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Spinal epidural abscess (SEA) is a rare condition, and a delay in its diagnosis causes paralysis. In this study, we report two rare cases of delayed diagnosis of SEA whose conditions improved after a state of complete paralysis. The first case was a 71-year-old diabetic man who received a corticosteroid injection for shoulder pain that caused intensified pain. Thereafter, the patient developed paralysis of both legs in stage IV according to Heusner staging. Subsequently, he was diagnosed with multiple abscesses and sepsis. He was in a poor state of health. Therefore, we treated his epidural abscess conservatively. After a month, his muscle strength had improved to Heusner stage III-A, and he was transferred to another hospital. The second case was a 64-year-old diabetic man who received an epidural corticosteroid injection for lower back pain. However, the pain intensified and was admitted to the hospital for pyelonephritis. He developed paralysis in both of his arms and legs presenting as a Heusner stage IV, caused by a cervical epidural abscess. A laminoplasty was performed and paralysis was improved. However, the patient subsequently developed a left subcortical hemorrhage. He underwent surgery. However, his right hemiplegia persisted, and on Day 21, he was transferred back to the previous hospital with a Heusner III-A. We could improve the patients’ paralysis by cooperating closely with infectious disease specialists and spine surgeons, taking intensive care, applying antibacterial agents appropriately, and operating quickly.

Background Paravertebral compartment syndrome occurring without trauma is quite rare. We report a case of compartment syndrome that occurred after spinal exercises. Case presentation A 23-year-old Japanese rower developed severe back pain and was unable to move 1 day after performing exercises for the spinal muscles. Initial evaluation at a nearby hospital revealed hematuria and elevated creatine phosphokinase levels. He was transferred to our hospital, where magnetic resonance imaging revealed no hematoma but confirmed edema in the paravertebral muscles. The compartment pressure measurements were elevated bilaterally. Despite his pain being severe, his creatine phosphokinase levels were expected to peak and decline; his urine output was normal; and surgery was undesirable. Therefore, we opted for conservative management. The next day, the patient’s compartment pressure diminished, and his pain levels decreased to 2/10. After 5 days, he was able to walk without medication. Conclusions We present a rare case of compartment syndrome of the paravertebral muscles with good resolution following conservative management. We hope our case findings will help avoid unnecessary surgery in cases of paravertebral compartment syndrome.

Background Bile leakage after hepatectomy is a common complication. The purpose of the present study was to retrospectively evaluate the usefulness of non-surgical management of bile leakage after hepatectomy, using 12-year data from a single center study. Methods Data from 15 patients (13 men, two women; mean age 67.1 ± 7.0 years) who had undergone non-surgical management for bile leakage between January 2005 and November 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Results We categorized bile leakage as central (n = 5) or peripheral (n = 10) leakage based on communication with the biliary tree. Percutaneous bile leakage drainage and/or endoscopic naso-biliary drainage (ENBD) (n = 2) or the rendezvous technique (n = 3) was successfully performed in five central-type cases, while all peripheral-type cases were treated with drainage alone; only one case required additional ethanol ablation. Bacterial bile cultures were positive in 11 cases and negative in four cases. The drainage catheters were removed after complete resolution in 13 cases (86.7%), while two patients with cases of peripheral-type leakage died due to cancer progression while the drain was in place. No case needed conversion to reoperation. The mean duration of drainage therapy in all cases was 210.1 ± 163.0 days (range 17-531 days), with 316.8 ± 180.8 days in the central type and 156.7 ± 131.5 days in the peripheral type; this duration was not significantly different (P = 0.129). Conclusion Non-surgical treatment is a minimally invasive and effective management strategy for postoperative bile leakage and the modality used depends on the type of bile leakage encountered.

Enthalpies of mixing for binary mixtures containing R-limonene and various concentrations of each of alcohols (methanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, and hexanol) were measured at 298.15 K and compared with reported values for limonene/ethanol binary mixtures. All the systems exhibited positive values over the entire range of mole fractions. The sequence of enthalpies of mixing did not show a simple dependence on the size of the aliphatic groups of the alcohols. The experimental results were compared with the values obtained from the UNIFAC, COSMO-RS, and regular solution theories. The interaction energies of limonene + alcohols were determined by ab initio calculation (MP2/6-311++G(d,p)) in alcohols and compared with the experimental results. In addition, pair interaction energies were decomposed for molecular interactions within the Hartree–Fock approximation by the Morokuma method.

