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15. Good times for multisensory integration: audiovisual processing in the oscillatory gamma-band

Author

Senkowski, D.S., Talsma, D., Grigutsch, M., Herrmann, C., Woldorff, M.G., and Cognitive Psychology

Abstract

The synchronous occurrence of the unisensory components of a multisensory stimulus contributes to their successful merging into a coherent perceptual representation. Oscillatory gamma-band responses (GBRs, 30-80 Hz) have been linked to feature integration mechanisms and to multisensory processing, suggesting they may also be sensitive to the temporal alignment of multisensory stimulus components. Here we examined the effects on early oscillatory GBR brain activity of varying the precision of the temporal synchrony of the unisensory components of an audio-visual stimulus. Audio-visual stimuli were presented with stimulus onset asynchronies ranging from -125 to +125 ms. Randomized streams of auditory (A), visual (V), and audio-visual (AV) stimuli were presented centrally while subjects attended to either the auditory or visual modality to detect occasional targets. GBRs to auditory and visual components of multisensory AV stimuli were extracted for five subranges of asynchrony (e.g., A preceded by V by 100 ± 25 ms, by 50 ± 25 ms, etc.) and compared with GBRs to unisensory control stimuli. Robust multisensory interactions were observed in the early GBRs when the auditory and visual stimuli were presented with the closest synchrony. These effects were found over medial-frontal brain areas after 30-80 ms and over occipital brain areas after 60-120 ms. A second integration effect, possibly reflecting the perceptual separation of the two sensory inputs, was found over occipital areas when auditory inputs preceded visual by 100 ± 25 ms. No significant interactions were observed for the other subranges of asynchrony. These results show that the precision of temporal synchrony can have an impact on early cross-modal interactions in human cortex. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2007
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24. Stay tuned: What is special about not shifting attention?

Author

Talsma, D., Sikkens, J.J., Theeuwes, J., Talsma, D., Sikkens, J.J., and Theeuwes, J.

Abstract

Background: When studying attentional orienting processes, brain activity elicited by symbolic cue is usually compared to a neutral condition in which no information is provided about the upcoming target location. It is generally assumed that when a neutral cue is provided, participants do not shift their attention. The present study sought to validate this assumption. We further investigated whether anticipated task demands had an impact on brain activity related to processing symbolic cues. Methodology/Principal Findings: Two experiments were conducted, during which event-related potentials were elicited by symbolic cues that instructed participants to shift their attention to a particular location on a computer screen. In Experiment 1, attention shift-inducing cues were compared to non-informative cues, while in both conditions participants were required to detect target stimuli that were subsequently presented at peripheral locations. In Experiment 2, a non-ambiguous "stay-central" cue that explicitly required participants not to shift their attention was used instead. In the latter case, target stimuli that followed a stay-central cue were also presented at a central location. Both experiments revealed enlarged early latency contralateral ERP components to shift-inducing cues compared to those elicited by either non-informative (exp. 1) or stay-central cues (exp. 2). In addition, cueing effects were modulated by the anticipated difficulty of the upcoming target, particularly so in Experiment 2. A positive difference, predominantly over the posterior contralateral scalp areas, could be observed for stay-central cues, especially for those predicting that the upcoming target would be easy. This effect was not present for non-informative cues. Conclusions/Significance: We interpret our result in terms of a more rapid engagement of attention occurring in the presence of a more predictive instruction (i.e. stay-central easy target). Our results indicate that the huma

Published
2011
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25. Distribution of attention modulates salience signals in early visual cortex

Author

Mulckhuyse, M., Belopolsky, A.V., Heslenfeld, D.J., Talsma, D., Theeuwes, J., Mulckhuyse, M., Belopolsky, A.V., Heslenfeld, D.J., Talsma, D., and Theeuwes, J.

