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L’étude du comportement animal, ou éthologie, apporte des connaissances sur les animaux d’élevage depuis les années 1950. Si les études se sont focalisées dans un premier temps sur les comportements d’intérêt pour la production (reproduction), elles permettent aujourd’hui de mieux connaître de nombreux autres comportements inhérents à la vie des animaux d’élevage. Le porc domestique a ainsi fait l’objet de nombreuses études, dont il est important de faire la synthèse. Cet article a donc pour objectif de faire le bilan des connaissances sur les différentes catégories de comportement du porc domestique : exploratoire, alimentaire, social, sexuel et parental, et de jeu. Chaque catégorie de comportement est décrite, ainsi que les facteurs l’influençant. Au travers de ce bilan, il ressort que certaines conditions et pratiques d’élevage permettent de favoriser l’expression des comportements des porcs. La connaissance et la mise en place de celles-ci peuvent permettre de répondre à certains besoins comportementaux pour un meilleur bien-être animal (réduction de la contention, enrichissement du milieu…). Cependant, favoriser l’expression des comportements naturels n’est pas toujours bénéfique pour les animaux, et comprendre leur expression est un moyen de trouver des solutions pour pallier les effets indésirables. Même si les recherches sur le comportement des porcs domestiques sont en expansion, elles doivent maintenant s’étendre à des sujets peu explorés à ce jour comme les comportements sociaux non hiérarchiques et le comportement maternel.

Postoperative infections are the most common complications faced by surgeons after implant surgery. To address this issue, an emerging and promising approach is to develop antimicrobial coatings using antibiotic substitutes. We investigated the use of polycationic homopolypeptides in a layer-by-layer coating combined with hyaluronic acid (HA) to produce an effective antimicrobial shield. The three peptide-based polycations used to make the coatings, poly(l-arginine) (PAR), poly(l-lysine), and poly(l-ornithine), provided an efficient antibacterial barrier by a contact-killing mechanism against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Moreover, this activity was higher for homopolypeptides containing 30 amino-acid residues per polycation chain, emphasizing the impact of the polycation chain length and its mobility in the coatings to deploy its contact-killing antimicrobial properties. However, the PAR-containing coating emerged as the best candidate among the three selected polycations, as it promoted cell adhesion and epithelial monolayer formation. It also stimulated nitric oxide production in endothelial cells, thereby facilitating angiogenesis and subsequent tissue regeneration. More interestingly, bacteria did not develop a resistance to PAR and (PAR/HA) also inhibited the proliferation of eukaryotic pathogens, such as yeasts. Furthermore, in vivo investigations on a (PAR/HA)-coated hernia mesh implanted on a rabbit model confirmed that the coating had antibacterial properties without causing chronic inflammation. These impressive synergistic activities highlight the strong potential of PAR/HA coatings as a key tool in combating bacteria, including those resistant to conventional antibiotics and associated to medical devices.

Part of the farmers have chosen to raise pigs with outdoor access. However, providing outdoor access to pigs is not a simple matter, and many farmers are hesitating or feel powerless to engage in this transition. A better understanding of their needs and challenges could facilitate the development of innovations that generate commitment. This survey aimed to identify the French pig farmers’ barriers to and drivers for providing outdoor access to pigs. A total of 36 farmers, aged 25–60, who worked in all types of pig farming systems (from full indoor to free-range) participated in a semi-structured interview that lasted 1.25–2.25 h. The topics covered included a historical overview, a description of the farm and practices, as well as opinions about the impact of outdoor access on farmers, animals, production and economic performance, environment, and society. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis. Most of the participants agreed that rearing pigs indoors is a different job from that of rearing pigs with outdoor access and that it is above all a matter of choice, farmer work conception, and work comfort. Farmers generally agreed that working outdoors is particularly arduous, but this could be compensated by the satisfaction of being in contact with nature and seeing animals in a more complex environment. A large majority of farmers managing a system with outdoor access raised the issue of lack of support, highlighting the need for refinement and diffusion of guides of practices as well as day-to-day support. The impact of outdoor access on the health and welfare of pigs was discussed, especially regarding climatic hazards and the risk of zoonoses, and several outdoor farmers explained how their relationship with the animals changes when pigs are raised outside. Given that zootechnical performance may significantly decrease in farms with outdoor access, various strategies can be employed to maintain profitability, such as feed production, circularity, direct sales, or work diversification. They could be either motivating or demotivating factors depending on the individuals. Concerns about social criticism were prominent among many indoor farmers while farmers providing outdoor access generally felt more serene and proud. Overall, this study can serve as a basis to identify levers that could remove barriers, foster the adherence of more farmers, and facilitate the transition towards more pig farming systems with outdoor access, provided that those systems are viable and beneficial for the welfare and health of the animals and farmers.

