic balance.

Invertebrates dominate the animal world in terms of abundance, diversity and biomass, and play critical roles in maintaining ecosystem function. Despite their obvious importance, disproportionate research attention remains focused on vertebrates, with knowledge and understanding of invertebrate ecology still lacking. Due to their inherent advantages, usage of camera traps in ecology has risen dramatically over the last three decades, especially for research on mammals. However, few studies have used cameras to reliably detect fauna such as invertebrates or used cameras to examine specific aspects of invertebrate ecology. Previous research investigating the interaction between wolf spiders (Lycosidae: Lycosa spp.) and the lesser hairy-footed dunnart (Sminthopsis youngsoni) found that camera traps provide a viable method for examining temporal activity patterns and interactions between these species. Here, we re-examine lycosid activity to determine whether these patterns vary with different environmental conditions, specifically between burned and unburned habitats and the crests and bases of sand dunes, and whether cameras are able to detect other invertebrate fauna. Twenty-four cameras were deployed over a 3-month period in an arid region in central Australia, capturing 2,356 confirmed images of seven invertebrate taxa, including 155 time-lapse images of lycosids. Overall, there was no clear difference in temporal activity with respect to dune position or fire history, but twice as many lycosids were detected in unburned compared to burned areas. Despite some limitations, camera traps appear to have considerable utility as a tool for determining the diel activity patterns and habitat use of larger arthropods such as wolf spiders, and we recommend greater uptake in their usage in future.

Objective The purpose of the study was to explore peripheral hemodynamics in patients with femoral shaft nonunions treated with combined external fixation and intramedullary nail. Material and methods Two groups of patients were identified. Group I included 11 patients with a deformity at the apex of nonunion treated with consecutive combined osteosynthesis. Group II consisted of 15 patients with nonunions and femoral shortening treated with synchronous combined distraction-compression osteosynthesis. Methods of examination comprised duplex ultrasound of veins and paraosseous vessels at the regeneration site (HITACHI HI Vision Avius), USDG (ANGIO-PLUS, Moscow) and tetrapolar rheovasography (RVG) of lower limbs (Rheograph RGPA-6/12, Taganrog). Results and discussion Volumetric blood flow of the femur and tibia measured postoperatively with RVG showed no differences in the intact and operated limb whatever technique was applied. In all patients, major blood flow was recorded at stages of combined fixation and Ilizarov fixation, linear systolic velocity and pulsatility index were not significantly different from normal and intact limb values, hemodynamic criteria of vasoconstriction of major vessels were not identified. The steal syndrome of distal segments due to functional bypass was observed in patients with unstable metal constructs and did not aggravate after surgical treatment in Group I. Duplex ultrasound scan of the femoral shaft cortical bone showed expressed arterial and venous color map in all patients with high peripheral indices reflecting vascular tone and measuring PI = 12 ± 3.5; RI = 0.9 ± 0.1. Conclusion No significant hemodynamic changes were detected in major arteries during treatment of patients with femoral nonunions using combined techniques of external fixation and intramedullary nail. Vasodilatation of veins recorded during treatment of patients with femoral nonunions using combined techniques of external fixation and intramedullary nail was determined as a risk factor for venous thromboembolism. A local increase in the arterial and venous paraosseous blood flow was recorded at the cortical site of nonunion with combined intramedullary osteosynthesis.