Abstract

Previous research has shown that the extent to which people spread attention across the visual field plays a crucial role in visual selection and the occurrence of bottom-up driven attentional capture. Consistent with previous findings, we show that when attention was diffusely distributed across the visual field while searching for a shape singleton, an irrelevant salient color singleton captured attention. However, while using the very same displays and task, no capture was observed when observers initially focused their attention at the center of the display. Using event-related fMRI, we examined the modulation of retinotopic activity related to attentional capture in early visual areas. Because the sensory display characteristics were identical in both conditions, we were able to isolate the brain activity associated with exogenous attentional capture. The results show that spreading of attention leads to increased bottom-up exogenous capture and increased activity in visual area V3 but not in V2 and V1. © 2011 Mulckhuyse et al.

Published
2011
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27. Auto-adaptive averaging: Detecting artifacts in event-related potential data using a fully automated procedure

Author

Talsma, D. and Talsma, D.

Abstract

The auto-adaptive averaging procedure proposed here classifies artifacts in event-related potential data by optimizing the signal-to-noise ratio. This method rank orders single trials according to the impact of each trial on the ERP average. Then, the minimum residual background noise level in the ERP data is determined at each step in the averaging process. Trials having a negative impact on the residual background noise are discarded from the averaging procedure. Simulations showed that ERP estimates obtained by the auto-adaptive averaging procedure were either better or comparable to those obtained by single trial artifact detection methods at their most optimum configuration, in particular during long duration artifacts. Experimental data from a working memory task further illustrate the effectiveness of the method. Copyright © 2007 Society for Psychophysiological Research.

Published
2008
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30. Grabbing attention without knowing: Automatic capture of attention by subliminal cues.

Author

Mulckhuijse, M.G.J., Talsma, D., Theeuwes, J., Mulckhuijse, M.G.J., Talsma, D., and Theeuwes, J.

Abstract

The present study shows that an abrupt onset cue that is not consciously perceived can cause attentional facilitation followed by inhibition at the cued location. The observation of this classic biphasic effect of facilitation followed by inhibition of return (IOR) suggests that the subliminal cue captured attention in a purely exogenous way. Since IOR is not observed following endogenous shifts of spatial attention, but is observed following exogenous, stimulus-driven shifts of spatial attention, it is unlikely that top-down control settings or other non-attentional effects played a role. The current findings are interpreted in terms of a neurobiological model of visual awareness.

Published
2007
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33. Attentional capacity for processing concurrent stimuli is larger across sensory modalities than within a modality.

Author

Talsma, D., Doty, T.J., Strowd, R., Woldorff, M.G., Talsma, D., Doty, T.J., Strowd, R., and Woldorff, M.G.

Abstract

One finding in attention research is that visual and auditory attention mechanisms are linked together. Such a link would predict a central, amodal capacity limit in processing visual and auditory stimuli. Here we show that this is not the case. Letter streams were accompanied by asynchronously presented streams of auditory, visual, and audiovisual objects. Either the letter streams or the visual, auditory, or audiovisual parts of the object streams were attended. Attending to various aspects of the objects resulted in modulations of the letter-stream-elicited steady-state evoked potentials (SSVEPs). SSVEPs were larger when auditory objects were attended than when either visual objects alone or when auditory and visual object stimuli were attended together. SSVEP amplitudes were the same in the latter conditions, indicating that attentional capacity between modalities is larger than attentional capacity within one and the same modality. Copyright © 2006 Society for Psychophysiological Research.

Published
2006
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43. Electrophysiological markers of predictive coding in multisensory integration and autism spectrum disorder

Author

van Laarhoven, T.J.T.M., Vroomen, Jean, Stekelenburg, Jeroen, Geurts, H.M., Talsma, D., Wagemans, J., Swerts, Marc, and Cognitive Neuropsychology

Subjects
Autism Spectrum Disorders, multisensory integration, ERPs, predictive coding
Abstract

