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This study investigates the factors influencing the diffusion of residential photovoltaic systems. Factors examined are related to social attributes, such as population structure and living environment within neighborhoods and those close by, together with a neighbor effect revealed as a positive spatial dependency of the diffusion. To examine these factors simultaneously, the study applies a spatial econometric analysis, taking advantage of the availability of cumulative data on installed residential photovoltaic systems and census-based social attributes in about 4000 census blocks in Kyoto City, which include 1.47 million people. Results include: (1) an observed neighbor effect, especially between census blocks within a radius of 1000 m; (2) evidence that diffusion is positively influenced in a census block by lower population density and higher number of household members, as well as by lower ratios of detached houses and lower population densities in nearby census blocks; and (3) indication that diffusion is positively influenced by a higher proportion of young people through various mechanisms. To further facilitate the diffusion, implementing non-economic measures designed in light of the observed neighborhood influences is recommended, in addition to conventional economic support measures.

FeNi films were directly deposited on MgO(001) substrates by co-sputtering and rapid thermal annealing (RTA). The formation of the L10 phase was investigated for films with different thicknesses and different annealing conditions by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. For the FeNi films with a thickness of 5 nm, superlattice 001 and 110 peaks were observed after annealing at a heating rate of 50 °C/s, which indicates that three variants of L10 grains were formed in the films. The maximum long-range order parameter, which corresponded to a volume-averaged parameter, was approximately 0.11. For the FeNi films with a thickness of 30 nm, a superlattice 110 peak was only observed after annealing at a heating rate of 50 °C/s, and the formation of 001 textured grains was clarified. Magnetic properties also changed depending on the FeNi film structures. The formation mechanism of L10-FeNi is discussed based on the strain caused by RTA in the FeNi films.

Understanding Earth’s early evolution requires decoding the cryptic geological record that is preserved in a few extremely rare terrains on Earth. The Saglek–Hebron Block in the North Atlantic Craton is one of the oldest terrains in the world. To better understand the Eoarchean history of the Saglek–Hebron Block, we undertook a comprehensive geological and geochronological investigation of this terrain. The Saglek–Hebron locality contains orthogneisses and supracrustal rocks, which are classified into two groups of the Eoarchean and Mesoarchean suites based on field associations defined by intrusion of the Mesoarchean mafic Saglek dykes. The Eoarchean suites contain the Nulliak supracrustal rocks and Uivak Gneisses. In this paper, we report cathodoluminescence (CL) observations and U–Pb ages of zircons from the Eoarchean orthogneisses to constrain the evolution of the Saglek–Hebron Block. We made detailed sketch maps (1:20) of critical outcrops to establish relative chronological relationships between lithologies. At least seven generations of mafic and felsic units were recognized in an outcrop of the St John’s Harbour South area. The first and second generations are mafic supracrustal rocks whereas the third to seventh generations are tonalitic gneisses, which are intruded into the supracrustal units. We study CL observation, geochemistry and U–Pb dating of zircons from the oldest and youngest tonalitic gneisses. The CL observation of internal structures of the zircons showed they typically comprise three domains of core, mantle and rim. The cores have clear oscillatory zoning, whereas the mantles lack oscillatory zoning and exhibit dark CL emission and structureless CL images. The obvious correlation between the ages and chemical compositions of U contents and Th/U ratios indicates that the cores with low U contents and high Th/U ratios preserve the protolith age. The cores with clear oscillatory zoning, low U contents and high Th/U ratios of zircons from the oldest suite plot on a concordia line with ages ranging from 3953 to 3797 Ma. The oldest and average ages of the six oldest spots on the concordia line are 3953 ± 54 and 3920 ± 49 Ma, respectively. On the other hand, the average age of the four old spots of zircons from a younger generation of orthogneiss is 3869 ± 63 Ma. The geological and geochronological relationships between the third and seventh generation orthogneisses are consistent with each other, confirming an Eoarchean age of ca. 3.9 Ga for the oldest suite of the Uivak Gneisses. We name this oldest suite the Iqaluk Gneiss. As the protolith of the Iqaluk Gneiss was clearly intruded into the Nulliak supracrustal rocks, the Nulliak supracrustals must have a minimum age of ca. 3.9 Ga, indicating that they are the oldest supracrustal rocks on Earth. But, further studies should be necessary to obtain more precise age of the Iqaluk Gneiss and Nulliak supracrustal rocks.