There is no unified system for assessing the functional mobility (lability) of the spine to diagnose its hypermobility, pathological mobility and instability. In the absence of such a system, biomechanical characteristics of spinal segments, revealed in normal individuals and by clinical examination of patients, are instrumentally and metrically incommensurable with its kinematic characteristics detected in functional radiographs. Purpose Development of criteria and methods to assess the postural function (lability) of the spine and the rigidity of its deformations for their consideration and suggestion as a metric standard Materials and methods Patients (n = 43) aged 9 to 23 years with clinical and radiological signs of spinal curvatures of grades 2 to 4 (according to Chaklin) and orthopedically healthy subjects of the same age (n = 79) were examined. Instrumental analysis of the monitored postural activity of the trunk and spine in orthostatics was carried out by the optoelectronic method KOMOT. Results and discussion It was established that the postural characteristics of spinal deformities are significantly different in sample populations in terms of expected magnitude of curvature and variability. If in postural and in sample sets the angular characteristics of spinal curves obey the law of normal distribution, then their postural variation in samples tends to a power-law type of distribution. In orthostatic position, the power-law type of the variability distribution was reliably manifested not only with respect to the angular characteristics of spinal curvatures, but also with respect to the variability of a number of other postural parameters. As a result of the analysis of the distribution of random variables characterizing the angular curves of the spine in orthostatic stereotypes and the dependencies between their variation and the expected values in sample populations, a quantitative topographic evaluation of the functional mobility of the spine according to the index of postural lability (IPL) was proposed. Conclusion To adequately assess the postural function of the spine (its lability), it is necessary to have not only a single-stance recording of the parameters under study but to repeatedly register them in a feasible prolonged examination. Only mathematically expected values and root-mean-square deviations of angular parameters reflect more fully the state of spinal curvatures and have the necessary and sufficient diagnostic information. A quantitative topographic estimation of the functional mobility of the spine according to index of postural lability (IPL) is suggested. Normally, IPL is in the range of 30 to 75 %. If the index is less than 30 %, the spine is hypermobile; if it is more than 75 %, the spinal column is rigid.

Under natural conditions, biodegradation processes proceed slowly, especially in regions with low temperature. To activate vital processes in hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms at low temperatures, biologically active compounds can be employed as growth stimulants. A low-temperature (10 °C) study has shown that tris-(2 hydroxyethyl) ammonium arylchalcogenylacetates, “protatranes” exert an effect on the growth of hydrocarbon-oxidizing strains of Rhodococcus erythropolis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, isolated from natural oil seepage on Lake Baikal. It has been found that “protatranes”, at microconcentrations, increase the growth rate of R. erythropolis bacteria by 2–16 times. It has been established that compounds slightly effect the growth of P. fluorescens. The positive effect of “protatranes” compounds on the growth rate of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms at low positive temperatures can be used for the development of environmentally benign methods for the restoration of natural objects after their contamination with oil. Keywords: Protatranes, Stimulants, Hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria, Lake Baikal, Arylchalcogenylacetic acids, Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium salts

The development of the limbs in patients with congenital segmental defects is associated with defects in the vascular system of the same segment. In this case, vascular endothelial growth factors that participate in physiological angiogenesis may have effect on bone tissue formation in ontogenesis and participate in endochondral ossification. In this regard, the aim of the study was to compare the quantitative changes in growth factors (VEGF) and the contractile properties of arterioles under conditions of discrete distraction for congenital pathology of the lower leg bones. Materials and methods Subjects of the study were 12 patients with congenital pseudarthrosis of the lower leg (ICD-10 Q 74.0). Their serum was analyzed using an enzyme immunoassay. Microcirculation in the calf skin was examined by laser flowmetry (BLF21, Transonic Systems Inc., USA). We used the findings obtained from the study of blood serum in 103 somatically healthy people for control. Results Significant imbalance in serum concentrations of endothelial factors and their receptors was detected in the subjects with congenital pathology. As a result of surgical treatment, the imbalance of secretion of vascular growth factors and their receptors increased. Vasodilator effect in the precapillary vessels in the zone of the operated segment in patients with congenital pathology was not revealed by surgical intervention.

Asymmetry of paraspinal muscle tone is incorporated in pathogenesis for spinal deformities having diagnosis information value and it can be hypothesised to be involved in curve aggravation. Objective To evaluate diagnostic information value of EMG envelope algorithm for paraspinal muscles in postural stereotypes of patients with scoliosis grades III and IV. Material and methods Profiles of postural asymmetry (computer optical topography) and bioelectrical tone (EMG envelope algorithm) of paraspinal muscles were reviewed in 115 patients with scoliosis grades III and IV of different etiology using V.D.Chaklin methodology. The patients aged 6 to 32 years with mean age of 16.2 ± 6.14 years). Results The sampling population showed normal symmetrical distribution of profiles in the asymmetry of superficial paraspinal muscle tone with evidently asymmetrical distribution of spinal curve. Surgical elimination of spinal deformity resulting in appropriate correction of postural profiles made no statistically significant impact on orthostatics distributing quantitative and qualitative bioelectrical parameters of paraspinal muscles. No contingency and specific differences were observed in paraspinal muscle tone depending on postural asymmetry and etiology of the curve. Conclusion The hypothesis that asymmetry of superficial paraspinal muscle tone aggravates with the curve progression is not supported. No correlation between profiles of postural and muscle tone asymmetry was observed in patients with scoliosis grades III and IV. Diagnostic information value of EMG envelope algorithm is patient-specific and be identified in the postural systems that cannot support motor stereotypes using motor programmes without additional compensation muscle activity due to particular circumstances.

