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Aim: The objective was to compare the density and degranulation of mast cells on specimens obtained from individuals diagnosed with gingivitis or chronic periodontitis who were either non-HIV-infected or HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Methods: Gingival samples were taken from 16 non-HIV-infected individuals and 17 HIV-infected individuals diagnosed with gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. The samples were processed and stained with 0.3 percent o-toluidine blue. Densities (cells/mm²) and percentages of intact and degranulated mast cells were obtained. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed in the mast cell density and the percentage of degranulated mast cells between non-HIV-infected and HIV-infected individuals diagnosed with gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. Mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate was weakly correlated with the percentage of mast cells degranulated for both groups. Conclusions: There are no differences of the density and degranulation of mast cells in gingival tissue between non-HIV-infected and HIV-infected patients undergoing HAART, both groups with diagnosis of gingivitis or chronic periodontitis. This may be a result of the recovery of the immunologic system by HAART treatment.

Mast cells appear to be associated with human periodontal disease. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have evaluated the presence of mast cells in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).Gingival samples were obtained from 50 individuals with and without HIV who presented with chronic gingivitis and periodontitis. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to identify c-kit and tryptase mast cells. Inflammatory infiltrate was evaluated and quantified in the specimens of gingival tissue. In the inflammatory infiltrate subjacent to the pocket epithelium, the densities of the mast cells were calculated. These results were compared between the groups with and without HIV. Correlations could be drawn between the densities of c-kit and tryptase mast cells and the density of inflammatory infiltrate, cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4)-positive and CD8(+) T-lymphocyte levels, and viral loads.Although the individuals with HIV had higher densities of c-kit or tryptase mast cells than those without HIV, both groups presented with chronic gingivitis or periodontitis, and no statistically significant differences could be observed. Both strong and negative correlations could be observed among the inflammatory infiltrate, c-kit, and tryptase in individuals both with and without HIV. Concerning the chronic gingivitis of the individuals with HIV, both strong and positive correlations could be observed between the density of c-kit and CD8(+) T-lymphocyte levels.Individuals with HIV undergoing HAART, compared with individuals without HIV, had no statistically significant differences in mast cell densities in gingival tissue.

Different periodontitis definitions have been used in periodontal research. This study assessed the impact of case definition on the prevalence and extent rates of periodontitis. A data set including 340 periodontal records, collected in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, was used. Periodontitis was defined as: 1) one site with probing depth (PD) >or= 4 mm; 2) clinical attachment level (CAL) >or= 5 mm in >or= 4 sites + one site with PD >or= 4 mm; 3) CAL >or= 6 mm in >or= 2 teeth + one site with PD >or= 5 mm; 4) >or= 4 teeth with >or= 1 sites with PD >or= 4 mm + CAL >or= 3 mm; 5a) interproximal CAL or PD >or= 4 mm at >or= 2 sites, not on the same tooth; and 5b) interproximal CAL of >or= 6 mm at >or= 2 sites, not on the same tooth + PD >or= 5 mm at >or= 1 proximal site. Definition 5 was determined to be the gold standard and the definitions were compared by means of agreement, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Prevalence and extent rates greatly varied, from 13.8% to 65.3% and from 9.7% to 55.6%, respectively. The use of different case definitions has a great impact on the prevalence and extent rates of periodontitis.

Trata-se de um estudo seccional transversal em uma comunidade da raça negra. A amostra foi constituída por 104 indivíduos acima de 13 anos de idade, sendo 63 mulheres e 41 homens. Foram examinados todos os dentes presentes, com exceção dos terceiros molares. Cada dente foi sondado em seis sítios para registrar a profundidade de sondagem e a perda de inserção e em quatro sítios para registrar sangramento após sondagem e presença de cálculo. Observou-se que, do total dos dentados, o sangramento à sondagem foi detectado em 97,9%, a profundidade de sondagem (PS) > 4mm foi observada em 43,3%, a perda de inserção (PI) > 4mm verificou-se em 63,5% e em 81,2% observou-se a presença de cálculo. De 46 a 60 anos, identificou-se uma PI de 8,3mm (±4,27), a maior média, e também PS de 4,6mm (±3,5). A doença acometeu 9,6% dos participantes em sua forma grave (PS > 7), valor dentro dos padrões conhecidos no Brasil e no mundo, não havendo um diferencial por ser um povo negro. Faixa etária, escolaridade e uso de tabaco foram indicadores de risco relacionados com a doença. This was a cross-sectional study on periodontal disease in a black community in Brazil. The sample consisted of 104 individuals over 13 years of age (63 females and 41 males). All teeth were examined except the third molars. Six sites per tooth were analyzed in order to measure pocket depth and clinical loss of attachment. Four sites per tooth were used to measure bleeding on probing and presence of calculus. It was observed that bleeding on probing occurred in 97.9% of the total of individuals with teeth, with probing depth > 4mm in 43.3% and clinical attachment loss in 63.5%. Calculus was detected in 81.2% of the sample. In the study, individuals 46 to 60 years of age showed the highest mean clinical attachment loss, 8.3mm (± 4.27), and a probing depth of 4.6mm (± 3.5). Prevalence rate for periodontal disease in this community was similar to rates elsewhere in Brazil and the world, i.e., 9.6% for the severe form. Age, schooling, and tobacco use were identified as risk indicators statistically associated with periodontal disease.

