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SUMMARY In the past, we have proposed battery operations in a photovoltaic (PV) system using PV output and load power forecasts. In the proposed method, we utilized multiobjective optimization for a residential area model that includes a large number of PV systems with storage batteries. To practically demonstrate that the proposed operation effectively improves economic and environmental efficiency, it is indispensable to evaluate the effects of forecast error on the operation design of a PV system with storage battery. In this paper, we propose a method for evaluating the robustness of battery operation taking account of the statistical characteristics of forecast errors. Some numerical examples, which show the validity of the proposed method, are also presented.

Small scale hydropower energy goes a long way to fire up community development. Until 1920-30s, Japanese hydropower techniques had been established on a global level in each local area. However, after the second World War, the main energy resource was changed. This has resulted in a local decline in micro-hydro technical expertise and fewer waterwheel makers throughout Japan. At the present, we are going to work to re-make small scale hydropower technologies and markets. In this paper, we discuss and propose improvements to the “Japanese” small scale hydropower technology and production techniques, especially Pelton type wheel. The Pelton wheel technology of Nepal was freely available in the public domain so we decided to design a system based on that. We decided to designed by 3D-CAD and to make our Pelton buckets using a 3D printer. We compared the power generation capacity of our waterwheel with one purchased from New Zealand to investigate its effectiveness and efficiency. In our results of the experiment, the power generation curves for each turbine are approximately equal. The power increases continuously with increases in the flow rate. The maximum power generated by each turbine is approximately the same. This shows that it is possible to design a Pelton bucket that has a power generation efficiency comparable to a purchased bucket. The next step, the Pelton turbine designed in this study was chosen to be included in the Itoshima micro-hydro power generation system. So we scaled up and redesigned the Pelton turbine. In addition, we conducted a survey involving waterwheel makers regarding connecting to cost reduction. Using a 3D printer has the following advantages: 1.) Design deficiencies and failed designs can be identified at an early stage. 2.) Different forms of waterwheel can be made at low cost and in a short amount of time, which can then be used to run water experiments.

Phytoliths and charcoal preserved in two soil sections in northern part of Aso Caldera, central Kyusyu, Japan revealed grassland and fire history since the late-glacial. The phytolith assemblages were divided into two significant zones, respectively. Phytolith assemblages show that the grassland vegetation, composed mainly of Sasa species, has continued since the late-glacial. The grassland compositions changed from Sasa type to Pleioblastus type around 7.5 cal ka. Charcoal records indicate that fire occurred at least in the early Holocene and continued to the present. Judging from the phytolith and charcoal records, the establishment of grassland may have been affected by not only climate changes and volcanic activities, but also fire since the early Holocene. Around the Aso Caldera, numerous prehistoric archaeological sites since the late-glacial have been discovered. Therefore, the occurrence of fire during the Holocene was possibly caused by human activities, and fire influenced the establishment of grassland. The results are important for understanding the relation between the fire and grassland vegetation in the regions where human activity has continued.

Five large events of solar energetic particles (SEP) during three years from 1993 to 1995 have been observed by high energy particle (HEP) instruments onboard GEOTAIL spacecraft. The composition of energetic ions, their energy spectra and time profiles of ion intensity were measured for the SEP events. Three SEP events observed on Feb. 15, 1993, Mar. 4, 1993 and Oct. 20, 1994, are enriched in Fe ions (>10 MeV/n). The enhancement of Fe ions was observed at the onset time of SEP events (Mar. 4, 1993 and Oct. 20, 1994). The onset of the SEP events seems to have a feature with “impulsive” and “gradual” characteristics. This indicates a mixture of different seed populations and acceleration processes operating in these events.