To reveal the contribution of hydrophobic interactions to the stability of the molten globule (MG) state of proteins, the effect of sorbitol on the structure of acid-unfolded (AU) equine heart myoglobin was examined at pH 2 by means of circular dichroism (CD), stopped-flow CD, rheometry, and differential scanning calorimetry. The AU state of myoglobin was refolded by adding sorbitol to the MG state, which had a secondary structure and hydrodynamic volume similar to the native (N) state. The thermal denaturation of the MG state showed considerably small enthalpy change, low cooperativity, and small heat capacity compared to the N state unlike MG state of cytochrome c, indicating that the presence of the heme is important to preserve the strict tertiary structure of MG state not only N state, for heme proteins. The refolding was induced by preferential exclusion of three sorbitol molecules from the AU state compared to the MG state. The transition from the N–MG state kinetically proceeded via the AU state, followed by gradual refolding due to the preferential exclusion of sorbitol with 1.98 × 10−3 s−1 of kinetic constant at 3.3 M sorbitol and 10.9 °C.

Under ambient humid conditions, the adsorption of acetaldehyde on unmodified TiO2 is small and weak. In contrast, loading Au particles smaller than 3 nm on TiO2 with surface area larger than 17.5 m2 g−1 (Au/TiO2) causes the rapid and strong adsorption of gaseous acetaldehyde from a closed space. This striking adsorption phenomenon initiates from the aerobic oxidation of acetaldehyde to acetic acid by the thermocatalysis of Au/TiO2 at room temperature. Acetic acid is moved to the TiO2 surface to be dissociated to acetate ion and proton, which are adsorbed on the Lewis acid and base sites on the surface, respectively. The resulting reproduction of the catalytic sites for the acetaldehyde oxidation enables the continuous removal of acetaldehyde without the release of the harmful product. Further, the adsorbed species on Au/TiO2 are completely oxidized to CO2 by the post-heating at 548 K, whereas the oxidation degree of acetate adsorbed on unmodified TiO2 remains several % even at 570 K with harmful products (Quah et al., 2010).

Many biologically important molecules exist as enantiomers. In this chapter the enthalpies of mixing (Hm) of binary mixtures of liquid enantiomers and solid enantiomers in polar and non-polar solvents are discussed in an attempt to understand the molecular interactions between heterochiral enantiomers. The Hm values were very small. The enthalpies of mixing of ternary systems showed unique behavior. The Hm's were exothermic in dilute solutions of an enantiomer but this exothermicity decreased with increasing concentration of an enantiomer. To evaluate molecular interactions in solvents, ab initio quantum chemical methods were adopted.

Cyclodextrin (CD) can accommodate numerous polar and non-polar guest molecules to produce inclusion compounds, which are widely used as drugs, pharmaceutical preparations, food, and architectural materials. CD can also function as a simple enzyme, and its multi-purpose applications are extensively documented in the literature. This chapter deals with the thermodynamic properties of CD inclusion compounds involving simple molecules which differ, systematically, in the size of the aliphatic and functional groups. Most of the systems exhibited entropy-driven inclusion, but contributions of: electrostatic energy, exchange repulsion energy, charge transfer energy, and dispersion force to the enthalpies of inclusion, are also discussed. The van der Waals interactions between hydrophobic parts of guest molecules and the α-CD cavity have a large effect on the stability of inclusion compounds, as shown by the results of quantum chemical calculations. Carboxylic and hydroxyl compounds possess unique thermodynamic properties, and their entropy and enthalpy compensations are also discussed.

The molar excess enthalpies of eight systems of butylamines + propanols were determined at 298.15 K using a twin-microcalorimeter. All excess enthalpies were exothermic and large. An equilibrium constant K 1 expressed in terms of mole fractions and standard thermodynamic properties of formation (Δf H, Δf G, Δf S) of 1:1 complex were evaluated by ideal mixtures of monomeric molecules and their associated complexes. Concentration dependence of the FT-Raman spectrum showed systematic changes of bands. Spectroscopic considerations based on this and ab initio calculations on molecules were performed at the Mp2/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. Interaction energies between butylamine and propanol were calculated by the supermolecular and NBO methods. The results were discussed with previous results to clarify the steric and positional effect of the amino and hydroxyl group.