The Earth is a unique planet, which has been highly evolved, diversified and complicated through geologic time, and underwent many key events, including giant impact, magma ocean, core formation, large-scale mantle differentiation and late heavy bombardment, especially in its dawn. But, our knowledge of early Earth is limited due to the lack of the Hadean supracrustal rocks. The supracrustal rocks with the Eoarchean ages provide key evidence for the Earth's early evolution, but few supracrustal rocks have been comprehensively investigated. Therefore, we mapped in seven areas of the Saglek Block, northern Labrador, where ancient supracrustal sequences are interleaved with a diverse assemblage of orthogneisses. Early studies suggested that some of them have the Mesoarchean ages because of the lack of the Mesoarchean Saglek dyke, but we found the Saglek dykes in the areas to recognize the Eoarchean Nulliak supracrustal rocks and Uivak Gneiss in all the areas. Recent reassessment of U–Pb dating and cathodoluminescence observation of zircons from the oldest suites of the Uivak Gneiss showed that the Uivak Gneiss has the Eoarchean age, > 3.95 Ga, and forms the Iqaluk–Uivak Gneiss series. Because our geological survey clearly showed that the Iqaluk–Uivak Gneisses were intruded into the Nulliak supracrustal belts, the Nulliak supracrustal rocks are the oldest supracrustal rock in the world. The supracrustal belts consist of piles of fault-bounded blocks, which are composed of the ultramafic rocks, mafic rocks and sedimentary rocks in ascending order, similar to modern ocean plate stratigraphy (OPS). In addition, small-scale duplex structures are found over the areas. The presence of duplex structure and OPS indicates that the > 3.95 Ga Nulliak supracrustal belts originate from an accretionary complex. The presence of the accretionary complex, ophiolite and granitic continental crust provides the oldest evidence for the plate tectonics on the early Earth.

The authors provide evidence for the existence of life on Earth in the earliest known sedimentary rocks and suggest that the presence of organic carbon, and low stable-isotope values of graphite from sedimentary rocks in Labrador pushes back the existence of organic life to beyond 3.95 billion years. The beginning of organic life on Earth is being pushed back by evidence from the earliest known sedimentary rocks. Tsuyoshi Komiya and colleagues argue that the presence of organic carbon and stable-isotope excursions in graphite from sedimentary rocks in Labrador, Canada, pushes back the existence of organic life to more than 3.95 billion years ago. Together with recent work showing evidence for a diverse range of living organisms around 3.7 billion years ago, including stromatolites living in sunlit surface waters and bacteria living in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, the work shows that life has been around almost as long as there has been a planet that it can call home. The vestiges of life in Eoarchean rocks have the potential to elucidate the origin of life. However, gathering evidence from many terrains is not always possible1,2,3, and biogenic graphite has thus far been found only in the 3.7–3.8 Ga (gigayears ago) Isua supracrustal belt4,5,6,7. Here we present the total organic carbon contents and carbon isotope values of graphite (δ13Corg) and carbonate (δ13Ccarb) in the oldest metasedimentary rocks from northern Labrador8,9. Some pelitic rocks have low δ13Corg values of −28.2, comparable to the lowest value in younger rocks. The consistency between crystallization temperatures of the graphite and metamorphic temperature of the host rocks establishes that the graphite does not originate from later contamination. A clear correlation between the δ13Corg values and metamorphic grade indicates that variations in the δ13Corg values are due to metamorphism, and that the pre-metamorphic value was lower than the minimum value. We concluded that the large fractionation between the δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg values, up to 25‰, indicates the oldest evidence of organisms greater than 3.95 Ga. The discovery of the biogenic graphite enables geochemical study of the biogenic materials themselves, and will provide insight into early life not only on Earth but also on other planets.