Determinations of the LET distribution, phi(L), of charged particles within a spacecraft in low-Earth orbit have been made. One method used a cylindrical tissue-equivalent proportional counter (TEPC), with the assumption that for each measured event, lineal energy, y, is equal to LET and thus phi(L) = phi(y). The other was based on the direct measurement of LETs for individual particles using a charged-particle telescope consisting of position-sensitive silicon detectors called RRMD-III. There were differences of up to a factor of 10 between estimates of phi(L) using the two methods on the same mission. This caused estimates of quality factor to vary by a factor of two between the two methods.

Soft X-ray emission and absorption spectra in the C K region of amorphous carbon films systematically deposited by RF, ion-beam, and ECR sputtering under various deposition conditions were measured using highly brilliant synchrotron radiation. A broad main peak and a high-energy shoulder were observed in the emission spectra, and a fine structure consisting of at least five peaks was observed in the absorption spectra. By analogy to the occupied/unoccupied C2p-DOS obtained by DV-Xα molecular orbital calculations of simple cluster models composed of sp 2 and sp 3 carbon atoms, we approximately explained the spectral features in the measured X-ray emission spectra by σ and π bonds and estimated the fine structures in the absorption spectra by the hybridized unoccupied molecular orbitals formed by the local-structures composed of sp 2 and sp 3 carbon atoms.

Coloration reactions between nitrogen dioxides (NO2) and diazo-coupling reagents have been shown to occur in the nano-pores of porous glass. We introduced sulfanilamide and N,N-dimethyl-1-naphthylamine as diazo-coupling reagents into porous glass. This organically doped porous glass sensor had one specific peak near 525 nm in the visible region and showed large changes in absorbance after exposure to NO2. We investigated the humidity dependence of its sensitivity during exposure to NO2 in an artificial environment. The sensitivity was almost constant from 35% to 70% RH. Thus, our simple NO2 detection system using the porous glass sensor, a light-emitting diode, and a photodiode was able to determine the hourly variations in NO2 concentration at the ppb level in an actual environment without being seriously affected by humidity in the range between 35% and 70% RH.

High-resolution soft X-ray emission and absorption spectra in the C K region of hydrofullerene, which probably consists mainly of C 60 H 36 , were measured using highly brilliant synchrotron radiation to identify its molecular structure and electronic structure. Comparison with the C2p-DOS spectra, calculated by discrete variational (DV) Xα molecular orbital calculations, of three possible C 60 H 36 isomers, showed that the measured X-ray spectra approximately agreed with the calculated C2p-DOS spectra of the T-symmetry isomer. The X-ray spectral features were explained by the electronic structure hybridized between the sp 2 and sp 3 carbon atoms of the T-symmetry C 60 H 36 .

Polymers containing droplets of liquid crystal smaller than 100 nm, which have good transparency and easily form films, were prepared under various conditions to evaluate their potential as electro-optic materials for waveguide-type devices. By varying the liquid crystal concentration and the strength of the UV irradiation causing photo-induced phase separation of the droplets, we were able to control the droplet size and density. We have clarified how the birefringence generated in an applied electric field, switching speed, and optical loss of light propagating in the film depend on droplet size and density. Polymer materials having a large electro-optic effect (δn = 0.001 at 8 V μm-1), low propagation loss (~2.5 dB cm-1), and fast response time (~10 μs) have been developed.

We have investigated the relationship between solar wind speeds and the energetic proton intensity associated with corotating interaction regions (CIR) observed at 1 AU during 1973 – 1995 using NSSDC Data. The speed-difference between the high-speed solar wind and the slow-speed solar wind, which forms CIR at outer heliosphere, shows a good correlation with the peak intensity of 1 – 2 MeV protons during the solar quiet periods. The speed-difference is probably related to the shock strength of the reverse shock of the CIR formed beyond ∼ 1 AU. We have also found the solar activity dependence of the correlation between these quantities in CIR events during the period between 1973 and 1995. The intensity of CIR particles during the solar active periods is higher than that during the quiet periods, suggesting that the density of seed particles in CIR events during the solar active periods is larger than that during the solar quiet period.

