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In this paper, we give closed-form expressions of the p-Frobenius number for the triple of the generalized star numbers an(n−1)+1 for an integer a≥4. When a=6, it is reduced to the famous star number. For the set of given positive integers {a1,a2,…,ak}, the p-Frobenius number is the largest integer N whose number of non-negative integer representations N=a1x1+a2x2+⋯+akxk is at most p. When p=0, the 0-Frobenius number is the classical Frobenius number, which is the central topic of the famous linear Diophantine problem of Frobenius.

We give an explicit formula for the p-Frobenius number of triples associated with Diophantine Equations x2−y2=zr (r≥2), that is, the largest positive integer that can only be represented in p ways by combining the three integers of the solutions of Diophantine equations x2−y2=zr. This result is also a generalization because if r=2 and p=0, the (0-)Frobenius number of the Pythagorean triple has already been given. To find p-Frobenius numbers, we use geometrically easy to understand figures of the elements of the p-Apéry set, which exhibits symmetric appearances.

In this paper we study a certain kind of generalized linear Diophantine problem of Frobenius. Let a1,a2,…,al be positive integers such that their greatest common divisor is one. For a nonnegative integer p, denote the p-Frobenius number by gp(a1,a2,…,al), which is the largest integer that can be represented at most p ways by a linear combination with nonnegative integer coefficients of a1,a2,…,al. When p=0, the 0-Frobenius number is the classical Frobenius number. When l=2, the p-Frobenius number is explicitly given. However, when l=3 and even larger, even in special cases, it is not easy to give the Frobenius number explicitly. It is even more difficult when p>0, and no specific example has been known. However, very recently, we have succeeded in giving explicit formulas for the case where the sequence is of triangular numbers [1] or of repunits [2] for the case where l=3. In this paper, we show the explicit formula for the Fibonacci triple when p>0. In addition, we give an explicit formula for the p-Sylvester number, that is, the total number of nonnegative integers that can be represented in at most p ways. Furthermore, explicit formulas are shown concerning the Lucas triple.

For given positive integers a1,a2,⋯,ak with gcd(a1,a2,⋯,ak)=1, the denumerant d(n)=d(n;a1,a2,⋯,ak) is the number of nonnegative solutions (x1,x2,⋯,xk) of the linear equation a1x1+a2x2+⋯+akxk=n for a positive integer n. For a given nonnegative integer p, let Sp=Sp(a1,a2,⋯,ak) be the set of all nonnegative integer n’s such that d(n)>p. In this paper, by introducing the p-numerical semigroup, where the set N0\Sp is finite, we give explicit formulas of the p-Frobenius number, which is the maximum of the set N0\Sp, and related values for the triple of arithmetic progressions. The main aim is to determine the elements of the p-Apéry set.

For a nonnegative integer p, we give explicit formulas for the p-Frobenius number and the p-genus of generalized Fibonacci numerical semigroups. Here, the p-numerical semigroup Sp is defined as the set of integers whose nonnegative integral linear combinations of given positive integers a1,a2,…,ak are expressed in more than p ways. When p=0, S0 with the 0-Frobenius number and the 0-genus is the original numerical semigroup with the Frobenius number and the genus. In this paper, we consider the p-numerical semigroup involving Jacobsthal polynomials, which include Fibonacci numbers as special cases. We can also deal with the Jacobsthal–Lucas polynomials, including Lucas numbers accordingly. An application on the p-Hilbert series is also provided. There are some interesting connections between Frobenius numbers and geometric and algebraic structures that exhibit symmetry properties.

In 1875, Glaisher gave several interesting determinant expressions of numbers, including Bernoulli, Cauchy, and Euler numbers. Cauchy numbers can be generalized to the hypergeometric Cauchy numbers. Recently, Barman et al. study more general numbers in terms of determinants, which involve Bernoulli, Euler and Lehmer's generalized Euler numbers. However, Cauchy numbers and their generalizations are not involved in these generalized numbers. In this paper, we study more general numbers in terms of determinants, which involve Cauchy numbers. The motivations and backgrounds of the definition are in an operator related to graph theory. We also give several expressions and identities by Trudi's and inversion formulae.

In this article, mainly from the analytical aspect, we introduce poly-Cauchy numbers with higher levels (level s) as a kind of extensions of poly-Cauchy numbers with level 2 and the original poly-Cauchy numbers and investigate their properties. Such poly-Cauchy numbers with higher levels are yielded from the inverse relationship with an s-step function of the exponential function. We show such a function with recurrence relations and give the expressions of poly-Cauchy numbers with higher levels. Poly-Cauchy numbers with higher levels can be also expressed in terms of iterated integrals and a combinatorial summation. Poly-Cauchy numbers with higher levels for negative indices have a double summation formula. In addition, Cauchy numbers with higher levels can be also expressed in terms of determinants.

