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Electronic $K$ x rays emitted by muonic Ar atoms in the gas phase were observed using a superconducting transition-edge-sensor microcalorimeter. The high-precision energy spectra provided a clear signature of the presence of muonic atoms accompanied by a few electrons, which have never been observed before. One-, two-, and three-electron bound, i.e., H-like, He-like, and Li-like, muonic Ar atoms were identified from electronic $K$ x rays and hyper-satellite $K$ x rays. These $K$ x rays are emitted after the charge transfer process by the collisions with surrounding Ar atoms. With the aid of theoretical calculations, we confirmed that the peak positions are consistent with the x-ray energies from highly charged Cl ions, and the intensities reflecting deexcitation dynamics were successfully understood by taking into account the interaction between the muon and bound electrons.

To detect and track structural changes in atomic nuclei, the systematic study of nuclear levels with firm spin-parity assignments is important. While linear polarization measurements have been applied to determine the electromagnetic character of gamma-ray transitions, the applicable range is strongly limited due to the low efficiency of the detection system. The multi-layer Cadmium-Telluride (CdTe) Compton camera can be a state-of-the-art gamma-ray polarimeter for nuclear spectroscopy with the high position sensitivity and the detection efficiency. We demonstrated the capability to operate this detector as a reliable gamma-ray polarimeter by using polarized 847-keV gamma rays produced by the $^{56}\rm{Fe}({\it p},{\it p'}\gamma)$ reaction. By combining the experimental data and simulated calculations, the modulation curve for the gamma ray was successfully obtained. A remarkably high polarization sensitivity was achieved, compatible with a reasonable detection efficiency. Based on the obtained results, a possible future gamma-ray polarimetery is discussed.

Majorana quasiparticles (MQPs) in condensed matter play an important role in strategies for topological quantum computing but still remain elusive. Vortex cores of topological superconductors may accommodate MQPs that appear as the zero-energy vortex bound state (ZVBS). An iron-based superconductor Fe(Se,Te) possesses a superconducting topological surface state that has been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopies to detect the ZVBS. However, the results are still controversial. Here, we performed spectroscopic-imaging scanning tunneling microscopy with unprecedentedly high energy resolution to clarify the nature of the vortex bound states in Fe(Se,Te). We found the ZVBS at 0 $\pm$ 20 $\mu$eV suggesting its MQP origin, and revealed that some vortices host the ZVBS while others do not. The fraction of vortices hosting the ZVBS decreases with increasing magnetic field, while chemical and electronic quenched disorders are apparently unrelated to the ZVBS. These observations elucidate the conditions to achieve the ZVBS, and may lead to controlling MQPs., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, Supplementary information is available at http://www.riken.jp/epmrt/Machida/SI/FeSeTe_vortex181221_suppl_arXiv.pdf

We have developed a fine-pitch hard X-ray (HXR) detector using a cadmium telluride (CdTe) semiconductor for imaging and spectroscopy for the second launch of the Focusing Optics Solar X-ray Imager (FOXSI). FOXSI is a rocket experiment to perform high sensitivity HXR observations from 4-15 keV using the new technique of HXR focusing optics. The focal plane detector requires < 100 um position resolution (to take advantage of the angular resolution of the optics) and about 1 keV energy resolution (FWHM) for spectroscopy down to 4 keV, with moderate cooling (> -30 C). Double-sided silicon strip detectors were used for the first FOXSI flight in 2012 to meet these criteria. To improve the detectors' efficiency (66 at 15 keV for the silicon detectors) and position resolution of 75 um for the second launch, we fabricated double-sided CdTe strip detectors with a position resolution of 60 um and almost 100 % efficiency for the FOXSI energy range. The sensitive area is 7.67 mm x 7.67 mm, corresponding to the field of view of 791'' x 791''. An energy resolution of about 1 keV (FWHM) and low energy threshold of 4 keV were achieved in laboratory calibrations. The second launch of FOXSI was performed on December 11, 2014, and images from the Sun were successfully obtained with the CdTe detector. Therefore we successfully demonstrated the detector concept and the usefulness of this technique for future HXR observations of the Sun., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in the Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics

In the exploration of viable models of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking, it is essential to locate the lower end of the conformal window and know the mass anomalous dimensions there for a variety of gauge theories. We calculate, with the Schr\"odinger functional scheme, the running coupling constant and the mass anomalous dimension of SU(2) gauge theory with six massless Dirac fermions in the fundamental representation. The calculations are performed on $6^4$ - $24^4$ lattices over a wide range of lattice bare couplings to take the continuum limit. The discretization errors for both quantities are removed perturbatively. We find that the running slows down and comes to a stop at $0.06 \lesssim 1/g^2 \lesssim 0.15$ where the mass anomalous dimension is estimated to be $0.26 \lesssim \gamma^*_m \lesssim 0.74$., Comment: 38 pages, 9 figures. v2)Minor corrections, references added. Version to appear in PRD

We investigate the chiral properties of SU(2) gauge theory with six flavors, i.e. six light Dirac fermions in the fundamental representations by lattice simulation, and point out that the spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry does not occur in this system. The quark mass dependence of the mesonic spectrum provides an evidence for such a possibility. The decay constant tends to be increased by the finite size effect, which is opposite to the behavior predicted by chiral perturbation theory and indicates that the long distance dynamics in the six-flavor theory could be different from the theory with chiral symmetry breaking. The subtracted chiral condensate, whose utility is demonstrated by the simulation of two-flavor theory, is shown to vanish in the chiral limit within the precision of available data., Comment: 53 pages, 33 figures, 17 tables, typos corrected, references changed

We study the dynamics of SU(2) gauge theory with NF=6 Dirac fermions by means of lattice simulation to investigate if they are appropriate to realization of electroweak symmetry breaking. The discrete analogue of beta function for the running coupling constant defined under the Schroedinger functional boundary condition are computed on the lattices up to linear size of L/a=24 and preclude the existence of infrared fixed point below 7.6. Gluonic observables such as heavy quark potential, string tension, Polyakov loop suggest that the target system is in the confining phase even in the massless quark limit., Comment: 7 pages, 9 figures, Proceedings of The 30th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, June 24-29, 2012, Cairns, Australia

Walking technicolor theory attempts to realize electroweak symmetry breaking as the spontaneous chiral symmetry breakdown caused by the gauge dynamics with slowly varying gauge coupling constant and large mass anomalous dimension. Many-flavor QCD is one of the candidates owning these features. We focus on the SU(3) gauge theory with ten flavors of massless fermions in the fundamental representation, and compute the gauge coupling constant in the Schr\"odinger functional scheme. Numerical simulation is performed with $O(a)$-unimproved lattice action, and the continuum limit is taken in linear in lattice spacing. We observe evidence that this theory possesses an infrared fixed point., Comment: 28 pages, 6 figures. v2) remarks on the continuum limit added, analysis simplified and done with more statistics, conclusion unchanged, version accepted for publication in PRD

We accelerate many-flavor lattice QCD simulations using multiple GPUs. Multiple pseudo-fermion fields are introduced additively and independently for each flavor in the many-flavor HMC algorithm. Using the independence of each pseudo-fermion field and the blocking technique for the quark solver, we can assign the solver task to each GPU card. In this report we present the blocking technique for the many-flavor dynamical QCD simulations. We investigate the effect of the blocking and the acceleration with the multiple GPUs for the Schr\"{o}dinger functional simulations with Wilson SU(3) plaquette gauge action and $N_f=10$ Wilson fermions. Five pseudo-fermion fields are introduced and the quark solver task is distributed in the ratio of 2:3 to two GPUs. We expect a 40% timing reduction from the single GPU case and have observed a 34% timing reduction in the test simulations., Comment: 7 pages LaTeX, 5 postscript figures. Poster presented at Lattice 2010, Villasimius, Sardinia, Italy

