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We present the HINOTORI (Star Formation History Investigation To Find Rejuvenation) project to reveal the nature of rejuvenation galaxies (RGs), which are galaxies that restarted their star formation after being quiescent. As the first step of HINOTORI, we construct the largest RG sample with 1071 sources. We select these RGs from 8857 MaNGA (Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO) survey galaxies by reconstructing their star formation histories with the Prospector spectral energy distribution fitting code. Both optical spectral data and UV to IR photometric data are used for the fitting. Using mock data, we confirm that our method can detect weak rejuvenation events that form only about |$0.1$| % of the total stellar mass with high completeness. The RGs account for |${\sim}10$| % of the whole sample, and rejuvenation events contribute on average only about |$0.1$| % of the total stellar mass in those galaxies but |$17$| % of the cosmic star formation rate density today. Our RGs have a similar mass distribution to quiescent galaxies (QGs). However, the morphology of the RGs is more disk-like than QGs, suggesting that rejuvenation may occur selectively in disk-like QGs. Our results also suggest the possibility of multiple-time rejuvenation events in a single galaxy. Further spatially resolved analyses of integral field unit data and radio observations and comparisons to simulations are needed to identify the mechanism and the role of rejuvenation in galaxy evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the Swimmy (Subaru WIde-field Machine-learning anoMalY) survey program, a deep-learning-based search for unique sources using multicolored (grizy) imaging data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP). This program aims to detect unexpected, novel, and rare populations and phenomena, by utilizing the deep imaging data acquired from the wide-field coverage of the HSC-SSP. This article, as the first paper in the Swimmy series, describes an anomaly detection technique to select unique populations as "outliers" from the data-set. The model was tested with known extreme emission-line galaxies (XELGs) and quasars, which consequently confirmed that the proposed method successfully selected |$\sim\!\! 60\%$| – |$70\%$| of the quasars and |$60\%$| of the XELGs without labeled training data. In reference to the spectral information of local galaxies at z = 0.05–0.2 obtained from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we investigated the physical properties of the selected anomalies and compared them based on the significance of their outlier values. The results revealed that XELGs constitute notable fractions of the most anomalous galaxies, and certain galaxies manifest unique morphological features. In summary, deep anomaly detection is an effective tool that can search rare objects, and, ultimately, unknown unknowns with large data-sets. Further development of the proposed model and selection process can promote the practical applications required to achieve specific scientific goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the role of large-scale environments on the fraction of spiral galaxies at z = 0.3–0.6 sliced to three redshift bins of Δ z = 0.1. Here, we sample 276220 massive galaxies in a limited stellar mass of 5 × 1010 solar mass (∼ M *) over 360 deg2, as obtained from the Second Public Data Release of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP). By combining projected two-dimensional density information (Shimakawa et al. 2021 , MNRAS, 503, 3896) and the CAMIRA cluster catalog (Oguri et al. 2018 , PASJ, 70, S20), we investigate the spiral fraction across large-scale overdensities and in the vicinity of red sequence clusters. We adopt transfer learning to reduce the cost of labeling spiral galaxies significantly and then perform stacking analysis across the entire field to overcome the limitations of sample size. Here we employ a morphological classification catalog by the Galaxy Zoo Hubble (Willett et al. 2017 , MNRAS, 464, 4176) to train the deep learning model. Based on 74103 sources classified as spirals, we find moderate morphology–density relations on a 10 comoving Mpc scale, thanks to the wide-field coverage of HSC-SSP. Clear deficits of spiral galaxies have also been confirmed, in and around 1136 red sequence clusters. Furthermore, we verify whether there is a large-scale environmental dependence on rest-frame u − r colors of spiral galaxies; such a tendency was not observed in our sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Punctured-hypocotyl and immersion method of transformation was tested in tomato. [•] Transformation efficiency was greater with the punctured-hypocotyl method. [•] Bacterial density 0.4 OD600, 40-min infection, 48-h co-cultivation was optimal. [•] Transformation efficiency was higher in the tomato cv. PKM1. [•] This method is efficient to achieve higher transformation efficiency in tomato. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

