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Functional dyspepsia (FD) is thought to be mainly based on gastric motility dysfunction and chronic hypersensitivity, yet FD animal models has been reported a few. We studied to establish the mouse model of impaired gastric motility induced by a pungent ingredient of wasabi allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), which is reliable to evaluate prokinetic agents. Male ddY mice were used. Gastric motility was measured by 13C-acetic acid breath test in conscious mice. AITC (80 mM) was given 60 min before the measurement of motility. Prokinetic agents including itopride (30, 100 mg/kg), mosapride (0.1–1 mg/kg), neostigmine (30 μg/kg), acotiamide (10–100 mg/kg), and daikenchuto (100–1000 mg/kg) were given 40 min before the measurement. AITC impaired gastric motility without mucosal damages, which reverted 24 h after AITC treatment. The decreased motility induced by AITC was restored by prokinetic agents such as itopride, mosapride, neostigmine, and acotiamide. In separate experiment, daikenchuto recovered the decreased motility induced by AITC, although daikenchuto had no effect on motility in normal condition. In conclusion, it is considered that the AITC-induced impaired gastric motility mouse model is useful to develop new prokinetic agents for treatment of FD, and to re-evaluate traditional Japanese herbal medicines.

Aims Fractional flow reserve (FFR), assessed using distal coronary pressure/aortic pressure (Pd)/(Pa) ratio, functionally evaluates coronary stenosis. An assessment method without vasodilators would be helpful. A single intracoronary bolus of saline decreases Pd because of the speculated low-viscosity effect. We hypothesised that saline-induced Pd/Pa ratio (SPR) could functionally evaluate coronary stenosis. This study aimed to test the accuracy and utility of SPR for predicting FFR ≤0.80. Methods and results In 137 coronary lesions with over 50% angiographic diameter stenosis, SPR was assessed using an intracoronary bolus of saline (2 mL/s) for five heartbeats (SPR-5) and three heartbeats (SPR-3). FFR was obtained after intravenous adenosine infusion (140 µg/kg/min). There was a strong correlation between FFR and SPR-5 or SPR-3 (R=0.941 and R=0.933, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated good accuracy (86.3%) for SPR-5, with a cut-off of ≤0.84 for predicting FFR ≤0.80 (area under ROC curve 0.96, specificity 94.3, sensitivity 79.9). Thirty-three lesions (24%) were located in the "grey zone" (SPR 0.83-0.88). No complications were observed in 673 SPR measurements. Conclusions SPR may accurately predict FFR and can limit adenosine use to one in four lesions. Further studies are needed to confirm the validity of SPR.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of functional mitral regurgitation (FMR), preserved or reduced ejection fraction (EF), and ischemic or nonischemic origin with outcomes in patients discharged alive after hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure (HF). Of the 4,842 patients enrolled in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Syndromes (ATTEND) registry, 3,357 patients were evaluated to assess the association of FMR, preserved or reduced EF, and ischemic or nonischemic origin with the primary end point (all-cause death and readmission for HF after discharge). At the time of discharge, FMR was assessed semiquantitatively (classified as none, mild, or moderate to severe) by color Doppler analysis of the regurgitant jet area. According to multivariable analysis, in the ischemic group, either mild or moderate to severe FMR in patients with a preserved EF had a significantly higher risk of the primary end point than patients without FMR (hazard ratio [HR] 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12 to 2.29; p = 0.010 and HR 1.98; 95% CI 1.30 to 3.01; p = 0.001, respectively). In patients with reduced EF with an ischemic origin, only moderate to severe FMR was associated with a significantly higher risk of the primary end point (HR 1.67; 95% CI 1.11 to 2.50; p = 0.014). In the nonischemic group, there was no significant association between FMR and the primary end point in patients with either a preserved or reduced EF. In conclusion, among patients with acute decompensated HF with a preserved or reduced EF, the association of FMR with adverse outcomes may differ between patients who had an ischemic or nonischemic origin of HF.

