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The article contains sections titled: 1. Acrylic Acid and Esters 1.1. Physical Properties 1.2. Chemical Properties 1.3. Production 1.3.1. Propene Oxidation 1.3.2. Esterification 1.4. Quality Specifications and Analysis 1.5. Storage and Transportation 1.6. Uses 1.7. Some Special Acrylates 1.8. Economic Aspects 1.9. Toxicology and Occupational Health 2. Cyanoacrylates 3. Acrylamide

Pectin, a component of the plant cell wall, is involved in cell adhesion and environmental adaptations. We generated OsPG-FOX rice lines with little pectin due to overexpression of the gene encoding a pectin-degrading enzyme [polygalacturonase (PG)]. Overexpression of OsPG2 in rice under weak light conditions increased the activity of PG, which increased the degradation of pectin in the cell wall, thereby reducing adhesion. Under weak light conditions, the overexpression of OsPG decreased the pectin content and cell adhesion, resulting in abnormally large intercellular gaps and facilitating invasion by the rice blast fungus. OsPG2-FOX plants had weaker mechanical properties and greater sensitivity to biotic stresses than wild-type (WT) plants. However, the expression levels of disease resistance genes in non-infected leaves of OsPG2-FOX were more than twice as high as those of the WT and the intensity of disease symptoms was reduced, compared with the WT. Under normal light conditions, overexpression of OsPG2 decreased the pectin content, but did not affect cell adhesion and sensitivity to biotic stresses. Therefore, PG plays a role in regulating intercellular adhesion and the response to biotic stresses in rice.

A combined laser extinction and laser interferometric measurement system was developed for the measurement of the change in thickness of a liquid film formed between colliding twin bubbles. The liquid film thickness during the bubble coalescence process is measured based on the bubble approach velocity and the contact duration. The proposed method affords a ten-fold spatial resolution (∼6 μm) of the liquid film thickness distribution compared to the current laser extinction measurement method. Through the use of the proposed method, it was found that the liquid film in the vicinity of its thinnest area immediately before coalescence was wedge-shaped, with the minimum film thickness immediately before coalescence being 0.3–1.3 μm, which is ∼0.6-μm thinner than the value determined by the current laser extinction measurement method. Greater precision of the proposed method is enabled by its improved spatial resolution.

We developed a glasses-free 3D stereoscopic display using an LCD display panel, a view control film and a grating film for stereoscopic viewing. The display screen is divided in half in order that left and right regions provide the stereoscopic images for left and right eyes. Because both stereoscopic images are not in the same position, it is difficult for the observer to view the 3D image by the stereoviewing. The grating film can solve this problem because it shifts both left and right images to the same position. Moreover the view control film can give us glasses-free 3D viewing.

We investigate a transition between the superconducting phase and the Mott insulator phase in the d – p model by using the slave-boson method and the 1/ N -expansion theory, where the pairing inter...

From measurements made on random sections of non-spherical objects, the shape functions have been statistically determined and the size distributions have been able to be stereologically estimated. Then the distributions obtained as histograms have been summarized by using the proposed compound log normal law. The results are quantitatively compared with the other corresponding ones which have been procured from the measurements made on the projected shadows of the identical objects. According to discussion on the effect of the shape functions on the size distributions, mean values of the size estimated on the usual assumption of spherical objects contain the relative errors amounting to 10-40% at the circularity of even less than 0.98.

In order to examine the size distribution of non-spherical objects by means of measurements made on the random plane sections, the sectioned figures are scanned by an image analyzer. The dimensionless shape function necessary for evaluation of the distribution can be statistically determined. The function is observationally compared to the microscopic aspects and quantitatively contrasted with the previous results summarized by the different measurement and analysis of the identical samples.

The size distribution of non-spherical objects is stereologically estimated by measuring the unidirectional maximum diameters of the sectioned figures, in consideration of the dimensionless shape functions having been previously determined on the basis of the outlines of the figures. The distributions obtained as histograms are also analyzed according to the compound log normal law previously proposed for quantitative comparison.

Reaction of 1,1-dibromoalk-1-enes with samarium diiodide in benzene containing 10% of hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA) affords rearranged alkynes; generation of alkylidenecarbenes is probably involved.

The conventional display can show only one screen, but it is impossible to enlarge the size of a screen, for example twice. Meanwhile the mirror supplies us with the same image but this mirror image is usually upside down. Assume that the images on an original screen and a virtual screen in the mirror are completely different and both images can be displayed independently. It would be possible to enlarge a screen area twice. This extension method enables the observers to show the virtual image plane and to enlarge a screen area twice. Although the displaying region is doubled, this virtual display could not produce 3D images. In this paper, we present an extension method using a unidirectional diffusing image screen and an improvement for displaying a 3D image using orthogonal polarized image projection.