To clarify the effect of cyclodextrin (CD) on the stability of cytochrome c, the thermal denaturation of cytochrome c was measured by differential scanning calorimetry in aqueous solutions of β-CD modified with three substituents: methyl, acetyl, and 2-hydroxylpropyl groups. The midpoint temperature of thermal denaturation decreased with the addition of modified β-CDs, indicating that cytochrome c was destabilized. The destabilization effect of CD depended on the substituent and increased in the order of acetyl>methyl>2-hydroxypropyl. The estimated binding number and binding constant of the modified β-CDs for cytochrome c are 5.0 ± 1.0 and 10.3 ± 2.9 M−1 for methyl-β-CD, 13.8 ± 3.6 and 4.7 ± 1.6 M−1 for acetyl-β-CD, and 2.8 ± 0.9 and 7.0 ± 3.0 M−1 for 2-hydroxypropyl-β-CD. The destabilization effect of acetyl-β-CD is the highest because many CD molecules interact with proteins by the inclusion effect of CD and the inhibition effect of the acetyl group on the hydrogen bond in the secondary structure. In contrast, the stabilization effect of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-CD is the smallest because the steric exclusion of the 2-hydroxypropyl group inhibits the binding of CD to cytochrome c as compared with the smaller structure of the methyl group. Dependency of the destabilization effect on the molar ratio of CD to cytochrome c suggests that the destabilization effect of CD is caused not only by the “direct” interaction of CD with proteins but also by the “indirect” interaction of CD which promotes the solvation of hydrophobic groups by altering the water structure as observed in urea.

We report the case of a man in his 70s who suffered from intestinal infarction caused by acute portal vein and mesenteric vein thrombosis (PVMVT). Combination therapy with percutaneous transcatheter thrombectomy and surgical bowel resection was successfully performed, and a satisfactory outcome was achieved. Intestinal infarction caused by PVMVT can be fatal and has a high mortality rate even if surgical resection is performed. The combination therapy of interventional radiology and surgery might be a safe and effective method for patients with this life-threatening condition.

Effects of cyclic oligosaccharide cyclodextrin (CD) on stability and conformation of lysozyme were clarified thermodynamically and rheologically by DSC, viscosity, and circular dichroism measurements. The modified β-CD relatively destabilized the folded state of lysozyme by stabilizing the unfolded state due to inclusion of hydrophobic part into the hydrophobic interior of CD. The order of higher destabilization effect was acetyl-β-CD > methyl-β-CD > hydroxypropyl-β-CD. Apparent number of bound CD to unfolded state for methyl-, hydroxypropyl-, and acetyl-β-CD is 6.7 ± 0.7, 4.2 ± 1.1, and 18.6 ± 4.3 and the binding constant is 5.5 ± 0.8, 6.7 ± 2.4, and 4.4 ± 1.2 L mol −1 , respectively. The viscosity for unfolded state was increased with an increase in the each modified β-CD concentration, suggesting that the inclusion of CD on a part of hydrophobic core at unfolded state leads to break the hydrophobic core, then lysozyme would be more spread structure. The substituent of CD can accelerate instability by directly breaking hydrogen bond and/or can restrain instability by increase in hydrophobic interaction. The fact that the each modified CDs has different destabilization effect shows a possibility to control the stability of protein by the substitution of CD.

In order to investigate the contribution of the hydrophilic parts of guest molecules of aliphatic complexes to the inclusion reaction, the thermodynamic properties of inclusion complexes of cyclodextrin (α-CD) with aliphatic nitriles [H(CH2) n CN: n = 1–8] into the α-CD cavity in dilute aqueous solutions were measured by a micro-calorimeter at 298.15 K. The thermodynamic properties of inclusion for the octane nitrile system were different from those of others. The inclusion process of aliphatic nitriles to α-CD has two kinds of major driving force of enthalpy and entropy driven inclusion. The interaction energies of inclusion complexes of α-CD and aliphatic nitriles were determined by DFT calculation (B3LYP/6-31++G (d,p)) in water and compared with the experimental results. DFT calculations were performed on the inclusion complexes of α-CD with seven nitriles of each conformer. Both the gas phase interaction and solvent effect were taken into consideration. Also non-polar interactions between aliphatic nitriles + α-CD in aqueous solution were calculated and herein the inclusion energy is discussed.