Background: Both contact force monitoring (CFM) and unipolar signal modification (USM) are guides for ablation, which improve the efficacy of pulmonary vein isolation of atrial fibrillation. We sought to compare the outcomes of atrial fibrillation ablation guided by CFM or USM. Methods: A total of 136 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation underwent a circumferential pulmonary vein isolation using CF sensing ablation catheters and were randomly assigned to undergo catheter ablation guided by either CFM (CFM-guided group: n=70) or USM (USM-guided group: n=66). In the USM-guided group, each radiofrequency application lasted until the development of completely positive unipolar electrograms. In the CFM-guided group, a CF of 20 g (range, 10–30 g) and minimum force-time integral of 400 g were the targets for each radiofrequency application. The primary end point was freedom from any atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrence without antiarrhythmic drugs at 12-months of follow-up. Results: The cumulative freedom from recurrences at 12-months was 85% in the USM-guided group and 70% in the CFM-guided group ( P =0.031). The incidence of time-dependent and ATP-provoked early electrical reconnections between the left atrium and PVs, procedural time, fluoroscopic time, and average force-time integral, did not significantly differ between the 2 groups. The radiofrequency time for the pulmonary vein isolation was shorter in the USM-guided group than CFM-guided group but was not statistically significant ( P =0.077). Conclusions: USM was superior to CFM as an end point for radiofrequency energy deliveries during the pulmonary vein isolation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in terms of the 12-month recurrence-free rate. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm . Unique identifier: UMIN000021127.

In coronal angiography, we often encountered tortuous coronary artery side branches which repeat bending and stretching on the ventricular free wall, and atherosclerotic lesions are rarely found in those branches. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coronary

From a mixture of 4-nitrophenyl α-L-fucopyranoside and D-mannopyranose, 3-O-α-L-fucopyranosyl-D-mannopyranose was synthesised through the transferring action of α-fucosidase (Sumizyme PHY). 6(I),6(IV)-Di-O-(3-O-α-L-fucopyranosyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl)-cyclomaltoheptaose {8, 6(I),6(IV)-di-O-[α-L-Fuc-(1→3)-α-D-Man]-βCD} was chemically synthesised using the trichloroacetimidate method. The structures were confirmed by MS and NMR spectroscopy. A cell-based assay using the fucosyl βCD derivatives, including the newly synthesised 8, showed that derivatives with two branches of the α-L-Fuc or α-L-Fuc-(1→3)-α-D-Man residues possessed slight growth-promoting effects and lower toxicity in HCT116 cells compared to those with one branch. These compounds may be useful as drug carriers in targeted drug delivery systems.

Myocarditis is a clinically important disease because of the high mortality. From the perspective of treatment strategy, eosinophilic myocarditis should be distinguished from other types of myocarditis. Toxocariasis, caused byToxocara canisorToxocara cati, is known as a cause of eosinophilic myocarditis but is considered rare. As it is an unpopular disease, eosinophilic myocarditis due to toxocariasis may be underdiagnosed. We experienced two cases of eosinophilic myocarditis due to toxocariasis from different geographical areas in quick succession between 2013 and 2014. Case 1 is 32-year-old man. Case 2 is 66-year-old woman. In both cases, diagnosis was done by endomyocardial biopsy and IgG-ELISA againstToxocaraexcretory-secretory antigen. Only a corticosteroid was used in Case 1, whereas a corticosteroid and albendazole were used in Case 2 as induction therapy. Both patients recovered. Albendazole was also used in Case 1 to prevent recurrence after induction therapy. Eosinophilic myocarditis by toxocariasis may in actuality not be a rare disease, and corticosteroid is an effective drug as induction therapy even before use of albendazole.

Fucosylation is a crucial oligosaccharide modification in cancer. The known function of fucosylation in cancer is to mediate metastasis through selectin ligand-dependent processes. Previously, we found complete loss of fucosylation in the colon cancer cell line HCT116 due to a mutation in the GDP-fucose synthetic enzyme, GDP-mannose-4,6-dehydratase (GMDS). Loss of fucosylation led to escape of cancer cells from tumor immune surveillance followed by tumor progression and metastasis, suggesting a novel function of fucosylation in tumor progression pathway. In the present study, we investigated the frequency of GMDS mutation in a number of clinical colorectal cancer tissue samples: 81 samples of primary colorectal cancer tissue and 39 samples of metastatic lesion including liver and lymph node. Four types of deletion mutation in GMDS were identified in original cancer tissues as well as metastatic lesions. The frequency of GMDS mutation was slightly higher in metastatic lesions (12.8%, 5/39 samples) than in original cancer tissues (8.6%, 7/81 samples). No mutation of the GMDS gene was observed in normal colon tissues surrounding cancer tissues, suggesting that the mutation is somatic rather than in the germline. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed complete loss of fucosylation in three cases of cancer tissue. All three cases had GMDS mutation. In one of three cases, loss of fucosylation was observed in only metastatic lesion, but not its original colon cancer tissue. These data demonstrate involvement of GMDS mutation in the progression of colorectal cancer.