A liquid crystal display (LCD) recently comes into common use. It is possible for this display unit to provide the same size of displaying area as the image screen on the panel. To display a stereoscopic image for left and right eyes, the display screen needs to be divided in half and left and right stereoscopic images must be overlaid for easy 3D viewing. The authors had ever developed a stereo image overlapping method which enables both images to be in same position. A grating film can shift an image into any position by adjusting the interval from the original image plane. However an observer must wear the polarized glasses to separate the overlaid stereoscopic images into appropriate eyes. To improve this problem, we developed a glasses-free 3D stereoscopic display using an LCD display panel, a view control film and a grating film for stereoscopic viewing. The observer can watch overlapped stereoscopic images for left and right eyes without special glasses such as polarized glasses.

We evaluate the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal tumors. Between September 1993 and October 2001, 18 patients with renal tumors underwent laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. The mean patient age was 57.1 years ranging from 36 to 78. Clinical stage was T1N0 in all patients. The mean tumor diameter was 4.0 cm ranging from 1.8 to 7.0. Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy was performed by using the transperitoneal anterior approach on 11 patients and retroperitoneal approach on 7 patients. The specimen was removed through an extended stab wound after blunt segmentation of renal parenchyma in a specimen bag (LapSac). The mean operative time was 405 (270-550) and 453 (325-635) min for the transperitoneal approach and retroperitoneal approach respectively, and the mean blood loss was 281 (52-700) and 223 (10-850) ml, respectively. There was an intraoperative complication of minor splenic injury in 2 patients receiving the transperitoneal approach, which was conservatively managed. Histopathology revealed renal cell carcinoma in 17 patients and renal oncocytoma in one patient. There was no recurrence with a mean follow-up of 28.9 months. Compared with 13 patients who underwent open radical nephrectomy during the same period, laparoscopic nephrectomy has a longer operative time (424 versus 214 min, p0.001), equal blood loss (259 versus 210 ml, p = 0.59), quicker resumption of ambulation (1.8 versus 2.5 days, p = 0.016) and food intake (1.4 versus 2.2 days, p = 0.003), shorter postoperative hospital stay (10.9 versus 18 days, p = 0.0016), and a tendency of less frequent analgesic requirements (1.9 versus 4.7 times, p = 0.09). Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy is a safe and useful surgery for renal tumors providing minimal invasiveness.

To search for a more suitable qualification indicating watchful waiting, we performed a retrospective study against early-stage prostate cancer patients managed without initial treatment. Thirty-three patients who had not been treated for more than 6 months after diagnosed as T1c or T2 prostate cancer were studied. The median values of total observation period, age at diagnosis, and initial PSA were 27.0 months, 69.0 years old, and 7.0 ng/ml, respectively. Among 28 patients who had had measurement of serum PSA at least three times, seven patients showed a significant PSA elevation when transition of PSA level was analyzed using linear regression analysis. The other patients had been stable or PSA level declined. Between these two groups, there was no significant difference regarding age, initial PSA, PSA density, Gleason score, number of cancer-positive core, and cancer-occupying rate in biopsy specimen. The median PSA doubling time in patients showing PSA elevation was 36.3 months. There were no patients showing PSA elevation among those with a cancer-occupying rate of less than 5%. Clinical disease progression was obviously observed in two cases although one did not show PSA elevation. During the observation period, treatment was eventually started in seven patients. The 5-year rate of no treatment was 53.8%. Although a significant independent factor predicting the future treatment was not identified, univariate analysis revealed that the initial PSA value in patients undergoing treatment was significantly higher than that of those without treatment (p = 0.032). We concluded that early-stage prostate cancer has clinical variability, and regular clinical evaluations as digital rectal examination should be performed when the patient was managed with watchful waiting.

Reaction of 1,1-dibromoalk-1-enes with samarium diiodide in benzene containing 10% of hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA) affords rearranged alkynes; generation of alkylidenecarbenes is probably involved.

Durch Abbaureaktionen liesen sich aus Desoxynupharidin Pyridin-dicarbonsaure-(2.5), Furan-carbonsaure-(3) und α-Methyl-adipinsaure gewinnen. Aus diesen und weiteren Ergebnissen wird fur das Nupharidin, C15H23O2N, die Formel V abgeleitet.

EPORTS from the field and from diagnostic laboratories have suggested an increase in the incidence of histomoniasis in chickens. This may constitute a threat to the concentrated broiler industry of the Southeast. Experimental studies were carried out to determine the age of greatest susceptibility in growing chicks. The results are herein correlated with a review of diagnostic reports from different parts of the United States on the incidence of this disease in chickens and the ages of greatest susceptibility.