Excess enthalpies for binary mixtures ( S -fenchone + ethanol/benzene/cyclohexane/carbon tetrachloride) were measured over the whole concentration at T = 298.15 K. The experimental results were compared with the values obtained from the UNIFAC, COSMO-RS and regular solution theory. Excess enthalpies of binary mixtures of R -fenchone and S -fenchone in ethanol, benzene, and cyclohexane solution at different specified mole fractions of fenchone have been measured under the same conditions. With the decreasing of the specified mole fraction of fenchone in different solutions, the excess enthalpies of mixing of chiral orientated solutions increased and became close to zero. Results were compared with those of chiral limonene in ethanol solution. Pair interaction energies were also investigated.

Enthalpies of mixing of R- and S-limonene in non-polar solvents in the entire range of mole fractions were measured at 298.15 K. The enthalpies of mixing were negative for all concentrations in dilute concentration, but increased by increasing the concentration of limonenes in solutions. Ultimately positive excess enthalpies were shown in high concentration. Enthalpies of mixing were compared with theoretical estimation by COSMO-RS.

In order to investigate the contribution of the hydrophilic parts of guest molecules of aliphatic compounds to the inclusion reaction, the thermodynamic properties of inclusion compounds of cyclodextrin (α-CD) with eight pentane derivatives into the cavity of α-CD in dilute aqueous solutions were measured by micro-calorimeter at 298.15 K. The thermodynamic properties of the inclusion reactions of pentane derivatives into α-CD were compared to the hydrophobicity and polarizability of guest molecules and discussed. The interaction energies of inclusion compounds of α-CD and pentane derivatives were determined by DFT calculation (B3LYP/6-31G (d,p)) in water and compared with the experimental results.

To obtain further systematic information for the isomer systems, the excess molar enthalpies for binary (o + m), (o + p), (m + p)-isomers of methoxymethylbenzene, ethylmethylbenzene, diethylbenzene, chloromethylbenzene, tolunitrile and fluorobenzonitrile, tolylacetonitrile were measured at 298.15 K. In this article, the results are discussed and compared with those of previous works. The excess enthalpies of binary systems in different solid and liquid states were measured when the pure component of o-/m-tolunitrile, fluorobenzonitrile was titrated into the prior (o + p) or (m + p) mixtures. A series calculation for the interaction energies (IE) between the isomers was carried out for the pair molecules by ab initio MO of Gaussian 09. Correlations between the excess enthalpies at a molar fraction of x = 0.5 and the intermolecular energy are discussed.

Enthalpies of mixing and the densities of ethanol solution of R - and S -enantiomers of camphor, 10-camphorsulfonamide, 10-camphorsulfonic acid, camphorquinone, and 10-camphorsulfonyl chloride have been measured for a wide range of mole fractions of heterochiral components at 298.15 K. Enthalpies of mixing were exothermic for all concentrations and heterochiral solutions were more stable than each of the homochiral solutions. Enthalpic stabilization of mixing of heterochiral solutions was increased with a decreasing concentration of all the camphor derivatives measured. The sequence of enthalpic stabilization on mixing was 10-camphorsulfonyl chloride, 10-camphorsulfonic acid, 10-camphorsulfonamide, camphor, and camphorquinone. Apparent molar volumes were determined and excess volumes of mixing of heterochiral solutions were small and negative. Enthalpic stabilizations were found to be dependent on dipole–dipole interaction between solutes and solvents.

Enthalpies of mixing of ethanol solution of R- and S-enantiomers of limonene in large concentration have been measured at 298.15 K. The enthalpies of mixing were negligibly small for all concentrations. Enthalpies of mixing showed negative in less than 30 mol%, but positive in more than the high concentration of limonenes. The heterochiral solutions were more stable than each of the homochiral solutions in dilute solutions. The concentration dependence on enthalpies of mixing in dilute concentration of less than 10 mol% was much sharper in inclination than the dense solutions limonene.