It was recently shown that allopolyploidy brings novel epistatic interactions to genes belonging to different genomes. However, systematic studies of the phenotypic relationships between synthetic hexaploid wheats and their parental lines have not been conducted. In this study, 27 synthetic hexaploid wheats were produced by crossing the tetraploid wheat cultivar ‘Langdon’ with 27 accessions of Aegilops tauschii. Variations in 20 morphological and flowering traits were analysed in both the synthetic wheat lines and the parental Ae. tauschii accessions. The 20 traits exhibited large variations in the wheat lines. For many of the traits, the degree of variation in the parental accessions was reduced in the hexaploid derivatives. Principal component analysis of floret-related traits divided the Ae. tauschii accessions into two subspecies, ssp. tauschii and ssp. strangulata, but this parental pattern of subspecific division was not detectable in the hexaploids. Our results suggest that the ‘Langdon’ genome may have an alleviating effect on the expression of D-genome-derived variations in derived synthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wcor15, a member of the wheat cold‐responsive (Cor) gene family, has been isolated and characterized. The deduced polypeptide WCOR15 (MW=14.7 kDa) showed high homology to the previously identified wheat and barley COR proteins. Southern blot analysis using diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheat and diploid Aegilops species showed that the wheat and related wild genomes possessed multiple copies of Wcor15 homologues. Five copies were assigned to the homoeologous group 2 chromosomes by nulli‐tetrasomic analysis. Northern blot analysis showed that expression of Wcor15 was specifically induced by low‐temperature. Homologous transcripts accumulated in leaves, and light markedly increased their steady‐state levels. Bombardment‐mediated transient expression analysis of a chimeric CaMV 35S::Wcor15‐GFP construct showed protein‐targeting to epidermal guard cell chloroplasts in excised spiderwort leaves. A promoter of Wcor15 contained at least three CRT/DRE‐like sequence motifs found in Arabidopsis Cor genes and induced the reporter GUS gene expression in leaves of transgenic tobacco plants under low‐temperature and light conditions. These results suggest that the functional Cor gene system involving the CRT/DRE cis‐element is conserved in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Time‐courses of the development of freezing tolerance and the expression of a cold‐responsive gene wlt10 were monitored during cold acclimation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Bioassay showed that cold acclimation conferred much higher freezing tolerance on a winter cultivar than a spring cultivar. Northern blot analysis showed that the expression of wlt10 encoding a novel wheat member of a cereal‐specific LT‐COR protein family was specifically induced by low temperature. A freezing‐tolerant winter cultivar accumulated the mRNA more rapidly and for a longer period than a susceptible spring cultivar. The increase in the amount of mRNA was temporary but the peak occurred at the time when the maximum level of freezing tolerance was attained. The mRNA accumulated more in the leaves than in the roots, and different light/dark regimes modulated the level of mRNA accumulation. Genomic Southern blot analyses using the nulli‐tetrasomic series showed that the wlt10 homologues were located on the homologous group 2 chromosomes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

With an X-ray stacking analysis of |$\simeq 12\, 000$| Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) using the Chandra Legacy Survey image, we investigate average supermassive black hole (SMBH) accretion properties of star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at 4 ≲ z ≲ 7. Although no X-ray signal is detected in any stacked image, we obtain strong 3σ upper limits for the average black hole accretion rate (BHAR) as a function of star formation rate (SFR). At z ∼ 4 (5) where the stacked image is deeper, the 3σ BHAR upper limits per SFR are ∼1.5 (1.0) dex lower than the local black hole-to-stellar mass ratio, indicating that the SMBHs of SFGs in the inactive (BHAR |$\lesssim 1 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$| yr−1) phase are growing much more slowly than expected from simultaneous evolution. We obtain a similar result for BHAR per dark halo accretion rate. QSOs from the literature are found to have ∼1 dex higher SFRs and ≳ 2 dex higher BHARs than LBGs with the same dark halo mass. We also make a similar comparison for dusty starburst galaxies and quiescent galaxies from the literature. A duty-cycle corrected analysis shows that for a given dark halo, the SMBH mass increase in the QSO phase dominates over that in the much longer inactive phase. Finally, a comparison with the TNG300, TNG100, SIMBA100, and EAGLE100 simulations finds that they overshoot our BHAR upper limits by ≲ 1.5 dex, possibly implying that simulated SMBHs are too massive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gene pool of Aegilops tauschii, the D-genome donor of common wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), can be easily accessed in wheat breeding, but remains largely unexplored. In our previous studies, many synthetic hexaploid wheat lines were produced