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Objective An infectious hepatic cyst (IHC) is a hepatic cyst complicated with secondary infection and is generally assumed to be rare. However, we have experienced no small number of patients with IHC in recent clinical practice. We therefore examined the incidence and clinical characteristics of IHC. Methods The medical records of patients with IHC who were hospitalized at our institution between January 2012 and December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Their demographic factors, biochemical, bacteriological, imaging, and treatment results were explored and compared with those of patients with pyogenic liver abscess (PLA). Patients Twelve patients with IHC and 39 with PLA were identified. Results The IHCs were significantly larger in diameters than the PLAs, and patients with IHCs tended to be older and more often women than those with PLAs. IHCs showed characteristic imaging features, including heterogeneous contents with occasional fluid-debris levels, a thickened cystic wall with rim enhancement, perilesional edema and hyperaemia. Patients with IHCs had a significantly shorter hospital stay than those with PLAs. Conclusion Physicians should note that IHCs are not rare. A careful imaging evaluation can suggest an IHC, and the timely aspiration of the content can lead to an accurate diagnosis. The cystic wall may keep the infectious material confined within the IHC, resulting in the observed good treatment outcome with catheter drainage.

A 76-year-old woman with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) showed elevated serum hepatobiliary enzyme levels, and abdominal imaging studies revealed a hepatic tumor. Her serum alpha-fetoprotein level was 759.5 ng/mL. A pathological examination after hepatectomy confirmed a diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). An examination of the surrounding liver revealed dilated vessels and thickened endothelial cells without inflammations. HHT patients without other risk factors (like this patient) reportedly have a lower incidence of common cancers, including HCC, in comparison to the unaffected population. One intriguing hypothesis that might explain the hepatocarcinogenesis in this situation is the ischemic liver cirrhosis theory, which suggests that chronic ischemia may cause parenchymal strain and promote inappropriate hepatocyte proliferation.

Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM) is a chronic cardiac dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis and is characterized by altered diastolic relaxation, blunted contractile response to stress, and electrophysiological abnormalities;however, causes of CCM are unknown. Moreover, reduced cardiac afterload due to cirrhosis-related vasodilatation often masks cardiac insufficiency, whereas rapid hemodynamic overload reveals the presence of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Herein, we present the case of previously unrecognized cirrhotic cardiomyopathy that became overt with the development of severe acute cardiac failure. The rapidly worsening hepatic hydrothorax increased cardiac preload and intrathoracic pressure, which impaired cardiac filling. Furthermore, cardiac contractile function might have been worsened by hypoxia due to passive atelectasis and concomitant anemia.

Aim Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) commonly shows bimodal distribution of onset age: at young adulthood and at 50-60 years-of-age. However, in recent times, the incidence of elderly-onset AIH seems to be increasing. This study aimed to investigate whether the incidence of elderly-onset AIH is increasing, and whether these patients show any clinical features different from those observed in younger patients. Methods Data about patients with newly diagnosed AIH visiting the Japanese Red Cross Society Himeji Hospital, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan, were retrospectively collected for the period ranging from January 2010 to May 2016. A total of 71 patients (56 women and 15 men, age 18-88 years) were included in this study. Patients were divided into two cohorts: elderly (≥70 years; n = 28) and adult cohort (15-69 years; n = 43). Demographic and clinical characteristics, biochemical and serological markers, radiological and histological findings, and therapeutic courses were evaluated. Results The median age of the patients was 65 years, the most frequent range being the 70s (37%), followed by the 60s (25%). The elderly cohort had significantly higher levels of serum immunoglobulin G and antinuclear antibody, lesser hepatitis activity scores, and lesser chance of developing other autoimmune diseases. They tended to have higher C-reactive protein levels and lower serum alanine aminotransferase levels. All patients achieved clinical remission after treatment. Conclusions This study clearly showed an increase in the incidence of elderly-onset AIH. These patients had some unique characteristics, showing that the development of elderly-onset AIH is influenced by age-associated immune dysfunction called immunosenescence. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1722-1728.

Aim Initial hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA reduction was investigated as a potential index for sustained virological response (SVR) in the treatment of interferon (IFN)-β followed by peginterferon plus ribavirin (PEG IFN/RBV). Methods The treatment course was retrospectively analyzed in 64 genotype 1b patients with a HCV RNA level of 5.0 logIU/mL or higher. IFN-β was administrated twice a day for 2 weeks followed by 24 or 48 weeks of PEG IFN/RBV. The serum HCV RNA level was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction before administration and at 1, 2 and 4 weeks of therapy. Results By the duration of PEG IFN administration, the SVR rates were 11% (2/18

