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Az OSINT (Open Source Intelligence) mozaikszó mint a nyílt forrású hírszerzés jelentősége az elmúlt években egyre nagyobb szerepet kap az egyes szolgálatok életében, hiszen a digitális információk megszerzése és birtoklása új kihívások elé állítja a szakembereket. A legtöbben biztosan hallottuk már azt a közhelyet, miszerint „ami egyszer felkerül az internetre, az ott is marad”. Ezt szem előtt tartva kell mindennapi munkánkat végeznünk, hiszen soha nem tudhatjuk, hogy ki és mikor használhat fel ellenünk olyan személyes információkat, amelyek megszerzéséhez mi magunk szolgáltattuk az adatokat valamikor a közel- vagy régmúltban. Jelen írásban az OSINT jelenetőségének bemutatását követően a digitális tudatosság fontosságát hangsúlyozva rámutatok néhány tipikus gyenge pontra, úgymint a gyermekek és az idősebb korosztály e téren hiányos ismeretei, az operációs rendszerek, más programok adatgyűjtései, a kiszivárgott vagy gyűjtött adatbázisok jelentette veszélyek, az adatvesztés körülményei és következményei. Kitérek továbbá az egyre bővülő speciális adatgyűjtő célszoftverekre is. Ezek kapcsán megoldási javaslatokat vázolok fel, amelyek hasznos segítséget jelenthetnek akár a prevenciót, akár a veszteségek minimalizálását illetően.

Taiwan is one of the most dynamic economies in the region, driven largely by industrial manufacturing, and especially exports of electronics, such as semiconductors, machinery, and petrochemicals. This heavy dependence on exports exposes some volatility in the economy due to fluctuations in global demand, such as increasing competition with China.

In the last few decades, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains have become a serious health care problem. However, in the European Union/European Economic Area countries the pr...

In the last few decades, methicillin-resistant

A tőzsdén jegyzett társaságok tulajdonosainak befektetési döntéseikhez szükségük van olyan stratégiai információkra, amelyeket csak magától a cégtől kaphatnak meg. Ez az önkéntes stratégiai adatszolgáltatás több elemből áll. A BÉT-en jegyzett társaságok közül a vizsgált időszakban mindössze három látta el megfelelő minőségű és mennyiségű stratégiai információval meglévő és potenciális tulajdonosait.

Reporting on corporate social responsibility (CSR) has broadened widely within the last decade. Sustainability disclosure is valuable because it helps a company demonstrate that it is managing its risks and has a track record of paying attention to key stakeholder issues. A great deal of research on sustainability reporting (SR) has focused on American and Western Europe companies. Only fragmentary studies exist that compare reporting patterns of CEE countries. There is substantial room for investigating how and to what extend companies in CEE disclose sustainability information in different communication channels. The research questions therefore are: How does SR vary among CEE countries and in comparison to Western Europe (WE), and do differences in SR correlate to national factors? And is there a CEE pattern of SR? This study uses surveys to investigate the practice and divergence of sustainability reporting in CEE countries. 50 largest companies in nine CEE countries (Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovenia) and two WE countries (Germany and Austria) were investigated. The study identified four determinants of sustainability reporting of which two -- globalization and national culture -- explain divergence while economic development and the civil society don ’ t.

Slow motile length changes of isolated, apical turn outer hair cells (OHCs) (n=36) were induced by perfusion of saline (flow rate: 0.6 microl/min) as a mechanical challenge or by perfusion of 12.5 mM KCl solution for 90 s as a chemical and mechanical challenge with and without ocadaic acid (OA), a serine/threonine protein phosphatase inhibitor. Electromotility was evoked by square pulses from +/-35 mV to +/-240 mV during the slow shortening and recovery period (n=36). Stiffness of the lateral wall was measured by the micropipette aspiration technique (n=20). Saline perfusion caused a reversible shortening of 774+/-87 nm (n=9) as well as K+ of 1465+/-159 nm (n=9). Slow shortening increased lateral wall stiffness (1.25+/-0.02 to 1.52+/-0.03 nN/microm) (n=5-5). Simultaneously, electromotility magnitude decreased (n=9). Ocadaic acid blocked slow shortening, increased lateral wall stiffness, and decreased the magnitude of electromotility. Mechanical or mechanical+chemical stimulation of ocadaic acid treated OHCs do not further change stiffness or electromotility. Isolated OHCs respond with slow shortening and consutive cell stiffness increase to mechanical insult. This phenomenon seems operating with calcium-, and phosphorylation-dependent modifications of the cytoskeletal proteins. The subsequent electromotility gain decrease suggests a slow OHC shortening driven regulation of the cochlear amplifier with simultaneous safety control of the auditory periphery against overstimulation.