Publiekssamenvatting De manier waarop we de wereld om ons heen waarnemen is niet alleen gebaseerd op informatie die we via onze zintuigen ontvangen, maar wordt ook gevormd door onze ervaringen uit het verleden. Een recent geïntroduceerde theorie over de verwerking en integratie van sensorische informatie en eerdere ervaringen, de zogeheten predictive coding theorie, gaat ervan uit dat ons brein continu een intern predictiemodel van de wereld om ons heen genereert op basis van informatie die we ontvangen via onze zintuigen en gebeurtenissen die we in het verleden hebben meegemaakt. Het kunnen voorspellen wat we in bepaalde situaties zullen gaan zien, horen, voelen, ruiken en proeven, stelt ons in staat om te anticiperen op sensorische prikkels. Om deze reden reageren we vaak sneller en accurater op voorspelbare sensorische signalen. Op neuraal niveau zijn er ook aanwijzingen gevonden voor de aanwezigheid van een intern predictiemodel. Na het horen van een geluid, bijvoorbeeld van de claxon van een auto, genereert ons brein automatisch elektrische activiteit die met behulp van elektro-encefalografie (EEG) te meten is. Wanneer we datzelfde geluid zelf initiëren, door bijvoorbeeld zelf op de claxon te drukken, kunnen we beter voorspellen wanneer het geluid optreedt en hoe dit ongeveer zal klinken. Deze toename in voorspelbaarheid van het geluid is terug te zien in een vermindering van het EEG signaal. Wanneer we luisteren naar een reeks voorspelbare geluiden waarin onverwacht een geluid wordt weggelaten genereert het brein ook een duidelijk elektrisch signaal, een zogeheten predictie error, dat kan worden gemeten met behulp van EEG. De sterkte van dit signaal wordt verondersteld samen te hangen met de hoeveelheid cognitieve vermogens die aan de onverwachtse verstoring van de voorspelling worden toegewezen. De bevindingen beschreven in dit proefschrift laten zien dat het zelf initiëren van een geluid bij mensen met autisme spectrum stoornis (ASS) niet automatisch resulteert in een afname in elektrische hersenactiviteit. Ook is gevonden dat een plotselinge verstoring in sensorische stimulatie bij mensen met ASS kan resulteren in verhoogde elektrische hersenactiviteit. Deze bevindingen suggereren dat mensen met ASS minder goed in staat lijken te zijn om te anticiperen op sensorische prikkels, en mogelijk meer moeite hebben met de verwerking van onverwachtse verstoringen in sensorische stimulatie. Een verminderd vermogen om te kunnen anticiperen op sensorische prikkels en omgaan met onverwachtse verstoringen in sensorische stimulatie kan niet alleen leiden tot atypische gedragsreacties, waaronder onder- en overgevoeligheid voor sensorische prikkels (symptomen die veel voorkomen bij ASS), maar heeft mogelijk ook gevolgen voor de sociale cognitieve vaardigheden. In sociale situaties is het kunnen anticiperen op hetgeen een ander zegt of doet van cruciaal belang. Het begrijpen van sarcasme vereist bijvoorbeeld de integratie van subtiele verschillen in auditieve (toonhoogte en prosodie) en visuele informatie (gezichtsuitdrukkingen, lichaamstaal). Het juist interpreteren van dergelijke dubbelzinnige sociale signalen is vaak lastig voor mensen met ASS. De bevindingen beschreven in dit proefschrift suggereren dat de oorzaak hiervoor mogelijk ligt in verstoringen in het vermogen om te kunnen anticiperen op sensorische prikkels. Toekomstig onderzoek moet uitwijzen of mensen met ASS ook meer moeite hebben met het anticiperen op sensorische prikkels en verwerken van onverwachtse verstoringen in andere sensorische domeinen. Naast het vergroten van wetenschappelijke kennis over de sensorische informatieverwerking in ASS kan verder onderzoek naar de neurale mechanismen van sensorische anticipatie potentieel leiden tot een elektrofysiologische marker voor ASS die kan worden toegepast als diagnostisch hulpmiddel. Met name voor mensen waarbij de gedragskenmerken niet altijd goed te beoordelen zijn kan een dergelijke biomarker mogelijk als objectief meetinstrument worden ingezet in de klinische praktijk.