Abstract Aim We investigated the pathologic complete response rates (pCR) and survival outcomes of early breast cancer patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) over 14 years at a French comprehensive cancer center and reported pCR and survival outcomes by tumor subtypes and size. Methods From January 2005 to December 2018, 1150 patients receiving NAC were identified. Correlations between cT stage, breast tumor response, axillary lymph node response, pCR, surgery, and outcomes were assessed. pCR was defined as (ypT0/ypTis) and (ypN0/pN0sn). Results A pCR was reached in 31.7% (365/1150) of patients and was strongly associated with tumor subtypes, but not with tumor size (pretreatment cT category). Luminal‐B Her2‐negative and triple‐negative (TN) subtypes, cN1 status, older age, and no‐pCR had an independent negative prognostic value. Overall survival (OS), relapse‐free survival (RFS), and metastasis‐free survival (MFS) were not significantly different for cT0‐1 compared to cT2 stages. In Cox‐model adjusted on in‐breast pCR and pN status, ypN1 had a strong negative impact (OS, RFS, and MFS: HR = 3.153, 4.677, and 6.133, respectively), higher than no in‐breast pCR (HR = 2.369, 2.252, and 2.323). A negative impact of no pCR on OS was observed for cN0 patients and TN tumors (HR = 4.972) or HER2‐positive tumors (HR = 11.706), as well as in Luminal‐B Her2‐negative tumors on MFS (HR = 2.223) and for Luminal‐A on RFS (HR = 4.465) and MFS (HR = 4.185). Conclusion Achievement of pCR, but not tumor size (pretreatment cT category), has an independent prognostic impact on survival. These results suggest potential NAC benefits in patients with small tumors (

BackgroundElderly breast cancer (BC) patients have been underrepresented in clinical trials whereas ~60% of deaths from BC occur in women aged 70 years and older. Only limited data are available on the prognostic impact of age according to treatment, especially in the triple-negative (TN) and Her2-positive because of the lower frequency of these subtypes in elderly patients. We report herein the results of a multicenter retrospective study analyzing the prognostic impact of age according to treatment delivered in TN and Her2-positive BC patients of 70 years or older, including comparison by age groups.MethodsThe medical records of 31,473 patients treated from January 1991 to December 2018 were retrieved from 13 French cancer centers for retrospective analysis. Our study population included all ≥70 patients with TN or Her2-positive BC treated by upfront surgery. Three age categories were determined: 70-74, 75-80, and > 80 years.ResultsOf 528 patients included, 243 patients were 70-74 years old (46%), 172 were 75-80 years (32.6%) and 113 were >80 years (21.4%). Half the population (51.9%, 274 patients) were TN, 30.1% (159) Her2-positive/hormone receptors (HR)-positive, and, 18% (95) Her2-positive/endocrine receptors (ER)-negative BC. Advanced tumor stage was associated with older age but no other prognostic factors (tumor subtype, tumor grade, LVI). Adjuvant chemotherapy delivery was inversely proportional to age. With 49 months median follow-up, all patient outcomes (overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS)) significantly decreased as age increased. In multivariate analysis, age >80, pT2-3 sizes, axillary macrometastases, lymphovascular involvement, and HR-negativity tumor negatively affected DFS and OS. Comparison between age >80 and 80 (HR=1.771, p=0.031).ConclusionTN and Her2-positive subtypes occur at similar frequency in elderly patients. Older age is associated with more advanced tumor stage presentation. Chemotherapy use decreases with older age without worse other pejorative prognostic factors. Age >80, but not ≤80, independently affected DFS and OS.