The electromotile performance of isolated OHCs does not seem to be dependent on slow motile shortening alone; other mechanisms, such as phosphorylation, are also involved.To elucidate the relationship between the magnitude of electromotile displacements and magnitude of slow motile shortening of outer hair cells (OHCs) induced by mechanical or chemical stimulation over a reversible range.Isolated guinea pig OHCs were mechanically (0.6 microl/min perfusion of saline; n =4) or chemically and mechanically (0.6 microl/min perfusion of 12.5 mM KCl; n =4) stimulated in a glass microchamber to evoke slow motile shortening.Combined mechanical and chemical stimulation evoked greater OHC shortening than mechanical stimulation alone. Both forms of stimulation resulted in reversible shortening. Electromotility was measured using low voltage (+/- 35 mV) and higher voltage (up to +/- 240 mV) electrical pulses mimicking the receptor potential at different stages of cell shortening. The magnitude of electromotility decreased simultaneously with slow motile shortenings of OHCs. Irrespective of the character of the stimulus (mechanical or mechanical + chemical), the decrease in the magnitude of electromotility was dependent on the degree of cell shortening. Ocadaic acid, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, blocked slow motility and decreased the magnitude of electromotility.

The stiffness of the outer hair cell (OHC) lateral wall, measured by the micropipette aspiration technique, is non-linear, decreasing from the ciliary pole (stiffness parameter S p 1.83±0.13 nN/µm n=10) towards the cell base (S p 1.14±0.16 nN/µm, n=10) irrespective of the cochleoapical or cochleobasal origin of the cells. The length of the aspirated lateral wall segment was related exponentially to the duration of the applied negative pressure (6 cm H2O) in the synaptic region of the OHCs whereas an active, sigmoid component was observed between 30 and 60 s in the supranuclear regions. A significant increase of the midlateral wall stiffness (to 1.91±0.23 nN/µm; n=10) was observed in calcium-free medium and the sigmoid component of the response of the lateral wall was abolished. Salicylate (5 mM) had no significant effect on the active sigmoid behaviour of the lateral wall (n=10). Gadolinium (5 mM), a non-specific cation channel blocker, increased the stiffness of the lateral wall and attenuated the active component (n=10). The motor protein prestin thus does not seem to be involved in the active stiffness regulation seen in this study. A role for the cortical cytoskeleton in the regulation of stiffness seems reasonable according to our model. The mechanism may involve calcium-dependent metabolic modification of cytoskeletal or membrane proteins.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13071/regec.2317-5087.2013.2.2.6137.181-206This is a study of the science and technology policy of the government of São Paulo in the First Republic (1890-1930). This policy led to the creation of major research institutions and various higher education institutions in the State of São Paulo. The cornerstone of this paper is to identify and characterize the economic, social and cultural conditions that allowed the genesis and evolution of this policy shall, evaluating its main effects in the medium and long term. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13071/regec.2317-5087.2013.2.2.6137.181-206Trata-se de um estudo sobre as Instituições de Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo na Primeira República, 1890-1930. Estima-se que os pesquisadores radicados em São Paulo sejam os autores de 75% de tudo o que se pública em ciência e tecnologia no Brasil. Esse nível de concentração da produção científica e tecnológica costuma ser atribuído principalmente às atividades de pesquisa das suas três universidades públicas estaduais, e ao apoio que lhes é dispensado há décadas pela FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo). O desenvolvimento dessas instituições, por sua vez, tem sido vinculado à prosperidade econômica do Estado de São Paulo, e mais particularmente ao estágio alcançado por sua industrialização a partir da década de 1930. Embora sejam corretas, tais interpretações deixam de explicar como e por que elas surgiram e prosperaram em São Paulo, e não alhures como, por exemplo, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, que também foi bastante próspera durante as primeiras décadas do século XX, tendo sediado a capital do país até os anos cinqüenta e a maior parte de seu setor industrial antes de 1920. Uma resposta a tais indagações talvez possa ser encontrada na política científica e tecnológica do governo paulista na Primeira República, a qual deu origem à criação de centros de pesquisas como o Instituto Butantã, o Instituto Biológico etc., bem como de vários estabelecimentos de ensino superior que mais tarde iriam integrar-se à Universidade de São Paulo (tais como a Escola Politécnica, a escola de Agronomia de Piracicaba e as faculdades de Medicina e de Farmácia). O presente trabalho procura identificar e caracterizar as condições econômicas, sociais e culturais que tomaram possíveis a gênese e a evolução da referida política, tentando, além disso, fazer uma primeira avaliação de seus principais efeitos a médio e longo prazo.