To reveal the denaturation mechanism of lysozyme by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), thermal stability of lysozyme and its preferential solvation by DMSO in binary solutions of water and DMSO was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and using densities of ternary solutions of water (1), DMSO (2) and lysozyme (3) at 298.15 K. A significant endothermic peak was observed in binary solutions of water and DMSO except for a solution with a mole fraction of DMSO (x 2) of 0.4. As x 2 was increased, the thermal denaturation temperature T m decreased, but significant increases in changes in enthalpy and heat capacity for denaturation, ΔH cal and ΔC p, were observed at low x 2 before decreasing. The obtained amount of preferential solvation of lysozyme by DMSO (∂g 2/∂g 3) was about 0.09 g g−1 at low x 2, indicating that DMSO molecules preferentially solvate lysozyme at low x 2. In solutions with high x 2, the amount of preferential solvation (∂g 2/∂g 3) decreased to negative values when lysozyme was denatured. These results indicated that DMSO molecules do not interact directly with lysozyme as denaturants such as guanidine hydrochloride and urea do. The DMSO molecules interact indirectly with lysozyme leading to denaturation, probably due to a strong interaction between water and DMSO molecules.

β-tricalcium bis(orthophosphate) [Ca3(PO4)2] (β-TCP) was mechanochemically treated with a mortar grinder in three different atmospheres of air, wet N2, and wet CO2. H2O and CO32- were incorporated into ground β-TCP, the amount of which depended on both the grinding time and the atmosphere. As the grinding time of β-TCP increased, it hydrolyzed easily to Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite. The apatite-formation ratio for β-TCP ground in wet CO2 was remarkably lower than that for β-TCP ground in air or wet N2. The role of H2O and CO32- in the hydrolysis of ground β-TCP was investigated by calorimetry together with spectroscopy. In calorimetry for each ground β-TCP, a strong exothermic band was observed, which was followed by a broad exothermic band. It is considered that the first band corresponds to the process of adsorption of H2O in the solvent onto the fresh surface of ground β-TCP and the second broad band corresponds to the apatite-formation process. With increasing amount of H2O incorporated into ground β-TCP, both the heat evolution of the first exothermic band and the apatite-formation ratio increased linearly. The H2O incorporated into ground β-TCP promotes the dissolution of β-TCP and apatite formation. In terms of the effect of the incorporated CO32- on hydrolysis, the incorporated CO32- prevents not only apatite formation but also the dissolution of β-TCP.

近年，臨床において漢方薬を治療に用いる医師が増加し，西洋薬とともに漢方薬が処方される機会が多くなってきた。本研究では，慶應義塾大学病院漢方クリニックに来院した外来患者を対象とし，漢方薬に対する患者の認識およびコンプライアンスなどについてアンケート調査を行った。98％の患者が顆粒剤の漢方薬を服用しており，そのうち約3割は「味がまずい」などの理由で飲みにくいと回答した。60％の患者は漢方薬を1日3回服用しているが，昼に飲み忘れる場合が多く，1日の服用回数として2回を希望している患者が多かった。また，漢方薬の剤形として顆粒剤と並んで錠剤を希望している患者が多かった。本研究の結果より，漢方専門外来受診患者の漢方薬に対する認識が明らかとなった。今後，医師および薬剤師は，漢方薬に対する患者のこのような認識を把握し，患者に適した治療を行っていく必要があると考えられる。

In order to reveal the origin of chiral discrimination, excess molar heat capacities (CP E) of ((R)-(+)-limonene+(S)-(−)-limonene) were determined by using a differential scanning calorimeter at temperatures between T=293.15 and 303.15 K. All CP E curves show S-shape. It was inferred that randomness appears in the (S)-(-)-limonene-rich region, and that non-randomness appears in the (R)-(+)-limonene-rich region. To clarify the differences in homochiral interactions and heterochiral interactions, molecular orbital calculations were carried out.