Abstract Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) is an effective treatment in brain metastases and, when combined with local treatments such as surgery and stereotactic radiosurgery, gives the best brain control. Nonetheless, WBRT is often omitted after local treatment due to its potential late neurocognitive effects. Publications on radiation-induced neurotoxicity have used different assessment methods, time to assessment, and definition of impairment, thus making it difficult to accurately assess the rate and magnitude of the neurocognitive decline that can be expected. In this context, and to help therapeutic decision making, we have conducted this literature review, with the aim of providing an average incidence, magnitude and time to occurrence of radio-induced neurocognitive decline. We reviewed all English language published articles on neurocognitive effects of WBRT for newly diagnosed brain metastases or with a preventive goal in adult patients, with any methodology (MMSE, battery of neurcognitive tests) with which baseline status was provided. We concluded that neurocognitive decline is predominant at 4 months, strongly dependant on brain metastases control, partially solved at later time, graded 1 on a SOMA-LENT scale (only 8% of grade 2 and more), insufficiently assessed in long-term survivors, thus justifying all efforts to reduce it through irradiation modulation.

Procedural learning has been mainly tested through motor sequence learning tasks in children with neurodevelopmental disorders, especially with isolated Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and Reading Disorder (RD). Studies on motor adaptation are scarcer and more controversial. This study aimed to compare the performance of children with isolated and associated DCD and RD in a graphomotor adaptation task. In total, 23 children with RD, 16 children with DCD, 19 children with DCD-RD, and 21 typically developing (TD) children wrote trigrams both in the conventional (from left to right) and opposite (from right to left) writing directions. The results show that movement speed and accuracy were more impacted by the adaptation condition (opposite writing direction) in children with neurodevelopmental disorders than TD children. Our results also reveal that children with RD have less difficulty adapting their movement than children with DCD. Children with DCD-RD had the most difficulty, and analysis of their performance suggests a cumulative effect of the two neurodevelopmental disorders in motor adaptation.

Intentionally or not, humans produce rhythmic behaviors (e.g., walking, speaking, and clapping). In 1974, Paul Fraisse defined rhythmic behavior as a periodic movement that obeys a temporal program specific to the subject and that depends less on the conditions of the action (p. 47). Among spontaneous rhythms, the spontaneous motor tempo (SMT) corresponds to the tempo at which someone produces movements in the absence of external stimuli, at the most regular, natural, and pleasant rhythm for him/her. However, intra- and inter-individual differences exist in the SMT values. Even if several factors have been suggested to influence the SMT (e.g., the age of participants), we do not yet know which factors actually modulate the value of the SMT. In this context, the objectives of the present systematic review are (1) to characterize the range of SMT values found in the literature in healthy human adults and (2) to identify all the factors modulating the SMT values in humans. Our results highlight that (1) the reference value of SMT is far from being a common value of 600 ms in healthy human adults, but a range of SMT values exists, and (2) many factors modulate the SMT values. We discuss our results in terms of intrinsic factors (in relation to personal characteristics) and extrinsic factors (in relation to environmental characteristics). Recommendations are proposed to assess the SMT in future research and in rehabilitative, educative, and sport interventions involving rhythmic behaviors.

Background: Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) is a therapeutic de-escalation option in older women with low-risk early breast cancer (EBC). A qualitative study was implemented to describe EBC physicians’ points of view on IORT as a de-escalation option. Methods: Recorded face-to-face and telephone semi-structured interviews were conducted among diverse physicians from seven French comprehensive cancer centers. Interview transcripts were grouped as corpus to construct a typology. Thematic analysis was performed. Results: Positions toward IORT were contrasted between the 16 participating physicians. Five fully supported IORT as a de-escalation option, four were not in favor, and seven had a more reserved or neutral opinion. Points of divergence concerned treatment efficacy, treatment duration, side effects and sequelae, psychological impact, compliance with adjuvant endocrine therapy, logistical constraints, financial cost, and availability of other techniques of partial breast irradiation. Physicians in favor of IORT emphasized direct benefits for the patient, and those against pointed the lack of specific guidelines, risk of lost opportunity in older women with long life expectancy, and challenges of shared decision making. Conclusions: Despite national policies to preserve cancer patients’ quality of life and increase their participation in medical decision making, therapeutic de-escalation using IORT is not consensual among physicians. Further efforts are needed to promote patient-centered care.