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in many cancer cells but not in normal ones. Recombinant TRAIL and agonistic antibodies to its cognate receptors are currently being studied as promising anticancer drugs. However, preclinical and clinical studies have shown that many types of human cancers are resistant to TRAIL agonists. We previously reported that a deficiency of fucosylation, which is one of the most common oligosaccharide modifications, leads to resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In contrast, DNA methylation is associated with silencing of various tumor suppressor genes and resistance of cancer cells to anticancer drugs. The aim of this study is to clarify the involvement of DNA methylation in the regulation of cellular fucosylation and the susceptibility to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. When nineteen cancer cell lines with relatively low fucosylation levels were treated with a novel methyltransferase inhibitor, zebularine, an increase in the fucosylation level was observed in many cancer cell lines. The expression of fucosylation-related genes, such as the FX, GDP-fucose transporter, and Fut4 genes, was significantly increased after the treatment with zebularine. Moreover, a synergistic effect of zebularine on TRAIL-induced apoptosis was observed in several cancer cell lines, in which fucosylation was increased by treatment with zebularine. This synergistic effect was independent of the expression of TRAIL receptors and caspase-8. These results indicate that cellular fucosylation is regulated through DNA methylation in many cancer cells. Moreover, zebularine might be useful as a combination drug with TRAIL-based therapies in patients with TRAIL-resistant cancer.

Negative inotropic agents are often administered to decrease the left ventricular (LV) pressure gradient in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC). Little information is available regarding comparisons of the effects on LV pressure gradient among negative inotropic agents. The present study compared the decrease in the LV pressure gradient at rest in patients with obstructive HC after treatment with pilsicainide versus treatment with disopyramide or cibenzoline. The LV pressure gradient and LV function were assessed before and after the intravenous administration of each drug. In 12 patients (group A, mean pressure gradient 90 ± 24 mm Hg), the effects of disopyramide, propranolol, and verapamil were compared. In another 12 patients (group B, mean pressure gradient 98 ± 34 mm Hg), a comparison was performed among disopyramide, cibenzoline, and pilsicainide. In group A, the percentage of reduction in the LV pressure gradient was 7.7 ± 9.9% with verapamil, 19.0 ± 20.2% with propranolol, and 58.6 ± 15.0% with disopyramide, suggesting that disopyramide was more effective than either verapamil or propranolol. In group B, the percentage of reduction in the LV pressure gradient was 55.3 ± 26.6% with disopyramide, 55.3 ± 20.6% with cibenzoline, and 54.7 ± 15.4% with pilsicainide, suggesting an equivalent effect on the LV pressure gradient for these 3 agents. In conclusion, these results indicate that the acute efficacy for the reduction of the LV pressure gradient at rest by pilsicainide (a pure sodium channel blocker) was equivalent to that of disopyramide or cibenzoline (combined sodium and calcium channel blockers). Accordingly, sodium channel blockade might be more important for reducing the LV pressure gradient at rest in patients with obstructive HC than calcium channel blockade or β blockade.

The efficacy and safety of amiodarone in the management of atrial fibrillation (AF) or flutter in 108 Japanese patients with heart failure was retrospectively examined. Thirty-four (41%) of the 82 patients who were in sinus rhythm after 1 month of amiodarone administration had their first recurrence, 70% of cases occurring within 1 year of initiation. The cumulative rates of maintenance of sinus rhythm were 0.68, 0.55, and 0.47 at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Amiodarone was more effective in maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with paroxysmal AF or flutter than in those with the persistent form (p