Published
2021

44. Visual working memory capacity and stimulus categories

Author

Durk Talsma, Sofia Diamantopoulou, Peter Klaver, Leo Poom, University of Zurich, Talsma, D, and Faculty of Behavioural, Management and Social Sciences

Subjects
Male, potential, Short, genetic structures, Electroencephalography, Memorization, 0302 clinical medicine, Slow, Evoked Potentials, medicine.diagnostic_test, 10093 Institute of Psychology, General Neuroscience, 05 social sciences, 2800 General Neuroscience, Brain, Electrophysiology, Memory, Short-Term, 10076 Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Visual Perception, Female, Psychology, Adult, Short-term memory, 610 Medicine & health, Stimulus (physiology), 050105 experimental psychology, Categories, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Reaction Time, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Neural correlates of consciousness, Communication, Analysis of Variance, Working memory, business.industry, Subliminal stimuli, n/a OA procedure, 10036 Medical Clinic, 570 Life sciences, biology, term memory, 150 Psychology, business, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance
Abstract

It has recently been suggested that visual working memory capacity may vary depending on the type of material that has to be memorized. Here we use a delayed match-to-sample paradigm and event-related potentials (ERP) to investigate the neural correlates that are linked to these changes in capacity. A variable number of stimuli (1 to 4) were presented in laterally in two visual hemifields. Participants were required to selectively memorize the stimuli presented in one hemifield. Following memorization, a test stimulus was presented that had to be matched against the memorized item(s). Two types of stimuli were used; one set consisting of discretely different objects (discrete stimuli), and one set consisting of more continuous variations along a single dimension (continuous stimuli). Behavioral results indicate that memory capacity was much larger for the discrete stimuli, as compared to the continuous stimuli. This behavioral effect correlated with an increase in a contralateral negative slow wave (CNSW) ERP component that is known to be involved in memorization. We therefore conclude that the larger working memory capacity for discrete stimuli can be directly related to an increase in activity in visual areas and propose that this increase in visual activity is due to interactions with other, non-visual representations.

Published
2011
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47. Time course of EEG complexity reflects attentional engagement during listening to speech in noise.

Author

Eqlimi E, Bockstael A, Schönwiesner M, Talsma D, and Botteldooren D

Subjects
Electroencephalography, Noise, Attention, Speech, Speech Perception
Abstract

Auditory distractions are recognized to considerably challenge the quality of information encoding during speech comprehension. This study explores electroencephalography (EEG) microstate dynamics in ecologically valid, noisy settings, aiming to uncover how these auditory distractions influence the process of information encoding during speech comprehension. We examined three listening scenarios: (1) speech perception with background noise (LA), (2) focused attention on the background noise (BA), and (3) intentional disregard of the background noise (BUA). Our findings showed that microstate complexity and unpredictability increased when attention was directed towards speech compared with tasks without speech (LA > BA & BUA). Notably, the time elapsed between the recurrence of microstates increased significantly in LA compared with both BA and BUA. This suggests that coping with background noise during speech comprehension demands more sustained cognitive effort. Additionally, a two-stage time course for both microstate complexity and alpha-to-theta power ratio was observed. Specifically, in the early epochs, a lower level was observed, which gradually increased and eventually reached a steady level in the later epochs. The findings suggest that the initial stage is primarily driven by sensory processes and information gathering, while the second stage involves higher level cognitive engagement, including mnemonic binding and memory encoding., (© 2023 Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2023
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48. Theta oscillations shift towards optimal frequency for cognitive control.

Author

Senoussi M, Verbeke P, Desender K, De Loof E, Talsma D, and Verguts T

Subjects
Humans, Cognition physiology, Theta Rhythm physiology
Abstract

Cognitive control allows to flexibly guide behaviour in a complex and ever-changing environment. It is supported by theta band (4-7 Hz) neural oscillations that coordinate distant neural populations. However, little is known about the precise neural mechanisms permitting such flexible control. Most research has focused on theta amplitude, showing that it increases when control is needed, but a second essential aspect of theta oscillations, their peak frequency, has mostly been overlooked. Here, using computational modelling and behavioural and electrophysiological recordings, in three independent datasets, we show that theta oscillations adaptively shift towards optimal frequency depending on task demands. We provide evidence that theta frequency balances reliable set-up of task representation and gating of task-relevant sensory and motor information and that this frequency shift predicts behavioural performance. Our study presents a mechanism supporting flexible control and calls for a reevaluation of the mechanistic role of theta oscillations in adaptive behaviour., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Published
2022
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49. EEG alpha power predicts the temporal sensitivity of multisensory perception.