Previous experiments suggested the possibility of a short-term sound stimulus-evoked and transient increase in DPOAE amplitudes. This phenomenon is possibly due to the complexity of the outer hair cells and their efferent control system and the different time scales of regulatory processes. A total of 100 healthy subjects ranging from 18 to 40 years of age with normal hearing and normal DPOAE values in the range of 781–4000 Hz were recruited in the study. Diagnostic DPOAE measurements were performed after short-term sound exposure. We proposed a 10 sec, 50 dB sound impulse as the most effective stimulus for clinical practice between 40 and 60 sec poststimulus time to detect the aforementioned transient DPOAE increase. We developed a procedure for detection of this transient increase in DPOAE by the application of a short-term sound exposure. The phenomenon was consistent and well detectable. Based on our findings, a new aspect of cochlear adaptation can be established that might be introduced as a routine clinical diagnostic tool. A mathematical model was provided that summarizes various factors that determine electromotility of OHCs and serves as a possible clinical application using this phenomenon for the prediction of individual noise susceptibility.

To review our current knowledge of the pathologic bone metabolism in otosclerosis and to discuss the possibilities of non-surgical, pharmacological intervention. Otosclerosis has been suspected to be associated with defective measles virus infection, local inflammation and consecutive bone deterioration in the human otic capsule. In the early stages of otosclerosis, different pharmacological agents may delay the progression or prevent further deterioration of the disease and consecutive hearing loss. Although effective anti-osteoporotic drugs have become available, the use of sodium fluoride and bisphosphonates in otosclerosis has not yet been successful. Bioflavonoids may relieve tinnitus due to otosclerosis, but there is no data available on long-term application and effects on sensorineural hearing loss. In the initial inflammatory phase, corticosteroids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be effective; however, extended systemic application may lead to serious side effects. Vitamin D administration may have effects on the pathological bone loss, as well as on inflammation. No information has been reported on the use of immunosuppressive drugs. Anti-cytokine targeted biological therapy, however, may be feasible. Indeed, one study on the local administration of infliximab has been reported. Potential targets of future therapy may include osteoprotegerin, RANK ligand, cathepsins and also the Wnt-β-catenin pathway. Finally, anti-measles vaccination may delay the progression of the disease and potentially decrease the number of new cases. In conclusion, stapes surgery remains to be widely accepted treatment of conductive hearing loss due to otosclerosis. Due to lack of solid evidence, the place of pharmacological treatment targeting inflammation and bone metabolism needs to be determined by future studies.

A controller döntéstámogató számításokkal segíti a vezetők munkáját. Az együttműködés során tekintettel kell lennie a vezető gondolkodásmódjára és korlátozott racionalitására is. A szerző az adóparadoxon példáján keresztül mutatja be, hogy a jelenérték-számítás módszertanának alkalmazásakor több ponton is mérlegelnie kell a controllernek, hogy milyen információkkal tudja érdemben segíteni a vezető munkáját anélkül, hogy az utóbbit felesleges, érdektelen adatokkal terhelje.

Ez a Gyorsjelentés a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Vállalatgazdaságtan Intézetében működő Versenyképesség Kutató Központ által lebonyolított kérdőíves felmérés eredményeire támaszkodik. A felmérést 2009 áprilisa és novembere között bonyolítottuk le, a TÁRKI munkatársainak és a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem hallgatóinak közreműködésével. 313 vállalat 1246 vezetőjét kérdeztük meg egy-egy terjedelmes kérdőívvel. Valamennyi vállalatnál az elsőszámú vezetőt, valamint a pénzügyi, a kereskedelmi és a termelési vezetőt kerestük meg, akiktől részben azonos, részben eltérő kérdésekre vártunk választ.

Otosclerosis is an inflammatory disease associated with persistent measles virus (MV) infection of the otic capsule. The nature of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) related to otosclerosis can be due to the chronic TNF-alpha release from the foci. TNF-alpha enters the inner ear fluid spaces in histologically active stages of otosclerosis and may cause outer hair cell functional disorder and subsequent SNHL without morphological changes of the organ of Corti. On the contrary, non-otosclerotic stapes ankylosis being a non-inflammatory disease is not harmful for hair cells. Theoretically, SNHL should not associate to this type of stapes fixation. Stapes footplates (N = 248) were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining and corresponding MV-, OPG- and TNF-alpha-specific RT-PCR. Anti-measles IgG levels of serum specimens were measured by ELISA. Preoperative audiological results were correlated with otosclerotic and non-otosclerotic histopathologies. Among patients with stapes fixation, we found 93 active and 67 inactive otosclerosis, and 88 non-otosclerotic stapes ankylosis. MV could only be detected in otosclerotic stapes footplates. Audiometry revealed bone conduction threshold elevation toward the high frequencies in otosclerotic patients, which was associated to the duration of hearing loss. OPG mRNA expression was significantly lower in the TNF-alpha positive specimens, which was independent from virus positivity. In about one-third of stapes fixations, the etiology is non-otosclerotic stapes ankylosis. Histologic otosclerosis exhibits a strong correlation with MV presence in the bone as a sign of persistent MV infection and related inflammation with TNF-alpha release. This causes SNHL in the function of time. Non-otosclerotic stapes fixations do not cause high-frequency SNHL.