Background In some behavioral neuroscience studies, an attachment is surgically fixed onto the head of an awake animal to allow the animal to perform learning tasks repeatedly in the same position in a task-training system. A recently developed task-training system enables operant conditioning of head-fixed rats within only a few days, and this system has been rigorously applied to record learning-associated neural activity using electrophysiological techniques. However, the head attachment of this device is made of metal and thus is not suitable for simultaneous brain imaging studies with X-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or positron emission tomography (PET). New method We developed a novel head fixation device with a removable attachment to position the rat head precisely in both imaging and training devices across different sessions. The device consisted of a removable attachment, a clamp and a stage, all of which were made of PET/MRI compatible acrylic resin. We tested the usefulness of the device with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET and CT. Results The new device did not substantially affect 18F-FDG PET images. Repositioning of the rat's head across sessions and experimenters was at a level of submillimeter accuracy. Comparison with existing method The errors of radioactivity concentration of 18F-FDG in the PET image were lower with the present attachment than with the conventional metal attachment. Repositioning accuracy was considerably improved compared with a visual inspection method. Conclusions The developed fixation device is useful for longitudinal behavioral and brain imaging studies in rats.

Introduction The iPRECIO™ (Primetech Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) is a new form of pump for infusing small laboratory animals. The key features of the iPRECIO™ are that it can be implanted within the animal, it is refillable, and it is programmable. The infusion start-points and end-points are adjustable, infusion rate can be altered, and the infusion solution can be changed after the pump is implanted. In order to confirm the precision of the iPRECIO™, in vivo and in vitro experiments were employed. Methods In the in vitro experiment, at the excretion rate of 1 μl/h for 336 h, 15 μl/h for 96 h, and 30 μl/h for 120 h, the decrease in each pump weight was used to estimate the actual excretion volume. In the in vivo experiments, the iPRECIO™ was chronically implanted in rats, angiotensin II was infused, and arterial pressure (AP) was monitored. Results In the in vitro experiment, the volume of solution excreted from the pump increased with time, and the volume excreted matched the programmed volume. The infusion rate also changed at the scheduled time. In the in vivo experiment, AP increased and decreased on schedule, and a dose-dependent pressor response to angiotensin II occurred. Furthermore, after exchanging saline with angiotensin II, AP increased and decreased on schedule. Discussion Present data of the in vitro and in vivo experiments indicates that the iPRECIO™ worked precisely, making it suitable for a variety of experiments involving small laboratory animals.

L1 0 -FeNi, showing uniaxial magnetic anisotropy (K u ) of 1.3×107 erg/cm3 in a bulk sample[1], is promising as a “rare metal-free” high K u material. It is known that iron meteorites contain the L1 0 -FeNi phase, what is called “tetrataenite”, which reveals unique magnetic properties different from usual Fe-Ni alloys[2]. However, the artificial fabrication of L1 0 -FeNi is difficult because the order-disorder transformation temperature is low (∼320C), and below this temperature the atomic diffusion is extremely slow. In this study, we have tried to fabricate L1 0 -FeNi thin films with high K u by two methods: molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and sputtering.

L10-ordered FeNi, showing high uniaxial magnetic anisotropy (K u), is promising as a 'rare metal-free' high K u material. We have worked on L10-ordered FeNi thin films prepared by two methods: one is molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) with alternate deposition of Fe and Ni monatomic layers, and the other is sputtering with co-deposition or multilayer-deposition of Fe and Ni followed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA). For the MBE films prepared by alternate monatomic layer deposition (leading to the stoichiometric composition: Fe 50 at.%– Ni 50 at.%), a clear relationship between K u and the long-range order parameter S estimated by synchrotron x-ray diffraction (XRD) was found with maximum values of S = 0.48 and K u = 7.0 × 106 erg cm−3. The composition dependence of K u was also investigated by deviating the thickness from monatomic layer, showing a maximum of 9.3 × 106 erg cm−3 around 60 at.%Fe. In addition, the effect of Co addition to L10-ordered FeNi was investigated, suggesting that a small amount (