У статті обґрунтовано й представлено структуру і зміст інформаційно-комунікаційного навчального середовища для формування важливих складників професійної компетентності майбутнього викладача іноземних мов – професійно орієнтованої іншомовної комунікативної компетентності, методичної й інноваційної компетентностей. З огляду на технічні й дидактичні можливості системи управління навчанням Moodle, визначено доцільність її використання для проектування інформаційно-комунікаційного навчального середовища професійної підготовки майбутнього викладача іноземних мов. Подано структуру електронного інформаційно-методичного пакета з дисципліни як комплексу електронних освітніх ресурсів, об’єднаних у навчальні модулі, електронні кейси, теми і призначених для забезпечення цілісної системи учіння майбутніх викладачів іноземних мов щодо розвитку професійної компетентності у процесі самостійної позааудиторної роботи.

An approach called cell-free therapy has rapidly developed in regenerative medicine over the past decade. Understanding the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the internal potential of tissue repair inspires the development of new strategies aimed at controlling and enhancing these processes during regeneration. The use of stem cell mobilization, or homing for regeneration based on endogenous healing mechanisms, prompted a new concept in regenerative medicine: endogenous regenerative medicine. The application of cell-free therapeutic agents leading to the recruitment/homing of endogenous stem cells has advantages in overcoming the limitations and risks associated with cell therapy. In this review, we discuss the potential of cell-free products such as the decellularized extracellular matrix, growth factors, extracellular vesicles and miRNAs in endogenous bone and dental regeneration.

В пробах почвы и листьях аралии высокой (Aralia elata), собранных в Хасанском районе Приморского края, выявлен новый вид нематод рода Mukhina Ozdikmen, 2010 (= Brevistoma Mukhina, 1981 non Brevistoma Tjeder, 1967). Mukhina orientalis Mukhina sp. n. отличается от единственного известного вида рода, M. elegans (Mukhina, 1981), длиной тела (420–468 мкм), числом линий в боковом поле (3), более коротким семяприемником и складчатым хвостом с шиловидным окончанием. Приведен диагноз рода Mukhina.

Antifrictional properties and surface parameters of Al-Si-Cu-Sn-Pb alloys have been investigated. The effect of iron addition (~1%) on the structure and tribological properties of aluminum alloy samples has been studied. Tribological properties were explored using the “shoe-roller” scheme with step-by-step pressure changes. The investigations were carried out both in and without a lubricant. The SEM- (with elemental analysis) and SPM-microscopy methods were applied to study sample surface and under-surface layers of the samples at the transversal sections. After tribological tests have been carried out, the topography of both surface and under-surface layers at the transversal sections has been studied. During the tests without lubrication solid particles, presumably, oxides were formed. The particles increase the surface destruction, thus, doing their part of an abrasive and contributing to (scuffing) score. After testing in the lubricant particles containing silicon and copper and having a rounded shape were also formed. These particles remain on the surface and are rolled in the lubricant. They creating a kind of a “protective cover” contributing to the contact pair stable operation. The under-surface layer 50–100 μm thick formation was found at the sections after tribological tests without lubrication. The samples sections were prepared after testing with lubrication. The study of the samples sections demonstrated the formation of the under-surface layer with thickness 30–40 μm. The elements redistribution in these layers was shown. After the tribological tests were carried out, the counterbodies (rollers) were also explored. The SPM method has been shown the film formed on the surface is uneven in thickness after tests without lubrication. This leads to the macrorelief development during friction and can lead to (scuffing) score. On the contrary, after tests in lubricant the secondary structures film formed is distributed on the surface as a thin uniform layer. This film has the protective properties. It was shown that alloys containing iron (up to 1%) have good tribological characteristics when tested both in and without the lubricant. Thus, they can be used as antifrictional materials.