Previous literature showed contrasting results regarding dendritic cell (DC) counts in patients with periodontal diseases. Although smoking decreases the number of DCs in the lungs, the effect of smoking on the quantitative distribution of Langerhans cells (LCs) and DCs in patients with chronic gingivitis has not been investigated to our knowledge.Gingival samples were obtained from 30 patients (15 smokers and 15 non-smokers). Immunohistochemical staining was performed to identify CD1a+ immature LCs and CD83+ mature DCs. The inflammatory infiltrate was evaluated and counted. Densities of cells were calculated within the oral epithelium (OE), sulcular epithelium (SE), and lamina propria (LP) for CD1a+ cells and within the LP for CD83+ cells. Results were compared between groups. This study evaluates whether the high number of cigarettes and smoking years affects densities of cells. Correlations among densities of LCs and DCs with densities of inflammatory infiltrate, number of cigarettes, and smoking years were performed.Densities of inflammatory infiltrate and CD1a+ cells from the SE and LP were significantly lower for smokers than for non-smokers (P0.05). This result could not be identified for CD1a+ cells from the OE and for CD83+ cells from the LP. The number of cigarettes and smoking years did not affect densities of cells. No statistically significant correlations could be drawn among densities of LCs and DCs and inflammatory infiltrate, number of cigarettes, and smoking years.Smoking proved to affect the quantitative distribution of LCs and DCs in patients with chronic gingivitis.

Este estudo transversal, teve como objetivo avaliar quantitativamente e comparar a densidade e a frequência dos mastócitos c-kit+ e triptase+ e das células de Langerhans S100+ por meio da técnica de imunoistoquímica na gengivite e periodontite em indivíduosHIV-positivos e negativos. Adicionalmente, buscou-se avaliar a correlação entre a densidade e freqüência destas células com níveis sangüíneos de linfócitos T (LT) CD4, CD8 e carga viral, nos indivíduos HIV-positivos. A amostra constou de 50 biópsias, divididos em quatro grupos: 1) 15 indivíduos com periodontite crônica moderada (PCM)HIV-positivos, 2) 15 indivíduos com PCM HIV-negativos, 3) 10 indivíduos com gengivite (G) HIV-positivos e 4) 10 indivíduos HIV-negativos com G. Todos os indivíduos HIVpositivos eram usuários de HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapies). Uma diminuição na freqüência de mastócitos triptase+ com o aumento da inflamação tanto na gengivite como na periodontite foi observada em ambos os grupos. Não houve diferençana densidade e na frequência de mastócitos c-kit+ e triptase+ entre os grupos e neste caso, verificou-se uma diminuição com o aumento da inflamação apenas entre os casos de gengivite nos HIV-negativos. Na análise das células de Langerhans totais S100+, observou-se maior contagem no grupo com periodontite HIV-positivos em relação aogrupo com periodontite HIV-negativos. Ao realizar a análise por localização tecidual, não se observou diferença na contagem de células S100+. Não foi observado um aumento na contagem das células S100+ com o aumento da inflamação. Não houve correlação entre as células S100+, mastócitos c-kit+ e triptase+, com níveis sanguíneos de LT CD4, CD8 e carga viral. O uso de HAART parece ser a responsável pela manutenção de uma resposta imune eficaz nos indivíduos HIV-positivos. Desta forma, propicia densidade e freqüência de mastócitos semelhantes com indivíduos HIV-negativos no tecido gengival acometido por gengivite e periodontite. Adicionalmente, o uso de HAART é um fator protetor às CL, pois diminuem a carga viral e consequentemente, causam menor agressão a estas células no tecido gengival acometido por gengivite e periodontite. The goal of this seccional study was to analyze and compare the c-kit+ and tryptase+ mast cells densities, frequency and Langerhans S100+ cells densities by immunochemistry techniques in plaque induced human gingivitis and periodontitis samples, HIV-positive andHIV-negative subjects. Additionally, to evaluate correlation among densities and frequency of these cells with CD4+, CD8+ T cells and viral load levels in HIV-positive subjects. 50 biopsies samples were obtained and presenting in four groups: 1) 15 subjects with moderate chronic periodontitis (MCP) HIV-positive, 2) 15 subjects with moderate chronicperiodontitis (MCP) HIV-negative, 3) 10 subjects with gingivitis (G) HIV-positive, 4) 10 subjects HIV-negative and G. All HIV-positive subjects were taking HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapies). No statistically significant difference of density and frequency among ckit+ and tryptase+ mast cells were observed and the groups. In the gingivitis andperiodontitis HIV groups were observed a decrease of frequency of tryptase+ mast cells with infiltrate inflammatory increase. In case of ckit there was a decrease of frequency only in gingivitis HIV-negative group. Total Langerhans cells were observed higher MCP HIVpositivethan the number of HIV-negative group. No statistically significant difference was observed when analyzed by localization tissue even with infiltrate inflammatory increase. No correlation statistically significant was observed among S100+, ckit+ and tryptase+cells and blood levels of CD4, CD8 and viral load. The HAART therapy can be theresponsible to maintain an efficient immune response in HIV-positive subjects. In this way, propitiate density and frequency of mast cells just like HIV-negative subjects with gingivitis and periodontitis. Additionally, the HAART therapy is a CL protector factor, because is responsible to decrease viral load and than cause lower aggression to this cells in thetissue with gingivitis and periodontitis.

