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The Southern Eagle Ray (Myliobatis goodei) is a medium-sized (to at least 115 cm DW) coastal eagle ray that occurs in the Western Central and Southwest Atlantic Oceans from South Carolina and Florida, USA and Quintana Roo, Mexico to San Jorge Gulf, Santa Cruz, Argentina. It inhabits continental shelves from inshore to depths of 181 m. It is captured using artisanal longlines, gillnets, beach seines, and in industrial shrimp trawls. This species is inferred to be stable or increasing in the Western Central Atlantic, based on its similarity to the Bullnose Eagle Ray (Myliobatis freminvillei). In the Southwest Atlantic artisanal fisheries are intense, further there are largely unmanaged commercial trawl and longline fisheries in many areas. In Brazil, landings of eagle rays have been reduced by 60% over 2000?2012 in Santa Catarina State, and a reduction of 91% in Rio Grande do Sul since the 1980s. This inshore eagle ray has no refuge at depth and is exposed to intense and often unmanaged fishing pressure throughout the Atlantic South American portion of its range and there it is suspected that this species has undergone a population reduction of >80% over the past three generation lengths (44 years), but is stable in the Western Central Atlantic. Overall, based its range with the almost all threats found in the Southwest Atlantic, the suspected low productivity of the species, this species is suspected to have undergone a population reduction of 30 49% in three generation lengths (44 years) due to levels of exploitation, and it is assessed as Vulnerable A2d. Fil: Carlson, J.. National Marine Fisheries Service; Estados Unidos Fil: Charvet, P.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Avalos Castillo, C.. Fundación Mundo Azul; Guatemala Fil: Blanco Parra, M. P.. Universidad de Quintana Roo; México Fil: Briones Bell lloch, A.. Dirección de Regulaciones Pesqueras y Ciencias; Cuba Fil: Cardeñosa, D.. Florida International University; Estados Unidos Fil: Chiaramonte, Gustavo Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia". Estación Hidrobiológica de Puerto Quequén (sede Quequén); Argentina Fil: Cuevas, J.M.. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados Unidos Fil: Derrick, D.. University Fraser Simon; Canadá Fil: Espinoza, E.. Galapagos National Park Directorate; Ecuador Fil: Mejía Falla, P. A.. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados Unidos Fil: Morales Saldaña, J. M.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Panamá Fil: Motta, F.. Universidade Federal Do Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Naranjo Elizondo, B.. Universidad de Costa Rica; Costa Rica Fil: Pacoureau, N.. University Fraser Simon; Canadá Fil: Paesch, L.. Direccion Nacional de Recursos Acuaticos ; Uruguay Fil: Pérez Jiménez, J. C.. El Colegio de la Frontera del Sur; México Fil: Rincon, G.. Universidade Federal Do Maranhao.; Brasil Fil: Schneider, E. V. C.. Cape Eleuthera Institute; Bahamas Fil: Simpson, N. J.. Salvageblue; San Vicente y las Granadinas Fil: Talwar, B. S.. Florida International University; Estados Unidos Fil: Pollom, R.. University Fraser Simon; Canadá

The Bullnose Eagle Ray (Myliobatis freminvillii) is a medium-sized (to 106 cm disc width) demersal coastal eagle ray that occurs in the Northwest, Western Central, and Southwest Atlantic Oceans from Massachussetts, USA to the Texas coast of the Gulf of Mexico and from Venezuela to Buenos Aires, Argentina and inhabits continental shelves from the surface to a depth of 122 m. Its is captured by artisanal longlines, gillnets, beach seines and also in industrial shrimp trawls. In the Northwest Atlantic, population trend data are available from a deep-water trawl survey in the northern Gulf of Mexico that reveal steep increases in abundance over 2002-2013. There are no known threats in the Northwest and Western Central Atlantic, but in the Southwest Atlantic artisanal fisheries are intense. Further, there are largely unmanaged commercial trawl and longline fisheries in this area. This inshore eagle ray is exposed to intense and often unmanaged fishing pressure throughout the Southwest Atlantic portion of its range, and it has no refuge at depth. Due to the level of exploitation by widespread artisanal fisheries which lack adequate management, it is suspected that this species has undergone a population reduction of >80% over the past three generation lengths (44 years) in the Atlantic South American part of its range, but is stable in the Northwest and Western Central Atlantic. Overall, based on its range, with almost all threats found in the Southwest Atlantic, and the suspected low productivity of the species, the Bullnose Eagle Ray is suspected to have undergone a population reduction of 30-49% in the past three generation lengths (44 years) due to levels of exploitation, and it is assessed as Vulnerable A2bd. Fil: Carlson, J.. National Marine Fisheries Service; Estados Unidos Fil: Charvet, P.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Avalos, C.. Fundacion Mundo Azul; Guatemala Fil: Blanco Parra, M. P.. Universidad de Quintana Roo; México Fil: Briones Bell lloch, A.. Direccion de Regulaciones Pesqueras y Ciencias; Cuba Fil: Cardeñosa, D.. Florida International University; Estados Unidos Fil: Chiaramonte, Gustavo Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia". Estación Hidrobiológica de Puerto Quequén (sede Quequén); Argentina Fil: Cuevas, J.M.. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados Unidos Fil: Derrick, D.. University Fraser Simon; Canadá Fil: Espinoza, E.. Direccion Parque Nacional Galapagos; Ecuador Fil: Mejía Falla, P. A.. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados Unidos Fil: Morales Saldaña, J. M.. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Panamá Fil: Motta, F.. Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Naranjo Elizondo, B.. Universidad de Costa Rica; Costa Rica Fil: Pacoureau, N.. University Fraser Simon; Canadá Fil: Paesch, L.. Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos; Uruguay Fil: Perez Jiménez, J. C.. El Colegio de la Frontera del Sur; México Fil: Rincon, G.. Universidade Federal Do Maranhao.; Brasil Fil: Schneider, E. V. C.. Cape Eleuthera Institute; Bahamas Fil: Simpson, N. J.. Salvageblue; San Vicente y las Granadinas Fil: Talwar, B. S.. Florida International University; Estados Unidos Fil: Pollom, R.. University Fraser Simon; Canadá