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Advances in endoscopic technology, including magnifying and image-enhanced techniques, have been attracting increasing attention for the optical characterization of colorectal lesions. These techniques are being implemented into clinical practice as cost-effective and real-time approaches. Additionally, with the recent progress in endoscopic interventions, endoscopic resection is gaining acceptance as a treatment option in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Therefore, accurate preoperative characterization of lesions is now required. However, lesion characterization in patients with UC may be difficult because UC is often affected by inflammation, and it may be characterized by a distinct "bottom-up" growth pattern, and even expert endoscopists have relatively little experience with such cases. In this systematic review, we assessed the current status and limitations of the use of optical characterization of lesions in patients with UC.A literature search of online databases (MEDLINE via PubMed and CENTRAL via the Cochrane Library) was performed from 1 January 2000 to 30 November 2021.The database search initially identified 748 unique articles. Finally, 25 studies were included in the systematic review: 23 focused on differentiation of neoplasia from non-neoplasia, one focused on differentiation of UC-associated neoplasia from sporadic neoplasia, and one focused on differentiation of low-grade dysplasia from high-grade dysplasia and cancer.Optical characterization of neoplasia in patients with UC, even using advanced endoscopic technology, is still challenging and several issues remain to be addressed. We believe that the information revealed in this review will encourage researchers to commit to the improvement of optical diagnostics for UC-associated lesions.

We experienced a 22-year-old man who had bilateral hip dislocations due to spastic quadriplegia. At age seven and ten, he underwent selective soft tissue release with subluxation of the hips, but failed to obtain reduction. He was admitted to our institution because he could not tolerate hip pain any more. Both hips were kept in adduction and internal rotation position on wheelchair. He could not move without severe hip pain which disrupted daily activities. X-ray finding showed bilateral hip dislocations and degenerative changes of the femoral head.For reasons that there were degenerative changes of the femoral head, a long time had passed after dislocation, and presence of severe pain, we selected proximal femoral resection-interposition arthroplasty for the hip dislocations. We operated on his left hip first, then his right hip three months later. Skin traction was not possible for his left hip after the first operation because of low back pain. So we used an external fixation to keep distance of his right hip joint and removed it after eight weeks. Five months after the operations, X-ray showed a few heterotopic bones and proximal migration of the femur but he was able to sit with no difficulty or pain.

We report a case of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. A 1-year 2-month old boy was admitted to our hospital with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. He presented right leg deformity with anterolateral bowing. His mother and grandmother were given a diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1, and he himself had numerous cafe-au-lait spots.He was treated by excision of the pseudarthrosis and segmental bone transport at 1 year 8 months old, but could not achieve union at the distal docking site. He then underwent autogenous-iliac bonegraft at 2 years 8 months old, but could not obtain union at the distal tibia.When he was 4 years 9 months old, he underwent grafting of the ipsilateral fibula to the tibia as described by Goldberg et al. in 1988. After the operation, due to valgus deformity after fracturing the transplanted fibula, an intramedullary rod was inserted.Solid union and hypertrophy of the graft was achieved at 6 years old. Residual deformities include tibial angulation and leg length discrepancy, but he has been able to walk with a long leg brace without any complaints.

Hypoplasia of the elbow joint is often seen as one of the dysfunctions resulting from birth palsy, but there have been very few reports of the shortening of the radius relative to the ulna.The case was a nine years old boy, and the range of motion of his left elbow joint was limited from 15 degrees to 130 degrees. On flexion, the olecranon showed ulnar subluxation accompanied with an audible click and pain.Plain radiography showed that the radius had shortened relative to the ulna. On arthrography of the elbow joint, we were able to find that the humeroradial joint had opened widely and there was valgus deformity of the radial head, but no intra-articular interposition. Stress tests showed valgus instability of 30 degrees.Considering the shortening and deformity of the radius as the cause of this dysfunction, we surgically corrected the valgus deformity and callotasis of the radius. The pain and stability of his elbow joint improved.The humeroradial joint serves as a very important as a stabilizer of the radial side of the elbow joint, and its dysfunction may lead to degenerative arthritis. Immediate correction of this dysfunction is therefore essential.

Patients with spina bifida often have hip dislocation. We report a case of unilateral hip subluxation with spina bifida. A 16-year-old girl suffered left hip pain when walking. We performed operative treatment in two phases; first, we performed arthrodiatasis on the left hip. After about five weeks, the femoral head moved about 3cm, and was positioned on the same level as the other femoral head. In the second phase we performed Chiari osteotomy, varus derotational osteotomy, and transfer of the external oblique muscle. After two weeks postoperativle, she was able to move around using a wheel chair. She is now able to walk without crutches or hip pain. It is often difficult to perform acetabuloplasty for dislocation or subluxation of the hip with spina bifida. However, if arthrodiatasis is first performed, acetabuloplasty may also be considered for hip dislocation or subluxation.

Total Knee replacement for cases with knee ankylosis or revision of TKR with Patella infra require extra surgery.Two cases of tibial fracture following TKR with osteotomy of the tibial tubercle as an extra operation were reviewed in this report.We believe that the cause of the tibial fractures was initiation of full weight bearing at too early a stage in recovery.

Total knee replacement for osseous ankylosed knees has been reported in the literature. We describe the technical difficulty in exposing the joint in such an operation.We performed TKR for a case of rheumatoid arthritis with bilateral osseous ankylosed knee. Review of the surgical technique was reported in this paper.

During hemodialysis, bone is affected by several factors. In order to study the effects of water for dialysate preparation on bone, we compared bone changes in the patients who were hemodialysed for over ten years in two different hospitals. Softed water was used for a dialysate preparation in one hospital A, and reverse osmosis was used in another hospital B. All 3 patients in A have severe bone pain and remarkable radiographic changes in bone such as fractures and bone absorption. All 11 patients except one in B have no symptom. The mineral content of bone is dcreased in all 15 patients. These results show the fact that water for dialysate preparaion is one of the important factor in renal osteodystrophy.

In the manufacturing process of a HIP composite roller, powder is filled between a roller body and an outer cylindrical can, and sealed under vacuum. Then, powder is sintered and bonded to a roller body through HIP process. In the case of a roller not having a simple cylindrical shape but a more complex shape, for example, a hand-drum shape, manufacturing of an outer can is not an easy process. Authors have developed a method of manufacturing such a special-shaped HIP composite roller easily through the ″rolling process″. In the rolling process, a suitable amount of powder is poured between a handdrum-shaped roller body and a simple cylindrical-shaped can and then sealed into a vacuum. Then, the outer can is deformed into a handdrum-shape similar to the roller body by the rolling process. After the process, powder is distributed with uniform thickness between the roller body and the can.