A new type of real-time radiation monitoring device, RRMD-III, consisting of three double-sided silicon strip detectors (DSSDs), has been developed and tested on-board the Space Shuttle mission STS-84. The test succeeded in measuring the linear energy transfer (LET) distribution over the range of 0.2 keV/micrometer to 600 keV/micrometer for 178 h. The Shuttle cruised at an altitude of 300 to 400 km and an inclination angle of 51.6 degrees for 221.3 h, which is equivalent to the International Space Station orbit. The LET distribution obtained for particles was investigated by separating it into galactic cosmic ray (GCR) particles and trapped particles in the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region. The result shows that the contribution in dose-equivalent due to GCR particles is almost equal to that from trapped particles. The total absorbed dose rate during the mission was 0.611 mGy/day; the effective quality factor, 1.64; and the dose equivalent rate, 0.998 mSv/day. The average absorbed dose rates are 0.158 mGy/min for GCR particles and 3.67 mGy/min for trapped particles. The effective quality factors are 2.48 for GCR particles and 1.19 for trapped particles. The absorbed doses obtained by the RRMD-III and a conventional method using TLD (Mg(2)SiO(4)), which was placed around the RRMD-III were compared. It was found that the TLDs showed a lower efficiency, just 58% of absorbed dose registered by the RRMD-III.

A new type of Real-time Radiation Monitoring Device, RRMD-III, consisting of three double-sided silicon strip detectors (DSSDs) has been constructed and used onboard the Space Shuttle mission STS-84. The Space Shuttle cruised at an altitude of 300–400 km and an inclination angle of 51.6° for 221.3 h. RRMD-III succeeded in measuring the linear energy transfer (LET) distribution over the range of 0.2– 600 keV / μ m for 178 h . The obtained LET distribution of particles was investigated in detail by classifying it into galactic cosmic ray (GCR) particles and trapped protons in the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region. The result shows that GCR particles contribute 60% to the total dose equivalent. The total absorbed dose rate during the mission was 0.516 mGy / day , the effective quality factor was 1.81 by ICRP-Pub.26, and the dose equivalent rate was 0.935 mSv / day . The average absorbed dose rates are 0.120 μGy / min for GCR particles and 4.80 μGy / min for trapped protons. The effective quality factors are 3.16 for GCR particles and 1.19 for trapped protons. RRMD-III data were also compared with the data of the tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC), proving that RRMD-III is a reliable device for deriving the true-LET distribution in real time for evaluating space radiation.

The electronic structure and radiative/non-radiative decay processes in the inner-shell excitation of B2O3 were investigated using soft x-ray emission and photoelectron spectroscopy. Based on density of states calculations, the electronic structure of B2O3 as probed by x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) arises from hybridized sp2-planar B— O bonding in B— O3 triangular units. A fairly non-dispersive band structure was also suggested by excitation energy-dependent XES. XES and PES indicated both a resonant radiative decay process and a resonant non-radiative decay process with π* excitation at the B K threshold. A small resonant radiative decay peak was observed with π* excitation at the O K threshold, probably due to a more weakly bound π* state at the O K threshold than at the B K threshold. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

To develop an NO2 sensor that can measure the NO2 concentration in the atmosphere, we studied changes in fluorescence intensities of dyes impregnated in porous glass when exposed to NO2 in N2 as the first step. The NO2 sensing materials were Squarylium dye 1, Squarylium dye 2, and Rhodamine B. We found that fluorescence quenching by NO2 occurred even in porous glass. The fluorescence quenching (F0/F) increased as the NO2 concentration increased in the range of 0.2–12.3 ppm, with an almost linear relationship. The minimum detectable concentration of NO2 was 0.2 ppm.