Physical activity has been shown to have many benefits, including reducing cancer-related fatigue (CRF) and improving psychological and physical recovery from breast cancer. Some authors have shown the benefits of aquatic practice, while others have detailed the benefits of group and supervised practice. We hypothesize that an innovative sports coaching proposal could allow a significant adherence of patients and contribute to their health improvement. The main objective is to study the feasibility of an adapted water polo programme (aqua polo) for women after breast cancer. Secondarily we will analyse the effect of such a practice on patients' recovery and study the relationship between coaches and participants. The use of mixed methods will allow us to question the underlying processes precisely. This is a prospective, non-randomized, monocentric study with a sample of 24 breast cancer patients after treatment. The intervention is a 20 week programme (1 session per week) of aqua polo in a swim club facility, supervised by professional water-polo coaches. The variables measured are patient participation, quality of life (QLQ BR23), CRF (R–PFS) and post-traumatic growth (PTG-I) as well as different variables to observe physical capacity (strength with dynamometer, step-test and arm amplitude). The quality of the coach-patient relationship will be evaluated (CART-Q) to explore its dynamics. Participatory observations and interviews will be carried out to report on the interactions between the coach and the participants during the sessions. Registration number and name of trial registry: No. EudraCT or ID-RCB: 2019-A03003-54 and NCT: NCT04235946

Abstract Background Magnetic resonance-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) utilization is rapidly expanding, driven by advanced capabilities including better soft tissue imaging, continuous intrafraction target visualization, automatic triggered beam delivery, and the availability of on-table adaptive replanning. Our objective was to describe patterns of 0.35 Tesla (T)-MRgRT utilization in Europe and Asia among early adopters of this novel technology. Methods Anonymized administrative data from all 0.35T-MRgRT treatment systems in Europe and Asia were extracted for patients who completed treatment from 2015 to 2020. Detailed treatment information was analyzed for all MR-linear accelerators (linac) and -cobalt systems. Results From 2015 through the end of 2020, there were 5796 completed treatment courses delivered in 46,389 individual fractions. 23.5% of fractions were adapted. Ultra-hypofractionated (UHfx) dose schedules (1–5 fractions) were delivered for 63.5% of courses, with 57.8% of UHfx fractions adapted on-table. The most commonly treated tumor types were prostate (23.5%), liver (14.5%), lung (12.3%), pancreas (11.2%), and breast (8.0%), with increasing compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) in numbers of courses from 2015 through 2020 (pancreas: 157.1%; prostate: 120.9%; lung: 136.0%; liver: 134.2%). Conclusions This is the first comprehensive study reporting patterns of utilization among early adopters of a 0.35T-MRgRT system in Europe and Asia. Intrafraction MR image-guidance, advanced motion management, and increasing adoption of on-table adaptive RT have accelerated a transition to UHfx regimens. MRgRT has been predominantly used to treat tumors in the upper abdomen, pelvis and lungs, and increasingly with adaptive replanning, which is a radical departure from legacy radiotherapy practices.