Author

London RE, Benwell CSY, Cecere R, Quak M, Thut G, and Talsma D

Subjects
Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Perception, Electroencephalography methods, Humans, Judgment, Photic Stimulation methods, Illusions, Visual Perception
Abstract

Pre-stimulus electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillations, especially in the alpha range (8-13 Hz), can affect the sensitivity to temporal lags between modalities in multisensory perception. The effects of alpha power are often explained in terms of alpha's inhibitory functions, whereas effects of alpha frequency have bolstered theories of discrete perceptual cycles, where the length of a cycle, or window of integration, is determined by alpha frequency. Such studies typically employ visual detection paradigms with near-threshold or even illusory stimuli. It is unclear whether such results generalize to above-threshold stimuli. Here, we recorded EEG, while measuring temporal discrimination sensitivity in a temporal-order judgement task using above-threshold auditory and visual stimuli. We tested whether the power and instantaneous frequency of pre-stimulus oscillations predict audiovisual temporal discrimination sensitivity on a trial-by-trial basis. By applying a jackknife procedure to link single-trial pre-stimulus oscillatory power and instantaneous frequency to psychometric measures, we identified a posterior cluster where lower alpha power was associated with higher temporal sensitivity of audiovisual discrimination. No statistically significant relationship between instantaneous alpha frequency and temporal sensitivity was found. These results suggest that temporal sensitivity for above-threshold multisensory stimuli fluctuates from moment to moment and is indexed by modulations in alpha power., (© 2022 Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2022
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50. Prevention of Triglyceridemia by (Non-)Anticoagulant Heparin(oids) Does Not Preclude Transplant Vasculopathy and Glomerulosclerosis.

Author

Shrestha P, Katta K, Talsma D, Naggi A, Hillebrands JL, van de Sluis B, and van den Born J

Abstract

Background: In renal transplantation, chronic transplant dysfunction (CTD) is associated with increased PCSK9 and dyslipidemia. PCSK9 is an enzyme that increases plasma cholesterol levels by downregulating LDLR expression. We recently showed increased PCSK9-syndecan-1 interaction in conditions of proteinuria and renal function loss. Treatment with heparin(oids) might be a therapeutic option to improve dyslipidemia and CTD. We investigated the effects of (non-)anticoagulant heparin(oids) on serum lipids, syndecan-1 and PCSK9 levels, and CTD development. Methods: Kidney allotransplantation was performed from female Dark Agouti to male Wistar Furth recipients. Transplanted rats received daily subcutaneous injections of saline, unfractionated heparin, and RO-heparin or NAc-heparin (2 mg heparin(oid)/kg BW) until sacrifice after 9 weeks of treatment. Results: Saline-treated recipients developed hypertension, proteinuria, and loss of creatinine clearance (all p < 0.05 compared to baseline), along with glomerulosclerosis and arterial neo-intima formation. Saline-treated recipients showed significant increase in plasma triglycerides ( p < 0.05), borderline increase in non-HDLc/HDLc ( p = 0.051), and ∼10-fold increase in serum syndecan-1 ( p < 0.05), without significant increase in serum PCSK9 at 8 weeks compared to baseline. Heparin and non-anticoagulant RO-heparin administration in transplanted rats completely prevented an increase in triglycerides compared to saline-treated recipients at 8 weeks (both p < 0.05). Heparin(oids) treatment did not influence serum total cholesterol (TC), plasma syndecan-1 and PCSK9 levels, creatinine clearance, proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, and arterial neo-intima formation, 8 weeks after transplantation. Combining all groups, increased syndecan-1 shedding was associated with TC ( r = 0.5; p = 0.03) and glomerulosclerosis ( r = 0.53; p = 0.021), whereas the non-HDLc/HDLc ratio was associated with the neo-intimal score in the transplanted kidneys ( r = 0.65; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Prevention of triglyceridemia by (non-)anticoagulant heparin(oids) neither influenced PCSK9/syndecan-1 nor precluded CTD, which however did associate with the shedding of lipoprotein clearance receptor syndecan-1 and the unfavorable cholesterol profile., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Shrestha, Katta, Talsma, Naggi, Hillebrands, Sluis and van den Born.)

Published
2022
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