Excess enthalpies of sixteen binary mixtures between one each of methyl methylthiomethyl sulfoxide (MMTSO) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and one of ketone {CH3CO(CH2)nCH3, n=0 to 6 and CH3COC6H5} have been determined at 298.15 K. All the mixtures showed positive excess enthalpies over the whole range of mole fractions. Excess enthalpies of ketone+MMTSO or DMSO increased with increasing the number of methylene radicals in the methyl alkyl ketone molecules. Excess enthalpies of MMTSO+ketone are smaller than those of DMSO+ketone for the same ketone mixtures. The limiting excess partial molar enthalpies of the ketone, H1E,∞, in all the mixtures with MMTSO were smaller than those of DMSO. Linear relationships were obtained between limiting excess partial molar enthalpies and the number of methylene groups except 2-propanone.

Gibbs energies of activation for viscous flow of binary water (1) + dimethyl sulfoxide (2) mixtures, Δμ12○, and of lysozyme (3) in corresponding ternary mixtures, Δμ3○, were determined at 298.15 K. The binary mixtures have a maximum in the value of the excess quantity for Δμ12○ at a dimethyl sulfoxide mole fraction of x2≈0.31. The values of Δμ3○ are larger than Δμ12○ at all values of x2, even when normalized by their molar volumes, suggesting that the solvents interact more strongly with lysozyme than with themselves. The values of Δμ3○ significantly increased in the range of x2=0.3 to 0.4 because of an increase in solvent-lysozyme interactions, which resulted from an increase in the accessible surface area of lysozyme that was exposed by its unfolding. The mean value obtained for Δμ3○ per amino acid of lysozyme at x2=0.2 is greater than that for hydrophobic amino acids, indicating that the solvent interacts with hydrophilic amino acids more strongly than with hydrophobic ones.

The enthalpies of transfer 2-propanol, 1,2-butanediol (BD) and 1-hexanol from aqueous to aqueous α-cyclodextrin (CD) solutions have been determined by microcalorimetry at various mole fractions at 298.15 K. To clarify stabilities of inclusion complexes in aqueous solutions, hydration Gibbs energies calculation of inclusion complex of CD-alcohol were performed by using the molecular mechanics with the MMFF94s force field in the generalized born/surface area (GB/SA) model. The largest stabilization in Gibbs energy is obtained by the hydration (Δhyd H) of α-CD-1,2-butanediol complex among α-CD-butanediol isomers complexes.

Excess enthalpies (H E) of 17 binary mixtures of o- and m-isomers of dichlorobenzene, difluorobenzene, methoxymethylbenzene, dimethylbenzene, dimethoxybenzene, aminofluorobenzene, fluoronitrobenzene, diethylbenzene, chlorofluorobenzene, fluoroiodobenzene, bromofluorobenzene, chloromethylbenzene, fluoromethylbenzene, bromomethylbenzene, iodomethylbenzene, fluoromethoxybenzene, dibromobenzene at 298.15 K were measured. All excess enthalpies measured were very small, and those of o-+m-isomers of aminofluorobenzene, dibromobenzene and iodomethylbenzene were negative but 14 other binary mixtures of isomers were positive over the whole range of mole fractions. H E of o-+m-isomers of dimethoxybenzene showed the largest enthalpic instability and those of aminofluorobenzene showed the largest enthalpic stability. There was a correlation between dipole–dipole interaction, dipole–induced dipole interaction or entropies of vaporization and excess partial molar enthalpies at infinite dilution.

In recent years, the combined use of kampo medicines and Western drugs has been increasing.Though certain problems may occur when both types of medicines are taken together, they have not been adequately analyzed.To clarify such problems, we conducted a questionnaire survey of outpatients at the Kampo Clinic of Keio University Hospital.More than 50% of the patients being treated at the Kampo Clinic were also being treated at other departments, and the mean number of Western drugs being used in combination with kampo medicines was 1.5.Changes in the use of Western drugs after starting treatment with kampo medicine were observed in 20% of the patients, of whom 80% changed the frequency and/or dose of Western drugs by themselves or began to forget to take the Western drugs.In the future, physicians and pharmacists should make efforts to better understand the combined use of kampo medicines and Western drugs, as well as to improve compliance and avoid adverse effects due to drug interactions.