Trata-se de um estudo seccional transversal para verificar a prevalência da doença periodontal em uma população da raça negra, que, segundo a literatura, apresenta maior prevalência da doença. A comunidade selecionada para o estudo chama-se Arturos, tendo sido criada em 1917 por um escravo alforriado. Compõem acomunidade 380 indivíduos, dos quais, 154 residem na mesma chácara. A amostra foi constituída por 104 indivíduos acima de 13 anos de idade, residentes nesta chácara, sendo 63 mulheres e 41 homens. O exame clínico foi realizado no próprio local, utilizando EPI completo, sonda periodontal, espelho bucal, luz artificial e cadeira própria. Foram examinados todos os dentes presentes, com exceção dos 3ºs molares.Cada dente foi sondado em seis sítios: disto-vestibular, vestibular, mésio-vestibular, disto-lingual, lingual e mésio-lingual, medindo a profundidade de sondagem (P.S.) e perda de inserção (P.I.). O registro de sangramento após sondagem e presença de cálculo foi verificado nas superfícies mesial, distal, vestibular e lingual. O levantamentode alguns dados comportamentais e sociais foi realizado por meio de questionário. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o programa EPINFO (OMS) e testes estatísticos para cada condição. Observou-se que do total da amostra, o sangramento à sondagem foi detectado em 90,4%, a profundidade de sondagem = 4 mm foi observada em 43,3%,a perda de inserção variou de 1 a 13 mm, sendo que a perda = 4 mm foi verificada em 63,5% e em 75% da amostra observou-se a presença de cálculo. Com relação a faixa etária, de 46 a 60 anos, observou-se a maior média de P.I. 8,3 (±4,27) mm e também P.S. 4,6 (±3,5) mm. A maior média de presença de cálculo foi verificada na faixa de 36a 45 anos sendo de 24,1 (±22,75) superfícies. A maior média de sangramento foi 37,9 (±25,71) superfícies, observado na faixa etária de 21 a 35 anos. Na análise multivariada observou-se que a correlação mais forte foi vista entre P.S. e P.I., seguida da correlação entre a presença de cálculo e P.I. e logo em seguida, cálculo e P.S. Conclui-se que a prevalência da doença periodontal na comunidade está dentro dos padrões conhecidos no Brasil e no mundo, 9,6% em sua forma grave. Faixa etária, escolaridade e uso de tabaco foram indicadores de risco relacionados estatisticamente com a doença.