In this paper, we find a formula for the largest integer (p-Frobenius number) such that a linear equation of non-negative integer coefficients composed of a Jacobsthal triplet has at most p representations. For p=0, the problem is reduced to the famous linear Diophantine problem of Frobenius, the largest integer of which is called the Frobenius number. We also give a closed formula for the number of non-negative integers (p-genus), such that linear equations have at most p representations. Extensions to the Jacobsthal polynomial and the Jacobsthal–Lucas polynomial give more general formulas that include the familiar Fibonacci and Lucas numbers. A basic problem with the Fibonacci triplet was dealt by Marin, Ramírez Alfonsín and M. P. Revuelta for p=0 and by Komatsu and Ying for the general non-negative integer p.

The truncated Bernoulli-Carlitz numbers and the truncated Cauchy-Carlitz numbers are defined as analogues of hypergeometric Bernoulli numbers and hypergeometric Cauchy numbers, and as extensions of Bernoulli-Carlitz numbers and the Cauchy-Carlitz numbers. These numbers can be expressed explicitly in terms of incomplete Stirling-Carlitz numbers. In this paper, we give several expressions of truncated Bernoulli-Carlitz numbers and truncated Cauchy-Carlitz numbers as natural extensions. One kind of expressions is in continued fractions. Another is in determinants originated in Glaisher, giving several interesting determinant expressions of numbers, including Bernoulli and Cauchy numbers.

In this paper, we introduce the hypergeometric Euler number as an analogue of the hypergeometric Bernoulli number and the hypergeometric Cauchy number. We study several expressions and sums of products of hypergeometric Euler numbers. We also introduce complementary hypergeometric Euler numbers and give some characteristic properties. There are strong reasons why these hypergeometric numbers are important. The hypergeometric numbers have one of the advantages that yield the natural extensions of determinant expressions of the numbers, though many kinds of generalizations of the Euler numbers have been considered by many authors.

Abstract In this paper, we give several characteristics of hypergeometric Bernoulli numbers, including several identities for hypergeometric Bernoulli numbers which the convergents of the continued fraction expansion of the generating function of the hypergeometric Bernoulli numbers entail. We show an analog of Kummer’s congruences in the classical Bernoulli numbers. We also give some determinant expressions of hypergeometric Bernoulli numbers and some relations between the hypergeometric and the classical Bernoulli numbers. By applying Trudi’s formula, we have some different expressions and inversion relations.

There are many kinds of generalizations of Cauchy numbers and polynomials. Recently, a parametric type of the Bernoulli numbers with level 3 was introduced and studied as a kind of generalization of Bernoulli polynomials. A parametric type of Cauchy numbers with level 3 is its analogue. In this paper, as an analogue of a parametric type of Bernoulli polynomials with level 3 and its extension, we introduce a parametric type of Cauchy polynomials with a higher level. We present their characteristic and combinatorial properties. By using recursions, we show some determinant expressions.

The maximally-decoupled method has been considered as a theory to apply an basic idea of an integrability condition to certain multiple parametrized symmetries. The method is regarded as a mathematical tool to describe a symmetry of a collective submanifold in which a canonicity condition makes the collective variables to be an orthogonal coordinate-system. For this aim we adopt a concept of curvature unfamiliar in the conventional time-dependent (TD) self-consistent field (SCF) theory. Our basic idea lies in the introduction of a sort of Lagrange manner familiar to fluid dynamics to describe a collective coordinate-system. This manner enables us to take a one-form which is linearly composed of a TD SCF Hamiltonian and infinitesimal generators induced by collective variable differentials of a canonical transformation on a group. The integrability condition of the system read the curvature C = 0. Our method is constructed manifesting itself the structure of the group under consideration. To go beyond the maximaly-decoupled method, we have aimed to construct an SCF theory, i.e., υ (external parameter)-dependent Hartree-Fock (HF) theory. Toward such an ultimate goal, the υ-HF theory has been reconstructed on an affine Kac-Moody algebra along the soliton theory, using infinite-dimensional fermion. An infinite-dimensional fermion operator is introduced through a Laurent expansion of finite-dimensional fermion operators with respect to degrees of freedom of the fermions related to a υ-dependent potential with a Υ-periodicity. A bilinear equation for the υ-HF theory has been transcribed onto the corresponding τ-function using the regular representation for the group and the Schur-polynomials. The υ-HF SCF theory on an infinite-dimensional Fock space F∞ leads to a dynamics on an infinite-dimensional Grassmannian Gr∞ and may describe more precisely such a dynamics on the group manifold. A finite-dimensional Grassmannian is identified with a Gr∞ which is affiliated with the group manifold obtained by reducting gl(∞) to sl(N) and su(N). As an illustration we will study an infinite-dimensional matrix model extended from the finite-dimensional su(2) Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick model which is a famous exactly-solvable model.

The generalized Frobenius number is the largest integer represented in at most p ways by a linear combination of nonnegative integers of given positive integers a1, a2, ..., ak. When p = 0, it reduces to the classical Frobenius number. In this paper, we give the generalized Frobenius number when aj = (bn+j-1-1)/(b - 1) (b ≥ 2) as a generalization of the result of p = 0 in [16]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]