Coloration reactions have been found between nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and organic compounds, such as aromatic amine derivatives, impregnated in porous glass. A single absorption peak in the visible region was detected after the reactions for all compounds. Linear relationships were obtained between environmental NO 2 concentrations and absorbance changes at peak wavelength for some compounds. A system is proposed for detecting low-levels of NO 2 using these coloration reaction in porous glass. Our designed system is composed of an organically-impregnated porous glass sensor and a simple absorbance meter having a single-wavelength light source. It was clarified that environmental ppb-levels of NO 2 could be detected using our system and that values for hourly average concentrations of NO 2 obtained by our system agreed well with those obtained using commercial analytical instruments. A coloration reaction mechanisms are also proposed based on the experimental results obtained.

Theoretical C K and N K X-ray emission/absorption spectra of fullerene-like-structured carbon nitride (C 24 N 36 ) clusters were obtained using discrete-variational (DV)-Xα molecular orbital calculations. These calculations predicted that the energy widths of the C K and N K X-ray emission peaks would be about 8 and 6 eV, respectively; three low-energy satellites would appear in each emission spectrum; and there would be a narrow HOMO-LUMO energy gap of 0.38 eV. These theoretically predicted X-ray emission/absorption spectra will be useful in the synthesis and characterisation of fullerene-like carbon nitrides.

Coloration reactions for NO 2 detection were demonstrated to occur in the pores of porous glass. Porous glass chips impregnated with a new combination of coupling reagents (sulfanilamide as a diazotizing reagent and N , N -dimethyl-1-naphthylamine as a coupling reagent) showed large absorbance changes after exposure to NO 2 in both artificial and actual environments, indicating their applicability to ppb-level NO 2 detection. A simple sensor device, consisting of this doped porous glass, a light-emitting diode as a light source, and a photodiode as a detector, can detect hourly changes in ppb-level NO 2 concentrations, which has previously been possible only by using large analytical instruments.

A polymer containing fine droplets of liquid crystal (LC) smaller than 100 nm was investigated for use as an electro-optic material. Two light-processing methods using LC droplets were achieved by making the direction of an applied electric field perpendicular or parallel to the light beam. One method was used to construct a variable retarder, and the other was used to make a phase modulator. First, a prepolymer and bulk LC were mixed; then strong UV irradiation was used to induce photo-polymerization, which resulted in quick phase separation and fine LC droplets. The high density of fine droplets created a large electro-optic effect with a low propagation loss. A halfwave voltage of 45 V, equivalent to an electric field of 2.3 V/pRm, was achieved in the variable retarder. The phase modulator showed a polarization-independent phase shift larger than Ar, which corresponds to a refractive index change of 0.019, when 16 V/pm was applied.

The energy spectra (40 to 300 MeV/n) of galactic cosmic ray particles (C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, and Fe) observed by the HEP-HI silicon detector telescope onboard the GEOTAIL satellite were investigated over the period from January 1993 to May 1996, from the viewpoint of solar modulation. From the GEOTAIL data and those of relativistic heavy particles observed by HEAO-3, the modulation potential φ was obtained by using a solution of the Fokker-Plank equation with the “force-field” approximation. In the equation the diffusion coefficient was used as adjustable parameter, under the assumptions of a fixed velocity of solar wind (400km/sec) and the radius of the heliosphere of 50AU. The time variation of the modulation potential thus obtained is compared with that obtained from the CLIMAX neutron monitor. A reasonable correlation between both time variations is found when five months delay is applied to the results obtained by the HEP-HI telescope.

A series of corotating energetic helium events with 3–5 MeV/n has been observed by the HEP telescopes onboard the GEOTAIL satellite at 1 AU from October 1993 to August 1994. We have examined the relationship between solar wind (SW) speeds observed at 1 AU and the intensity of He in the series of the corotating interaction region (CIR) events. The speed difference of the high-speed SW from slow-speed SW, which forms a CIR in the outer heliosphere, shows a reasonable correlation with the peak intensity of He at 3–5 MeV/n. The speed difference of those SWs is considered to be related to the shock strength which develops in a CIR at a distance from the Sun. Such a correlation between energetic ions associated with CIRs and SW speed has not been shown so far for the events during the period of 1978-1986. We have also investigated the dependence of the relation between the CIR ion events and the SW speeds during the period between 1978 and 1995 which corresponds to the high solar active phase of Solar Cycle 22....