The electroweak gauge symmetry is allowed to be spontaneously broken by the strongly interacting vector-like gauge dynamics. When the gauge coupling of a theory runs slowly in a wide range of energy scale, the theory is a candidate for walking technicolor. This may open up the possibility that the origin of all masses may be traced back to the gauge theory. We use the \SF method to see whether the gauge coupling of 10-flavor QCD "walks" or not. Preliminary result is reported., Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, proceeding for SCGT09

The electroweak gauge symmetry is allowed to be spontaneously broken by the strongly interacting vector-like gauge dynamics. When the gauge coupling of a theory runs slowly in a wide range of energy scale, the theory is extremely interesting. This may open up the possibility that the origin of all masses may be traced back to the gauge theory. We use the SF method to determine the scale dependence of the gauge coupling of 10-flavor QCD. Preliminary results are reported., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, talk presented at The XXVII International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, July 26-31, 2009, Peking University, Beijing, China

We investigate universality of the Nf=2 running coupling in the Sch\"odinger functional scheme, by calculating the step scaling function in lattice QCD with the renorm alization group (RG) improved gauge action at both weak(u=0.9796) and strong(u=3.3340) couplings, where u=\bar{g}^2_SF with \bar{g}_SF being the running coupling in this scheme. In our main calculations, we use the tree-level value for O(a) improvement coefficients of boundary gauge fields. In addition we employ the 1-loop value for them in order to see how scaling behaviours are affected by them. In the continuum limit, the step scaling function obtained from the RG improved gauge actions agrees with the previous result obtained from the plaquette action within errors at both couplings, though errors of our result are larger. Combined fits using all data with the RG improved action as well as the plaquette action reduce errors in the continuum limit by 2% at the weak coupling and 22% at the strong coupling., Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures, talk presented at the XXVI International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, July 14-19, 2008, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA

We discuss some large effects of dynamical fermions. One is a cutoff effect, others concern the contribution of multi-pion states to correlation functions and are expected to survive the continuum limit. We then turn to the preparation for simulations at small lattice spacings which we are planning down to around a=0.04fm in order to understand the size of O(a^2)-effects of the standard O(a)-improved theory. The dependence of the lattice spacing on the bare coupling is determined through the Schr"odinger functional renormalized coupling., Comment: 7 pages

The in-orbit performance and calibration of the Hard X-ray Detector (HXD) on board the X-ray astronomy satellite Suzaku are described. Its basic performances, including a wide energy bandpass of 10-600 keV, energy resolutions of ~4 keV (FWHM) at 40 keV and ~11% at 511 keV, and a high background rejection efficiency, have been confirmed by extensive in-orbit calibrations. The long-term gains of PIN-Si diodes have been stable within 1% for half a year, and those of scintillators have decreased by 5-20%. The residual non-X-ray background of the HXD is the lowest among past non-imaging hard X-ray instruments in energy ranges of 15-70 and 150-500 keV. We provide accurate calibrations of energy responses, angular responses, timing accuracy of the HXD, and relative normalizations to the X-ray CCD cameras using multiple observations of the Crab Nebula., Comment: 45 pages, 40 figures and 9 tables; accepted for Pulications of the Astronomical Society of Japan