Studying human-animal interactions in domestic species and how they affect the establishment of a positive Human-Animal Relationship (HAR) may help us improve animal welfare and better understand the evolution of interspecific interactions associated with the domestication process. Understanding and describing the quality of an HAR requires information on several aspects of the animal biology and emotional states (social, spatial and postural behaviours, physiological and cognitive states). Growing evidence shows that acoustic features of animal vocalisations may be indicators of emotional states. Here, we tested the hypothesis that vocal structure may indicate the quality of HAR. At weaning, 30 piglets were positively handled by an experimenter who talked to and physically interacted with them three times a day, while 30 other piglets only received the contact necessary for proper husbandry. After two weeks, we recorded the behaviours and vocalisations produced in the presence of the static experimenter for 5 min. We repeated this test two weeks later, after a conditioning period during which human presence with additional positive contacts was used as a reward for all piglets. We hypothesized this conditioning period would lead to a positive human-piglet relationship for all piglets. As expected, piglets that were positively handled at weaning expressed a higher attraction toward the experimenter, and, after the conditioning, piglets that were not positively handled at weaning expressed a similar level of attraction than the positively handled ones. Piglets positively handled at weaning produced shorter grunts than the other ones, regardless of the context of recording, which may indicate a more positive affect. During reunions with the static experimenter, a more positive HAR was associated with a decrease in vocal reactivity to human proximity. However, during reunions with the experimenter providing additional positive contacts and over the conditioning, spatial proximity to the human systematically triggered shorter and higher pitched grunts, which may indicate a more positive emotional state. Results first show that changes in vocal structure are consistent with indicators of positive states in the presence of a human. Second, these changes are stronger when the human positively interact with the piglets, supposedly emphasizing a higher positive arousal state during these interactions. We show that vocalisation structure may be a promising indicator of the quality of human-pig relationship.

ObjectiveTo determine the MRI-Linac added value over conventional image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) in liver tumors Stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR).Materials and methodsWe retrospectively compared the Planning Target Volumes (PTVs), the spared healthy liver parenchyma volumes, the Treatment Planning System (TPS) and machine performances, and the patients’ outcomes when using either a conventional accelerator (Versa HD®, Elekta, Utrecht, NL) with Cone Beam CT as the IGRT tool or an MR-Linac system (MRIdian®, ViewRay, CA).ResultsFrom November 2014 to February 2020, 59 patients received a SABR treatment (45 and 19 patients in the Linac and MR-Linac group, respectively) for 64 primary or secondary liver tumors. The mean tumor size was superior in the MR-Linac group (37,91cc vs. 20.86cc). PTV margins led to a median 74%- and 60% increase in target volume in Linac-based and MRI-Linac-based treatments, respectively. Liver tumor boundaries were visible in 0% and 72% of the cases when using CBCT and MRI as IGRT tools, respectively. The mean prescribed dose was similar in the two patient groups. Local tumor control was 76.6%, whereas 23.4% of patients experienced local progression (24.4% and 21.1% of patients treated on the conventional Linac and the MRIdian system, respectively). SABR was well tolerated in both groups, and margins reduction and the use of gating prevented ulcerous disease occurrence.ConclusionThe use of MRI as IGRT allows for the reduction of the amount of healthy liver parenchyma irradiated without any decrease of the tumor control rate, which would be helpful for dose escalation or subsequent liver tumor irradiation if needed.

Rhythmic abilities are impaired in developmental coordination disorder (DCD) but learning deficit of procedural skills implying temporal sequence is still unclear. Current contradictory results suggest that procedural learning deficits in DCD highly depend on learning conditions. The present study proposes to test the role of sensory modality of stimulations (visual or auditory) on synchronization, learning, and retention of temporal verbal sequences in children with and without DCD. We postulated a deficit in learning particularly with auditory stimulations, in association with atypical cortical thickness of three regions of interesting: sensorimotor, frontal and parietal regions. Thirty children with and without DCD (a) performed a synchronization task to a regular temporal sequence and (b) practiced and recalled a novel non-regular temporal sequences with auditory and visual modalities. They also had a magnetic resonance imaging to measure their cortical thickness. Results suggested that children with DCD presented a general deficit in synchronization of a regular temporal verbal sequence irrespective of the sensory modality, but a specific deficit in learning and retention of auditory non-regular verbal temporal sequence. Stability of audio-verbal synchronization during practice correlated with cortical thickness of the sensorimotor cortex. For the first time, our results suggest that synchronization deficits in DCD are not limited to manual tasks. This deficit persists despite repeated exposition and practice of an auditory temporal sequence, which suggests a possible alteration in audio-verbal coupling in DCD. On the contrary, control of temporal parameters with visual stimuli seems to be less affected, which opens perspectives for clinical practice.