To investigate how elevation of the arms affects diaphragm height. We retrospectively reviewed angiography and computed tomography (CT) portography data from 44 patients who were treated for hepatocellular carcinoma at our institution from July 2013 to May 2014. Diaphragm height was determined independently by two radiologists as the distance from the upper edge of the first lumbar vertebra to the highest point of the right diaphragm. The differences in height between angiography and CT images were compared using a paired t-test. We also evaluated the influence of table height and distance between X-ray tube and flat panel detector [source–image distance (SID)] on a phantom model. Diaphragm height was higher on CT images [mean ± standard deviation (SD), 113.2 ± 27.2 mm] than on angiography images (105.5 ± 27.8 mm; P

The molar excess enthalpies of 1,2- and 1,3-propanediamine + 1- or 2-propanol and 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol + 1- or 2-propaneamine have been determined at 298.15 K using a twin-microcalorimeter for a series of runs over the whole range of mole fractions. All excess enthalpies were large exothermic, in particular, the systems of amines + propanediols were more than −5 kJ mol −1 at the minimum. Primary or secondary alcohols and amines showed systematically different enthalpic behaviors. Equilibrium constant K1 expressed in terms of mole fractions and standard enthalpy of the formation of a 1:1 complex have been evaluated by ideal mixtures of momomeric molecules and their associated complexes.

The excess molar enthalpies of (1–x)water+x1,4-dioxane have been measured at four different temperatures. All the mixtures showed negative enthalpies in the range of low mole fraction but positive ones in the range of high mole fraction of 1,4-dioxane. Excess enthalpies were increased with increasing temperature except those of at 278.15 K. Partial molar enthalpies have maximum around x=0.13 and minimum around x=0.75. Three different behaviors for the concentration dependence of partial molar enthalpies were observed for all temperature. Theoretical calculations of molecular interactions of three characteristic concentrations were carried out using the molecular orbital method.

Isothermal titration microcalorimetry has been applied to investigate the compatibility testing of risperidone oral solution with soft-drinks and the interaction with tea tannin such as (–)-epigallocatechin, (–)-epicatechin, theaflavin and their gallates. In aqueous solution, risperidone was exothermically bound to tea tannin with binding affinity (103–104 M–1), small enthalpy and entropy changes reflecting van der Waal’s interaction to form an insoluble complex at 1:1 molar ratio. The heat effect of risperidone titrated into soft-drinks containing tannin was exothermic and proportional to the quantity of the complex. While, no significant heat effect was found for risperidone titrated into a pet-bottled water and an infusion of parched barley without tea tannin. These results were agreed with stability testing of risperidone in some soft-drinks by HPLC method.

Enthalpies of mixing of R- and S-enantiomers of liquid chiral compounds such as 2-aminohexane, 2-aminoheptane, 2-aminooctane, 2-aminononane, 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-ethylamine, 1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethylamine, 2-amino-butane-1-ol have been measured over the whole range of mole fractions at 298.15 K. Mixing of heterochiral liquids observed, realized enthalpic destabilization over entire compositions. The extreme values of enthalpies of mixing and the intermolecular interaction obtained by the molecular mechanics calculations showed a linear correlation, except the few compounds measured.

Enthalpies of mixing of (R)- and (S)-enantomers of liquid chiral compounds such as benzyl-(1-phenyl-ethyl)-amine (1), 1-phenylethylamine (2), 1-phenyl-ethanol (3), butyric acid oxiranylmethyl ester (4), 4-methyl-[1,3]dioxolan-2-one (5), 2-Chloromethyloxirane (6) and 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid methyl ester (7) have been measured over the whole range of mole fractions at 298.15 K, albeit very small values. Mixing of heterochiral liquids of R-1 + S-1, R-5 + S-5, and R-7 + S-7 realized enthalpic stabilization over the whole range of mole fractions, whereas that of R-2 + S-2, R-3 + S-3, R-4 + S-4, and R-6 + S-6 realized enthalpic destabilization over entire compositions. The extreme values of enthalpies of mixing and the intermolecular interaction obtained by the molecular mechanics calculations showed a linear correlation, except few the compounds measured.

Enthalpies of mixing and excess volumes of d- and l-tartaric acid in aqueous and ethanol solution were measured at 298.15 K. Excess enthalpies of mixing were observed for three different concentrations of aqueous and ethanol solutions of tartaric acid. Enthalpies of mixing were exothermic for all the concentrations in both solvents. Enthalpic stabilization on mixing was increased with decreasing concentration of tartaric acid for both solvents. Excess volumes of d- and l-tartaric acid in aqueous solution showed volume contraction on mixing, but those of d- and l-tartaric acid in ethanol solution showed volume expansion on mixing. Volume contractions of aqueous solution were increased with decreasing concentration of tartaric acid.