Measurements of the cosmic-ray hydrogen and helium spectra at energies from 20 to 800 TeV are presented. The experiments were performed on a series of twelve balloon flights, including several long duration Australia to South America and Antarctic circumpolar flights. No clear evidence is seen for a spectral break. Both the hydrogen and the helium spectra are consistent with power laws over the entire energy range, with integral spectral indices 1.80 ± 0.04 and 1.68 -->+ 0.04−0.06 for the protons and helium, respectively. The results are fully consistent with expectations based on supernova shock acceleration coupled with a leaky box model of propagation through the Galaxy.

We formed thin films of vanadylphthalocyanine (VOPc), vanadyldibenzophthalocyanine (VODBPc), and vanadylnaphthalocyanine (VONc) on sapphire substrates and measured their third-harmonic generation (THG) at 1.6 and 1.9 μm. The χ (3) values of amorphous and crystalline films were in the order VOPc>VODBPc>VONc. The third-order hyperpolarizabilities estimated at 1.6 μm from the χ (3) values of amorphous films were also in the same order.

The initial domain structure of GaAs films grown on several Si(001) surfaces is investigated using X-ray standing waves. GaAs/Si(001) samples, 4 ML thick, grown on three different Si substrates were used: an epitaxial Si surface (ESS), a mechanochemically polished surface (MCP), and a mechanochemically polished surface with plasma cleaning (plasma MCP). The domain ratio ambiguousness due to the film thickness is avoided by observing independent Bragg reflections of Si substrates. The results of X-ray standing wave measurement reveal that all GaAs films have double domain structures at the initial stage, even though final domain structures are single. The ratio of the two domains was almost 1 : 1 on the MCP surface, 6:4 on the ESS surface, and 4.5:5.5 on the plasma MCP surface. The dominant GaAs domains on the ESS and plasma MCP surfaces were the same as those obtained on thicker GaAs films. This suggests there is a rapid decrease in the GaAs domain during the early stages of growth on an ESS and plasma MCP surfaces.

Recently, space radiation dosimetry measurements were made by passive and active detectors inside the Spacelab [STS-47 (FMPT): 300km, 57°, STS-65 (IML-2 mission): 300km, 28.5°]. The LET distributions obtained by antioxidant doped CR-39 inside the Spacelab were compared with those measured by the tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) and the real time radiation monitoring device (RRMD) consisting of eight silicon detectors. While both distributions by CR-39 are in good agreement with those obtained by active detectors over the region of LET of several tens to 200 keV/μm, a significant difference in the LET region of smaller than several tens keV/μm is seen. It is considered to be caused by the dip angle dependence of track formation sensitivity in CR-39. The track formation sensitivity for different dip angle were measured for several high heavy energy ions. Using these results, the correction for the dip angle was made for the LET distribution. The corrected result is consistent with the results obtained by active detectors.

The composition and energy spectra of anomalous cosmic-rays (ACRs) in the energies 6 – 200 MeV/n have been measured during the period from September 1992 to August 1995 using the High Energy Particle instrument onboard the GEOTAIL satellite orbiting at 1 AU. A remarkable enhancement of ACR N, O, Ne and Ar is observed during the period. A flux enhancement of anomalous argon at 1 AU is confirmed by the GEOTAIL satellite. The first possible evidence for the emergence of a measurable sulfur component in ACR below about 20 MeV/n is found. The flux increase of anomalous sulfur with 10.4 eV FIP is smaller than that of ACR carbon with 11.3 eV FIP, and much smaller than those of high FIP elements, which suggests that the fraction of neutral carbon and sulfur atoms is significantly lower in the very local interstellar medium.

