Search

In the Chacaltaya hybrid experiment we have shown that the observed characteristics of the events accompanying atmospheric families (a bundle of high energy particles in the air-shower core) can not be well described by current simulations. The atmospheric families detected so far by emulsion chambers (sandwiches of X-ray films and lead plates) are key ingredients in the analysis. But the number of analyzed events with atmospheric family is still small due to the limited size of the experiment. Now a new very large hybrid experiment “PAMIR-XXI” is proposed to be constructed at the Pamirs. The notable feature of the experiment is to construct large hadron calorimeters at the center of air-shower arrays to study the air-shower core in detail. We study the possibility to analyze high energy air-shower cores in the “Pamir-XXI” experiment by using the burst density of scintillation detectors instead of using the family data of emulsion chambers. It is shown that the unusual characteristics of the events observed by the Chacaltaya hybrid experiment can be well seen in the hybrid experiment “PAMIR-XXI” too.

We describe attempts to achieve high throughput of 17[beta]-estradiol (E2) analysis, including the development of an immunocleanup membrane using polyclonal antibodies and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal antibodies. An epoxy-group-containing monomer, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), was graft-polymerized onto a porous hollow-fiber membrane. Subsequently, anti-estrogen (ES) antibody, as a ligand, was coupled with the epoxy group. The ligand density ranged from 3.1 to 5.8 mg/g of the GMA-grafted porous hollow-fiber membrane. A 1.0 [micro]g/L E2 solution was forced to permeate through pores rimmed by the anti-ES-antibody-immobilized polymer chains, at a constant permeation rate. A breakthrough curve, that is, the change in the E2 concentration of the effluent penetrating the outside of the hollow fiber with a change of the effluent volume, was determined. Bound E2 in amounts ranging from 0.42 to 0.80 [micro]g was quantitatively eluted with 3-5 mL of methanol in the permeation mode. The higher permeation rate of the E2 solution resulted in the higher overall binding rate of E2 to the anti-ES-antibody-immobilized porous hollow-fiber membrane because of the negligible diffusional mass-transfer resistance of E2 to the antibody.

Research was conducted to examine the synthesis and thermal stability of a metastable crystalline hydrogenated carbon film via radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (rf-PECVD). In the film investigated, the structure evolution and the resultant properties change upon heating as well as the release process of the bonded hydrogen. The effect of the bonded hydrogen on the film properties before the hydrogen was totally released is also described.

In the hybrid experiment on Mt.Chacaltaya, we can observe three different components of airshowers, that is, air-shower size, burst-density and high energy families (a bundle of high energy particles). Burst-density in each block of hadron calorimeters are newly recalculated in simulations in oder to compare directly to the experimental data. Energy deposits in the scintillators of the hadron calorimeters are calculated using GEANT4 for every particle, incident upon the hadron calorimeter, in the air-showers simulated using CORSIKA, and are converted into burst-density, taking into consideration the exact structure of experimental hadron calorimeter. We study correlations among three observable components in the air-showers. Correlations between air-shower size and burst-density and those between air-shower size and accompanied family energy can be explained by model calculations by adjusting primary particle composition, the former correlation is in favor of proton-primaries but the latter iron-primaries. No model can describe well observed correlations between burst-density and family energy. That is, the observed family energy accompanied by the air-showers with larger burst-density is systematically smaller than that expected in the simulated events. Effects of a fluctuation in the cross-section of hadronic interactions are studied to settle the disagreement between experimental data and simulations.