The Hard X-ray Detector (HXD) on board Suzaku covers a wide energy range from 10 keV to 600 keV by combination of silicon PIN diodes and GSO scintillators. The HXD is designed to achieve an extremely low in-orbit back ground based on a combination of new techniques, including the concept of well-type active shield counter. With an effective area of 142 cm^2 at 20 keV and 273 cm2 at 150 keV, the background level at the sea level reached ~1x10^{-5} cts s^{-1} cm^{-2} keV^{-1} at 30 keV for the PI N diodes, and ~2x10^{-5} cts s^{-1} cm^{-2} keV^{-1} at 100 keV, and ~7x10^{-6} cts s^{-1} cm^{-2} keV^{-1} at 200 keV for the phoswich counter. Tight active shielding of the HXD results in a large array of guard counters surrounding the main detector parts. These anti-coincidence counters, made of ~4 cm thick BGO crystals, have a large effective area for sub-MeV to MeV gamma-rays. They work as an excellent gamma-ray burst monitor with limited angular resolution (~5 degree). The on-board signal-processing system and the data transmitted to the ground are also described., Comment: 35 pages, 25 figures and 4 tables; acceted for Publication of the Astronomical Society of Japan

We calculate the vector meson masses in $N_{\rm f} = 2+1$ Wilson chiral perturbation theory at next-to-leading order. Generalizing the framework of heavy vector meson chiral perturbation theory, the quark mass and the lattice cutoff dependence of the vector meson masses is derived. Our chiral order counting assumes that the lattice cut-off artifacts are of the order of the typical pion momenta, $p \sim a\Lambda_{\rm QCD}^{2}$. This counting scheme is consistent with the one in the pseudo scalar meson sector where the O($a^2$) terms are included in the leading order chiral Lagrangian., Comment: 26 pages

We consider 2+1 flavor Wilson Chiral Perturbation Theory including the lattice spacing contributions of O($a^{2}$). We adopt a power counting appropriate for the unquenched lattice simulations carried out by the CP-PACS/JLQCD collaboration and compute the pseudo scalar meson masses to one loop. These expression are required to perform the chiral extrapolation of the CP-PACS/JLQCD lattice data., Comment: 18 pages

We perform a nonperturbative determination of the $O(a)$-improvement coefficient $c_{\rm SW}$ and the critical hopping parameter $\kappa_c$ for $N_f$=3, 2, 0 flavor QCD with the RG-improved gauge action using the Schr\"odinger functional method. In order to interpolate $c_{\rm SW}$ and $\kappa_c$ as a function of the bare coupling, a wide range of $\beta$ from the weak coupling region to the moderately strong coupling points used in large-scale simulations is studied. Corrections at finite lattice size of $O(a/L)$ turned out to be large for the RG-improved gauge action, and hence we make the determination at a size fixed in physical units using a modified improvement condition. This enables us to avoid $O(a)$ scaling violations which would remain in physical observables if $c_{\rm SW}$ determined for a fixed lattice size $L/a$ is used in numerical simulations., Comment: 27 pages, 5 figures. Version appearing in PRD. \beta dependence of c_sw and kappa_c in two flavor QCD is reanalyzed with a different fit form while no change is made in the quenched and three-flavor QCD

We study the scaling behavior of the step scaling function for SU(3) gauge theory, employing the Iwasaki gauge action and the Luescher-Weisz gauge action. In particular, we test the choice of boundary counter terms and apply a perturbative procedure for removal of lattice artifacts for the simulation results in the extrapolation procedure. We confirm the universality of the step scaling functions at both weak and strong coupling regions. We also measure the low energy scale ratio with the Iwasaki action, and confirm its universality., Comment: 3 pages. Parallel talk presented at Lattice2004(improved), Fermilab, June 21-26, 2004

We study the scaling behavior of the step scaling function for SU(3) gauge theory, employing the renormalization-group improved Iwasaki gauge action and the perturbatively improved L\"uscher-Weisz gauge action. We confirm that the step scaling functions from the improved gauge actions agree with that previously obtained from the plaquette action within errors in the continuum limit at both weak and strong coupling regions. We also investigate how different choices of boundary counter terms for the improved gauge actions affect the scaling behavior. In the extrapolation to the continuum limit, we observe that the cut off dependence becomes moderate for the Iwasaki action, if a perturbative reduction of scaling violations is applied to the simulation results. We also measure the low energy scale ratio with the Iwasaki action, and confirm its universality., Comment: 14 pages