Space radiation dosimetry measurements have been made on board the Space Shuttle STS-65 in the Second International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-2). In these measurements, three kinds of detectors were used; one is a newly developed active detector telescope called "Real-time Radiation Monitoring Device (RRMD)" utilizing silicon semi-conductor detectors and others are conventional detectors of thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) and CR-39 plastic track detectors. Using the RRMD detector, the first attempt of real-time monitoring of space radiation has been achieved successfully for a continuous period of 251.3 h, giving the temporal variations of LET distribution, particle count rates, and rates of absorbed dose and dose equivalent. The RRMD results indicate that a clear enhancement of the number of trapped particles is seen at the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) without clear enhancement of dose equivalent, while some daily periodic enhancements of dose equivalent due to high LET particles are seen at the lower geomagnetic cutoff regions for galactic cosmic ray particles (GCRs). Therefore, the main contribution to dose equivalent is seen to be due to GCRs in this low altitude mission (300 km). Also, the dose equivalent rates obtained by TLDs and CR-39 ranged from 146.9 to 165.2 microSv/day and the average quality factors from 1.45 to 1.57 depending on the locations and directions of detectors inside the Space-lab at this highly protected orbit for space radiation with a small inclination (28.5 degrees) and a low altitude (300 km). The LET distributions obtained by two different detectors, RRMD and CR-39, are in good agreement in the region of 15-200 keV/mm and difference of these distributions in the regions of LET15 keV/mm and LET200 keV/mm can be explained by considering characteristics of CR-39 etched track formation especially for the low LET tracks.

We studied the third‐order nonlinear optical properties of phthalocyanine and fullerene in solution and in thin film form through third‐harmonic generation measurement. X‐ray diffraction measurement and scanning electron microscopy observation were also conducted to investigate the relationship between nonlinear optical and structural properties of the thin film. The nonlinearities depend on the π‐conjugated length and the introduction of a central metal atom. We clarify the factors for forming suitable thin films by organic molecular beam deposition. It is shown that both the crystal structure and molecular alignment can be controlled to enhance the nonlinearities of the phthalocyanine thin film, thereby providing the maximum third‐order susceptibility of 3.0×10−10 esu. We show that nonlinearities of the thin films can be estimated experimentally from those of solutions.

Although methods of fabricating multilayers for soft x-ray mirrors have recently been developed, problems such as roughness and density errors still need serious consideration. The traditional way to characterize the properties of multilayer mirrors has been by small angle x-ray scattering, TEM, and optical methods. However, even with these techniques, the dependence of reflectivity on interface roughness and the desity of each layer has not been understood clearly, owing to the high sensitivity of reflectivity to several parameters.

The real time monitoring of environmental radiation in the Space-Lab of STS-65 (IML-2: inclination 28.5°, mitude 300 km) has been achieved successfully through the flight by a new silicon detector telescope called “Real time Radiation Monitoring Device” (RRMD). It consists of two 2-dimensional position sensitive silicon detectors and six diode type silicon detectors. In this monitoring, the temporal variation of rates of particle flux, together with the dose equivalent and the LET distribution at three locations in the Space-Lab, were reasonably given in real time. The LET distribution obtained by the RRMD and CR-39 track detectors measured at the same location is in good agreement except at the highest LET region >200 keV/μm and the lowest LET region

A new allene-doped liquid argon homogeneous calorimeter has been constructed for measurement of energies of relativistic heavy ions. Its electrode system consists of thin multi-parallel plates and it has been tested for relativistic Au ions from Bevalac at LBL. The results are compared with those obtained by simulation, including “quenching factor”, “positive ion effect” and “electron attachment to electronegative impurities”. The pattern shown in ΔE − E scatter plots, obtained from the multi-parallel plate electrode calorimeter, is in good agreement with those obtained by simulation, but the energy resolution for Au ions is three times or more worse than that of the simulation. At present the reason for the difference is not clear. By simulation, it is shown that the identification of adjacent charges or isotopes is possible for relativistic Na, Fe and La ions stopped in the calorimeter, using signals both from the cell in which ions stopped and from the preceding cell.