Among the cells of the inner ear, the outer hair cells (OHCs) are the most important targets of noise-induced effects, being the most sensitive cell types. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of noise (50 Hz-20 kHz, 80 dB sound pressure level, 14 days) on intracellular calcium levels and on the expression pattern of purinoceptors in the membrane of the OHCs of the guinea pig and to measure the stiffness changes of the lateral membrane of these cells. In noise-exposed animals, the resting intracellular calcium concentration increased compared to nontreated animals and was slightly higher in the cells of the basal (219 +/- 29 nM: ) than in the apical (181 +/- 24 nM: ) turns of the cochlea. After application of 180 muM: adenosine triphosphate, the intracellular calcium level rose by 60 +/- 22 nM: in cells from the apical and by 44 +/- 10 nM: in cells from the basal turns, significantly less than in nontreated animals. Expression of the P(2X1), P(2X2), P(2X4), P(2X7), P(2Y1) and P(2Y4) receptor subtypes was suppressed, while expression of the P(2Y2) subtype did not decrease in either of the two preparations. In parallel with the increase in intracellular calcium concentration, the stiffness of the lateral wall of the OHCs was increased. Noise-induced changes in intracellular calcium homeostasis and subsequently in the calcium-dependent regulatory mechanisms may modify OHC lateral wall stiffness and may lead to reduction of the efficacy of the cochlear amplifier.

Among the supporting cells, Deiters cells are in intimate contact with outer hair cells (OHCs) in the inner ear. The aim of this study was to characterize the outward rectifying K+ current of Deiters cells in conjunction with cellular morphological characteristics. In the majority of cells, the K+ current had a biphasic inactivation kinetics (τ 1 and τ 2 were 2,735±90 (n=77) and 160±14 ms (n=72), respectively). The rapidly inactivating current component was more sensitive to Charybdotoxin (ChTx, 10 nM) block whereas the slowly inactivating current could be blocked more efficiently by tetraethylammonium (1 mM). All these point toward the existence of two distinct potassium channel types in these cells. Deiters cells attached to shorter OHCs had more voluminous, whereas those attached to longer OHCs had lanky cell bodies. The inactivation kinetics was slower in cells having corpulent cell bodies due to the increased proportion of the slowly inactivating current component (0.736±0.033, n=27) as compared to the one determined for lanky cells (0.522±0.023, n=36). The average peak K+ current was higher in Deiters cells connected to OHCs (5,417±541 pA, n=40) than in isolated ones (3,527±410, n=37). Deiters cells having different cell shapes and showing different K+ channel expression may contribute to the active mechanism of the cochlea to various degrees.

Acetylcholine (ACh) and GABA, the main neurotransmitters of the efferent innervation of the outer hair cells (OHCs), are assumed to regulate the efficacy of the cochlear amplifier through a variety of mechanisms. The recently described stretch-induced changes of the lateral wall stiffness (regulatory stiffness response) and the stretch-induced slow cell motility of OHCs may be important regulatory mechanisms in this process. We found that ACh in cochleobasal OHCs significantly reduces the stiffness of the lateral wall but increases the regulatory stiffness response and stretch-induced slow cell motility. Qualitatively similar cellular responses were evoked by GABA in cochleoapical OHCs. The effects of ACh could be inhibited by strychnine, the specific inhibitor of the alpha(9) ACh receptors expressed in OHCs, whereas the effects of GABA could be blocked by bicuculline, a specific GABA(A) receptor antagonist. In the absence of extracellular Ca(2+) the effects of ACh and GABA on the regulatory stiffness response were reduced, indicating the involvement of Ca(2+) in the control of this process. Based on our results we suggest that efferent innervation protects the organ of Corti against high sound intensities and supports adaptation by modification of the micromechanical properties of OHCs. This could be governed by ACh and GABA indirectly, via the potentiation of stretch-induced cell shortening in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, rather than by a direct stiffness regulation-related mechanism.