through interspecific crosses between the tetraploid wheat cultivar Langdon and various A. tauschii accessions. The synthetic hexaploid wheat lines showed wide variation in many characteristics. To elucidate the genetic basis of variation in flowering-related traits, we analyzed quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting time to heading, flowering and maturity, and the grain-filling period using four different F populations of synthetic hexaploid wheat lines. In total, 10 QTLs located on six D-genome chromosomes (all except 4D) were detected for the analyzed traits. The QTL on 1DL controlling heading time appeared to correspond to a flowering time QTL, previously considered to be an ortholog of Eps- A 1 which is related to the narrow-sense earliness in einkorn wheat. The 5D QTL for heading time might be a novel locus associated with wheat flowering, while the 2DS QTL appears to be an allelic variant of the photoperiod response locus Ppd- D1. Some of the identified QTLs seemed to be novel loci regulating wheat flowering and maturation, including a QTL controlling the grain filling period on chromosome 3D. The exercise demonstrates that synthetic wheat lines can be useful for the identification of new, agriculturally important loci that can be transferred to, and used for the modification of flowering and grain maturation in hexaploid wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freezing tolerance and vernalization requirement are important traits for adaptation of wheat to growing in a high-latitude area. Fr-1 and Vrn-1, tightly linked on homoeologous group 5 chromosomes, are major loci for controlling the freezing tolerance and vernalization requirement, respectively. It was previously supposed that winter-habit wheat should possess a winter-type Fr-1 allele guaranteeing winter survival, but that such allele is unnecessary for spring-habit cultivars. To clarify such allelic linkage between the Vrn-1 and Fr-1 loci in the D genome, we studied freezing tolerance and vernalization requirement, and compared cold-responsive expression patterns of Cor (cold responsive)/ Lea (late-embryogenesis-abundant), their putative transcription factor genes and three Vrn-1 homoeologs in Japanese common wheat cultivars. Wide variation of freezing tolerance and two alleles of Vrn-D1 were observed in the Japanese cultivars, whereas the accumulation levels of the Cor/ Lea transcripts were not be correlated with the levels of freezing tolerance. The allelic linkage between Vrn-1 and Fr-1 loci well known in the A genome was not observed in the D genome of Japanese cultivars possessing Vrn-D1 or vrn-D1 allele. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japanese rice (Oryza sativaL.) cultivars that are strictly used for the brewing of sake (Japanese rice wine) represent a unique and traditional group. These cultivars are characterized by common traits such as large grain size with low protein content and a large, central white-core structure. To understand the genetic diversity and phylogenetic characteristics of sake-brewing rice, we performed amplified fragment length polymorphism and simple sequence repeat analyses, using 95 cultivars of local and modern sake-brewing rice together with 76 cultivars of local and modern cooking rice. Our analysis of both nuclear and chloroplast genome polymorphisms showed that the genetic diversity in sake-brewing rice cultivars was much smaller than the diversity found in cooking rice cultivars. Interestingly, the genetic diversity within the modern sake-brewing cultivars was about twofold higher than the diversity within the local sake-brewing cultivars, which was in contrast to the cooking cultivars. This is most likely due to introgression of the modern cooking cultivars into the modern sake-brewing cultivars through breeding practices. Cluster analysis and chloroplast haplotype analysis suggested that the local sake-brewing cultivars originated monophyletically in the western regions of Japan. Analysis of variance tests showed that several markers were significantly associated with sake-brewing traits, particularly with the large white-core structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have constructed a linkage map of the rice brown planthopper (BPH) resistance gene, Bph1. RFLP and AFLP markers were selected by the bulked segregant analysis and used in the mapping study of 262 F2s that were derived from a cross of `Tsukushibare', a susceptible japonica cultivar, and `Norin-PL3', an authentic japonica Bph1-introgression line. Twenty markers were mapped within a 28.9-cM region containing the Bph1 locus on the long arm of rice chromosome 12. Combining the result of segregation analysis of BPH resistance by the mass seedling test and that of the markers, the Bph1 locus was mapped within a 5.8-cM region between two flanking markers. The closest AFLP markers, em5814N and em2802N, was at 2.7 cM proximal to the Bph1 locus. Together with the previously constructed high-resolution map of bph2 locating the locus at ca. 10 cM proximal to the Bph1 locus, this improved version of the linkage map would facilitate pyramiding these two important BPH resistance genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]