Structures and magnetic properties were systematically investigated for the monolayer (ML)-controlled Co | Ni multilayers with various Ni layer thicknesses, where the Co and Ni layers were epitaxially grown on a Al2O3 (\(11\bar{2}0\)) single crystal substrate or deposited on a thermally oxidized Si substrate. The epitaxial Co | Ni multilayers exhibited high uniaxial magnetic anisotropy energies (Ku) and low effective magnetic damping constants (αeff), resulting in the perpendicular magnetization with low damping even for the 1 ML-Ni | 1 ML-Co multilayer. By comparing the experimental results with the first principles calculation, we found that the Ni atoms largely contributed to the perpendicular anisotropy for the Co | Ni multilayers. We also discussed the possible mechanism dominating the magnitude of αeff for the Co | Ni multilayers based on the experiments and the calculations. The present results suggest that the epitaxial Co | Ni multilayer is a promising material to achieve high Ku and low magnetic...

A clinico-statistical and long-term follow-up study was performed on 81 pediatric fractures seen during the 14 years between 1977 and 1990. Of all maxillofacial fractures, the incidence of pediatric fractures was 14.7%. The ratio of boys to girls was 2.1:1, and the highest incidence involved boys over 13 years of age. Fractures of the upper alveolar bone and mandible were common. Conservative therapy, such as maxillomandibular fixation using orthodontic brackets was usually performed and was found to be successful. The long-term follow-up study revealed that 5 out of 21 patients with alveolar fractures complained of malocclusion and it is suggested that a longer duration of intramaxillary fixation and long-term follow-up might be needed for alveolar fractures in children.

This retrospective study about trismus after the release of maxillomandibular fixation was performed in 103 cases of mandibular fracture in our department and the following results were obtained:1. Most cases of trismus were recovered by 12 weeks after the relase of fixation. However, in the group below the age of 30 years recovery took place within 8 weeks.2. Trismus was most frequently found in multiple-line fractures.3. Trismus occurred less frequently in open reduction cases than in closed reduction cases.4. The relative frequency of trismus was unaffected by the presence or absence of condylar fracture.5. There was no definitive relationship between the period of maxillomandibular fixation and the occurrence of trismus.

FeNi films were fabricated by sputtering and rapid thermal annealing on thermally amorphous substrates to realize the formation of an L10-FeNi phase by a simple method. Structural and magnetic properties of FeNi films were investigated by varying the annealing temperature. L10-FeNi superlattice peaks were not observed in X-ray diffraction patterns, indicating no formation of L10-ordered phase, however, the surface structure systematically changed with the annealing temperature. Magnetization curves also revealed a drastic change depending on the annealing temperature, which indicates the close relation between the morphology and magnetic properties of FeNi films fabricated on amorphous substrates.

Highly L10-ordered FePt thin films with a strong (001) texture were successfully fabricated on amorphous substrates simply by co-sputtering and rapid thermal annealing at a low temperature of 400 °C. The morphology of FePt thin films depended strongly on the heating rate, changing from a continuous structure with an atomically flat surface to an island-like structure. The change of the morphology resulted in a drastic increase of coercivity, indicating that the magnetization process could be controlled by the heating condition. This fabrication method of ordered FePt thin films is favorable in view of the compatibility for a practical device fabrication process.

The aetiological factors associated with maxillofacial fractures, and the trends in these factors over a 13 year period are reported. The First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, managed 695 patients with maxillofacial fractures between 1977 and 1989. The male to female ratio was 3.2:1 and the majority of patients were aged between 10 and 30 years old. Road traffic accidents and accidental falls were the main causes of fractures throughout the 13 year study period. Mandibular fractures occurred in 477 patients (68.6%). A high percentage of patients were treated by closed reduction and maxillo-mandibular fixation, or occlusal splinting.