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While the majority of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) adolescents, much like their cis-gendered heterosexual peers, will be confident and healthy young individuals, there are well-known health disparities, particularly within the transgendered community, which may lead to inferior health outcomes. To improve these outcomes, we must empower professionals to feel confident in their interactions with transgender adolescents so they can recognise, discuss and address these disparities. For many healthcare professionals, this may be a novel experience, but following the announcement in 2022 that the Gender Identity Development Service (GIDS) will move towards a regional model, these discussions increasingly frequently be encountered in a general paediatric setting. In this article, we discuss some of the topics which may be relevant to transgender young people during a general paediatric consultation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antarctic hair grass ( Deschampsia antarctica E. Desv.), the only grass indigenous to Antarctica, has well-developed freezing tolerance, strongly induced by cold acclimation. Here, we show that in response to low temperatures, D. antarctica expresses potent recrystallization inhibition (RI) activity that, inhibits the growth of small ice crystals into potentially damaging large ones, is proteinaceous and localized to the apoplasm. A gene family from D. antarctica encoding putative homologs of an ice recrystallization inhibition protein (IRIP) has been isolated and characterized. IRIPs are apoplastically targeted proteins with two potential ice-binding motifs: 1–9 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and c. 16 ‘IRIP’ repeats. IRIP genes appear to be confined to the grass subfamily Pooideae and their products, exhibit sequence similarity to phytosulphokine receptors and are predicted to adopt conformations with two ice-binding surfaces. D. antarctica IRIP (Da IRIP) transcript levels are greatly enhanced in leaf tissue following cold acclimation. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing a DaIRIP has novel RI activity, and purified DaIRIP, when added back to extracts of leaves from non-acclimated D. antarctica, can reconstitute the activity found in acclimated plants. We propose that IRIP-mediated RI activity may contribute to the cryotolerance of D. antarctica, and thus to its unique ability to have colonized Antarctica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TALBOT J. (1988) Have Enterprise Zones encouraged enterprise? Some empirical evidence from Tyneside, Reg. Studies 22, 507–514. Enterprise Zones were introduced to foster innovation in companies. Research conducted in the Tyneside Zone 1981–3 suggests that although the Zone succeeded in attracting much locally mobile investment, the incentives are of minor significance to new and very small firms. The main beneficiaries are larger firms, able to own and develop property. However, any savings made do not result in more innovative behaviour, but rather inhibit it. Firms outside the Zone appear significantly more innovative. The results suggests that generalized tax exemption and deregulation measures are a poor method of stimulating long term growth in new and existing firms. TALBOT J. (1988) Les zones d'entreprise: est-ce que'elles ont incité à l'esprit d'entreprise?, Reg. Studies 22, 507–514. La naissance des zones d'entreprise remonte au désir d'alimenter l'esprit innovateur au sein des entreprises. A partir des recherches menées dans la zone de Tyneside sur la période de 1981 à 1983 il s'avère que les incitations sont d'une moindre importance pour les nouvelles et les petites entreprises, malgré que la zone a réussi à attirer des fonds locaux mobilisables. Les principaux gagnants sont les grandes entreprises, capables de posséder et de développer la propriété. Cependant, les économies réalisées n'entraǐnent pas un comportement plus innovateur mais plutôt l'empěchent. Il semble que les entreprises localisées à l'extérieur de la zone soient nettement plus innovatrices. Les résultats laissent supposer que des mesures générales d'exonération des impôts et de libéralisation, ne suffisent pas comme moyen de donner de l'impulsion à la croissance à long terme des entreprises soit nouvelles soit en place. TALBOT J. (1988) Haben Unternehmerzonen die Unternehmensfreudigkeit gefördert? Erfahrungen in Tyneside, Reg. Studies 22, 507–514. Unternehmerzonen wurden zum Zwecke der Förderung von Neuerung in Unternehmen eingeführt. Untersuchungen, die im Zeitraum 1981–83 in der Zone von Tyneside durchgeführt wurden, legen es nahe, dass, obwohl es der Zone gelang, reichlich am Orte flüssiges Investitionskapital anzuziehen, der Anreiz für kleine und Zwergfirmen unbedeutend bleibt. Die Hauptnutzniesser sind grössere Firmen, die im Stande sind, zu entwickeln, was sie bereits besitzen. Möglicherweise erreichte Einsparungen führen jedoch nicht zu Neuerungsfreudigkeit, sondern hemmen sie eher. Firmen auuserhalb der Zone scheinen weitaus mehr bestrebt zu sein, Neuerungen einzuführen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass allgemeine Steuerfreiheit und Befreiung von Vorschriften bei jungen wie etablierten Firmen eine unzulängliche Methode der Anregung zum Wachstum auf lange Sicht sind. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]