The time dependences of the thermal power of aqueous myoglobin solutions were measured by microcalorimeter at 298.15 K. Exothermic reactions occurred in aqueous myoglobin solutions due to the metabolism of aerobic microbes, and these roughly consisted of four phases. The generation times obtained were about (55±5) min for the logarithmic exothermal reaction phase. The total energies were considerably dependent on the amount of oxygen present, suggesting strongly that the exothermic reaction was caused by aerobic microbes. The apparent thermal metabolic rates were positively dependent on the concentration of myoglobin, probably because of the effects of myoglobin as a food source and/or as a donor of oxygen.

Excess enthalpies of nine mixtures between methyl methylthiomethyl sulfoxide (MMTSO) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and each of aliphatic alcohols { CH 3 ( CH 2 ) n OH , n=3–11} have been determined at 298.15 K. All the systems show the positive enthalpies over the whole range of mole fraction. Excess enthalpies of MMTSO+alcohols are larger than that of DMSO+alcohols and increased with increasing the number of methylene groups of alcohols. The excess partial molar enthalpies at infinite dilution of butane-1-ol showed the boundary between the two linear relationships obtained between those of MMTSO or DMSO and dipole–dipole interaction of aliphatic alcohols { CH 3 ( CH 2 ) n OH , n=0–11} -sulfoxides.

The viscosities, η, of ternary mixtures of water (1) + dimethyl sulfoxide (2) + lysozyme (3) were measured, and the intrinsic viscosities of lysozyme were determined by extrapolating the reduced viscosities to infinitely dilute lysozyme concentration at 298.15 K. A binary mixture of water + dimethyl sulfoxide had a maximum deviation of viscosity at approximately 0.33 mol fraction of dimethyl sulfoxide (x 2 ). Lysozyme unfolded and aggregated with an accompanying increase in the intrinsic viscosity of lysozyme at x 2 = 0.3-0.4. These results indicated that the strong interaction between water and dimethyl sulfoxide might influence the conformation of lysozyme by interfering interactions between water and lysozyme.

Excess enthalpies of binary mixtures between each of {CH 3 (CH 2 ) n CN (n = 5-12)} and methyl methylthiomethyl sulfoxide or dimethyl sulfoxide have been determined at 298.15 K. All mixtures show positive enthalpy changes over the whole range of mole fractions. Excess enthalpies of the mixtures of nitriles increased with increasing size of the aliphatic groups. The increments of dipole interaction terms of μ 1 2μ 2 2(r 1 + r 2 ) -6 on excess partial molar enthalpies at infinite dilution showed different behavior on the border of pentanenitrile.

The enthalpies of solution of aliphatic compounds [{aliphatic amine, H(CH2) n NH2, n = 3 to 10}, aliphatic benzene {H(CH2) n C6H5, n = 0 to 8}, and alkane {H(CH2) n H, n = 6 to 10}] in dimethyl sulfoxide have been measured at 298.15 K in the low concentration range from x = 5 × 10−6 to x = 0.002. The partial molar enthalpies at infinite dilution of each aliphatic compound were determined and were found to increase linearly with increasing number of methylene groups. The enthalpic group contribution of methylene, phenyl, methyl, hydroxyl, nitrile, and amine in aliphatic compounds were 1.55, 2.65, 3.81, −2.55, −3.71, and −4.43 kJ-mol−1, respectively.

Enthalpies of solution of aliphatic alcohols {CH 3 (CH 2 ) n OH, n = 0-10} and aliphatic nitriles {CH 3 (CH 2 ) n CN, n = 0-12} in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) have been determined at 298.15 K for the mole fraction range 5 x 10 -5 to 0.002. In all cases enthalpies of solution were found to be positive. Partial molar enthalpies of solution at infinite dilution were derived. Linear relations between the limiting excess partial molar enthalpies and the number of methylene groups were found for both groups of compounds investigated. McMillan-Mayer's parameters, h xx and h xxx , showed unfavorable and favorable interactions, respectively.