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) commonly shows bimodal distribution of onset age: at young adulthood and at 50-60 years-of-age. However, in recent times, the incidence of elderly-onset AIH seems to be increasing. This study aimed to investigate whether the incidence of elderly-onset AIH is increasing, and whether these patients show any clinical features different from those observed in younger patients.Data about patients with newly diagnosed AIH visiting the Japanese Red Cross Society Himeji Hospital, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan, were retrospectively collected for the period ranging from January 2010 to May 2016. A total of 71 patients (56 women and 15 men, age 18-88 years) were included in this study. Patients were divided into two cohorts: elderly (≥70 years; n = 28) and adult cohort (15-69 years; n = 43). Demographic and clinical characteristics, biochemical and serological markers, radiological and histological findings, and therapeutic courses were evaluated.The median age of the patients was 65 years, the most frequent range being the 70s (37%), followed by the 60s (25%). The elderly cohort had significantly higher levels of serum immunoglobulin G and antinuclear antibody, lesser hepatitis activity scores, and lesser chance of developing other autoimmune diseases. They tended to have higher C-reactive protein levels and lower serum alanine aminotransferase levels. All patients achieved clinical remission after treatment.This study clearly showed an increase in the incidence of elderly-onset AIH. These patients had some unique characteristics, showing that the development of elderly-onset AIH is influenced by age-associated immune dysfunction called immunosenescence. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1722-1728.

Initial hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA reduction was investigated as a potential index for sustained virological response (SVR) in the treatment of interferon (IFN)-β followed by peginterferon plus ribavirin (PEG IFN/RBV).The treatment course was retrospectively analyzed in 64 genotype 1b patients with a HCV RNA level of 5.0 logIU/mL or higher. IFN-β was administrated twice a day for 2 weeks followed by 24 or 48 weeks of PEG IFN/RBV. The serum HCV RNA level was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction before administration and at 1, 2 and 4 weeks of therapy.By the duration of PEG IFN administration, the SVR rates were 11% (2/18,19 weeks), 64% (23/36, 20-24 weeks) and 40% (4/10, 25-72 weeks) (P = 0.0011, χ(2) -test). The SVR rate was high in patients in whom the HCV RNA level had decreased by 2.5 logIU/mL or greater at 1 week of IFN-β (29/55 [53%] vs 0/9 [0%], P = 0.0029, χ(2) -test). Among these patients, the SVR rate was even higher in those with continuous reduction in the first 2 weeks after the switch to PEG IFN/RBV (27/45 [60%] vs 2/10 [20%], P = 0.0048). Age below 65 years, no previous IFN course and good initial HCV RNA reduction were significantly associated with SVR on multivariate analysis, and the SVR rate was 95% (18/19) among these patients.The 2.5 logIU/mL reduction in HCV RNA at 1 week of IFN-β and the continuous reduction just after the switch to PEG IFN/RBV are important SVR-predictive indices.

A 48-year-old woman scheduled to receive a laparoscopic cholecystectomy underwent a preoperative evaluation. A laparoscopic exploration, shown in a video, revealed a smooth liver with normal consistency and morphology but with a grossly black appearance.

A 33-year-old woman with anorexia nervosa was referred to our hospital because of pancytopenia. Her weight was 31.6 kg (BMI, 12.3), and the laboratory results were as follows: a hemoglobin level of 5.9 g/dL, a red-cell count of 1,620,000/mm, a white-cell count of 1,200/mm, and a platelet count of 78,000/mm. An examination of the bone marrow aspirates revealed severe hypoplasia of the hematopoietic and fat cells along with a deposition of amorphous eosinophilc fluffy substances (Picture A-C). These distinct findings were described as gelatinous transformation, and were presumed to be a consequence of her severe malnutrition (1). The gelatinous material was composed of mucopolysaccharides, which were rich in hyaluronic acid (2). Trilineage hematopoietic maturation without apparent dysplasia or neoplasm was sparsely noted (Picture D). Her peripheral blood counts recovered following the administration of cautious nuturitional therapy.

This paper presents the health monitoring technique of composite repair patches using small-diameter fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. The composite patch structures consist of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) patches, aluminum substrates and adhesive layers. The debonding progressed between aluminum substrate and the adhesive layers under cyclic loading. In this research, two types of the specimen were prepared for evaluation of the debonding size. One is specimen with the patches glued on the both side of the aluminum plate. The other is pre-notched specimen for investigation of the influence of the crack propagation in the substrate. The FBG sensors were embedded into the adhesive layers easily, because the diameter of the sensor was only 52 μm. Reflection spectra from the sensor were measured at various lengths of the debonding. The form of the spectrum changed sensitively with an increase in the debonding size. For confirmation of the measured results, the spectra were simulated theoretically. As a result, the change in the calculated spectrum was consistent with that in the measured spectrum, and the relation between the spectrum and the debonding was clarified. Moreover, the debonding length was evaluated quantitatively by the monitoring of the form of the reflection spectrum.