Single-wall (SW) tubes were produced by co-evaporation of carbon and lanthanum in helium gas and examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM samples were collected directly from a space near the arc evaporation source during evaporation. SW tubes growing radially from compound particles were observed 4 cm above the source, but not 2 cm. The ‘sea urchin’-like morphology of these tubes were similar to those observed for soot deposited on the inner walls of the reaction chamber, suggesting that soot particles were formed first in the gas phase and SW tubes grew from them before deposition on the chamber wall. The temperature distribution and flow velocity of convection around the source are used for discussion of the growth mechanism of the SW tubes.

Interplanetary ions in a few MeV/n energies were observed by the GEOTAIL spacecraft at 1 AU during the period from December 1993 to April 1994. The measurements were performed with the HEP-particle telescopes onboard the GEOTAIL. We have examinedthe correlation between the interplanetary ion events and cosmic ray modulation. It is found that the variation of counting rates of neutron monitor is well correlated with the flux variation of low energy ions. The corotating interaction regions formed in the interplanetary space significantly affect the intensities not only of low energy galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) but also of high energy GCRs. It implies that corotating streams cause the decrease of GCR flux because they act as barriers that impede the flows of GCRs toward the Sun.

Using the LET distribution obtained by CR-39 plastic track detectors and the total absorbed dose obtained by TLDs, whose response for relativistic heavy ions is proportional to the absorbed dose, the dose equivalents at various locations inside the Space Shuttle (STS-47) have been estimated. The results show a large difference in the effective quality factor compared with the results obtained from a tissue equivalent proportional counter. The reason for this discrepancy is discussed.

A new observation of low energy cosmic ray particles with the energies from 4 to 120 MeV/n by the HEP instrument onboard the GEOTAIL satellite orbiting at 1 AU shows a remarkable enhancement of anomalous cosmic ray (ACR) N, O and Ne in the period September 1992–December 1993 before approaching to the solar minimum in solar cycle 22. The ACR fluxes obtained by the GEOTAIL observation are in good agreement with the results earlier obtained from the SAMPEX satellite [Mewaldt et al. 1993a,b]. The ACR carbon is also evident though the C enhancement is small compared with those of N, O and Ne. We confirm the new SAMPEX finding that the ACR fluxes have recovered more rapidly in 1992–1993 than in previous solar cycles and find this tendency continues to the end of 1993.

The instruments for the HEP (High Energy Particle) experiments of the GEOTAIL mission, launched in July 1992, consist of 5 spectrometers (LD, BD, MI-1, MI-2 and HI). The LD (Low energy particle Detector) and the BD (Burst Detector) are mainly used to measure electrons, protons, helium and oxygen ions which reflect plasma dynamics in the magnetotail region. On the other hand, MI-1, MI-2 (Medium energy Isotope telescope-1, -2) and HI (High energy Isotope telescope) are used to measure the isotope abundance of solar flare particles and cosmic ray particles which reflect physical conditions of interplanetary space and origin of these particles

Recently, many people in the world pay attention to the renewable energy and a photovoltaic system becomes especially worthy for the future of the earth. In this paper, we investigate the operation of PV system with storage battery by using next-day residential load forecast. First, we propose the application of a simple and high-precision modeling method, i.e., Just-In-Time Modeling to the forecast of residential load. And we carry out the improvement in predictive accuracy by the input selection and the weighting method. Next, we simulate the operation of PV system with storage battery by using the load forecast information. The result shows that the introduction of load forecast into PV system operation contributes to environmental conservation and reduction of operating cost.

X‐ray emission spectra of buckminsterfullerene (C60) and alkali‐metal fullerides (M3C60, where M denotes alkali‐metal) are calculated with the discrete‐variational (DV)‐Xα method. The calculated x‐ray emission spectra of C60 agree well with experimental x‐ray spectra. This indicates that the x‐ray emission spectrum of M3C60 calculated with the same method provides a good prediction of fulleride spectra which have not been measured yet. The calculated x‐ray emission spectra are proposed to be used as standards of the electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) spectra of fullerene and related compounds for searching the existence of such compounds in carbon mixtures.

