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Objective: To assess the role of laryngo-tracheo-bronchoscopy in children with obstructive sleep apnoea by identifying airway abnormalities at surgery, that occur separately or in addition to adenotonsillar hypertrophy, and examining the correlation with respiratory parameters. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted of children with obstructive sleep apnoea who underwent laryngo-tracheo-bronchoscopy intra-operatively, performed by a single ENT surgeon from February 2016 to July 2019. Pre- and post-operative minimum oxygen saturation, apnoea-hypopnoea index, and oxygen desaturation index were recorded. Results: Sixty-five children were identified; 34 were aged less than three years and 31 were aged three years or more. 77 per cent and 13 per cent respectively had an airway abnormality; the t -test showed a significantly higher mean oxygen desaturation index and lower mean minimum oxygen saturation pre-operatively compared to children without an airway abnormality. Conclusion: An update of the surgical pathway for children aged less than three years with obstructive sleep apnoea is required to include laryngo-tracheo-bronchoscopy intra-operatively. A t -test analysis of the pre-operative respiratory parameters suggests that airway abnormalities contribute to obstructive sleep apnoea severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the safety and efficacy of indirect ophthalmoscopy with (Sp) or without (speculum free, SpF) the use of lid speculum and scleral indentation for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening. Methods: In this crossover randomized controlled trial, preterm infants received either the Sp on their first and the SpF technique on their second examination a week later or vice versa. Video recordings of the infants' reactions were assessed by two observers, using Premature Infant Pain Profile–Revised score and the crying score of the Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates. Fundoscopy adequacy, its duration and adverse events within the first 24 hr postscreening were also recorded. Results: Thirty‐seven infants with median (interquartile range) gestational age of 28.7 (28.0, 30.2) weeks and mean (standard deviation, SD) birth weight 1225 (377) grams were enrolled. The mydriasis‐induced stress was similar between the Sp and SpF exam (mean difference [MD]: 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.83, 2.38; p = 0.33). The stress induced by fundoscopy (MD: 4.98, 95% CI: 3.58, 6.37; p < 0.001) and examination overall (MD: 2.32, 95% CI: 0.96, 3.67; p = 0.001) were higher in the Sp than in the SpF exam, and so was the crying score during fundoscopy (MD: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.56; p < 0.001). Adverse events in the two groups were similar (p = 0.13). Fundoscopy was adequate in identifying the absence of treatment‐requiring ROP in all cases, and lasted longer in the Sp than in the SpF exam (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our study suggests that the use of speculum and indentation should be reserved for the few cases where fundus visualization is insufficient for excluding the presence of severe ROP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To investigate the correlation of colour vision, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and photostress recovery time test scores in visually impaired patients., Materials and Methods: A total of 133 subjects were enroled and 133 eyes were examined. The pathological group consisted of 76 (57.1%) males with an average age of 68.0 (SD=13.2) and 57 (42.9%) females, with an average age of 68.1 (SD=15.2), Mann-Whitney U test was used to evaluate the differences in K-colour tests, HRR, visual acuity, Contrast Sensitivity test and photostress recovery time test between two different groups of severity., Results: Correlations were found among colour vision tests, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and photostress recovery time scores in eyes with age-related macular degeneration, with diabetic retinopathy, with optic nerve diseases, and various other retinal diseases ( P <0.05). In patients with moderate-visual impairments., Conclusions: The colour vision test scores correlate with the scores of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and photostess recovery time test. It may be a useful clinical surrogate for functional vision., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article, (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)