Graphite tubules and polyhedral particles grown on an electrode surface of arc-discharge have been studied by electron microscopy. The observations of their structures and morphologies lead to a growth model in which ion bombardment and high electric field at the tip of a tubule play crucial roles for the tube growth.

Using 5-in.-diameter Si(Li) detectors with a detector thickness of 1, 2 and 3 mm combined with 62 mm × 62 mm position-sensitive Si detectors, an excellent isotope telescope has been constructed for the Geotail mission. The performance of the telescope and the individual detectors has been investigated using 56Fe beams with energies between 430 and 696 MeV/n. The nonuniformity of the detector thickness as measured by exposing the detectors to a monochromatic Fe beam is 0.44% for 1 mm thick detectors, 0.54% for 2 mm thick detectors and 0.15% for 3 mm thick detectors. The secondary isotopes of Al through Fe produced by 430 MeV/n 56Fe in a polyethylene target were clearly resolved by the telescope. The measured mass resolution for Si, Ca and Mn were 0.36 amu, 0.42 amu and 0.44 amu in FWHM, respectively. The telescope has the following two key features: an excellent resolution (better than 0.5 amu) and an exceptionally high sensitivity ( SΩ = 43 cm 2 sr ) for a broad range of species from He through Ni with energies between 2.4 and 210 MeV/n.

X‐ray emission spectra of buckminsterfullerene (C60) and alkali‐metal fullerides (M3C60, where M denotes alkali‐metal) are calculated with the discrete‐variational (DV)‐Xα method. The calculated x‐ray emission spectra of C60 agree well with experimental x‐ray spectra. This indicates that the x‐ray emission spectrum of M3C60 calculated with the same method provides a good prediction of fulleride spectra which have not been measured yet. The calculated x‐ray emission spectra are proposed to be used as standards of the electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) spectra of fullerene and related compounds for searching the existence of such compounds in carbon mixtures.

The crystal structure and the electronic structure of crystalline C 60 grown from a benzene solution have been studied by transmission electron microscopy and energy loss spectroscopy. Electron diffraction patterns and high-resolution images reveal an hcp structure ( a = 1.01±0.01 nm , c = 1.65±0.02 nm ) with stacking disorders. Electron energy loss spectra in a low-loss region revealed not only two collective excitations at 6.5 and 26 eV but also several single-electron excitations. From carbon K-shell excitation, spectral information on unoccupied π ∗ and σ ∗ bands has been obtained.

The suppression of turbulence, caused by the increase of molecular viscosity due to high temperature in flames, was investigated in two experimental approaches. First, hydrogen jet diffusion flames were examined in the wide range of Reynolds numbers of nozzle flow. Second, isothermal hot air jets were examined with various efflux conditions of the nozzle fluid, because it was supposed that hot air jets are more suitable for investigation of the effects of viscosity increase resulting from high temperature on turbulence behavior. As a result, it was revealed that the turbulence suppression takes place also in the flame of high Reynolds number and exerts an important influence on the flame structure. The hot air jets showed a development of jet boundary layer similar to jet diffusion flames in a certain condition. This result suggests that, if a pertinent turbulence model can be obtained to represent the flows in the hot air jets, it may also be useful in the modeling of jet diffusion flames.

We investigated the effect of ion irradiation on the wear of carbon films prepared by electron-cyclotron-resonance plasma (ECR) sputtering. The wear durability of the ECR-sputtered films was far superior to that of the RF-sputtered films. ECR-sputtered films made with a high energy ion irradiation showed the highest irradiation wear resistance, nearly equal to that of bulk diamond. We attribute this high durability to selective etching of the weakly bonded carbon atoms by the high-energy ion irradiation.