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In this paper, extreme high aspect ratio RDL patterning technologies using double patterning technology and low temperature curable polyimide is demonstrated. The extreme high aspect ratio patterning is realized by combination of 1st and 2nd patterning before curing, and was used to successfully form both trench and via patterns, as well as combination of via and trench. The aspect ratio was measured by cross-sectional observation of the resulting pattern using an electron microscope, and was found to be over 8 after curing. Finally, a PI film was formed using the double patterning technology, and a single curing step was applied to obtain a permanent film, with reliability evaluation performed using biased HAST and HTS test. Furthermore, the elongation at break and modulus were measured through stress-strain curve. The results of biased HAST and HTS, as well as mechanical property measurements, are promising. The PI permanent film formed by double patterning and obtained by single curing is homogenized, passes the reliability evaluation, and can be applied to actual devices.

As Wafer Level Fan-Out Packaging (WLFO) designs continue to evolve, higher pattern densities for Cu lines and interconnects continue to increase while thickness continues to decrease. As Cu densities increase, the patterning resolution of the RDL dielectric needs to shrink to allow increased bump density. The higher Cu density in turn requires enhanced dielectric performance to minimize Cu migration, whilst utilizing lower temperature and shorter cure times which result in lower levels of wafer warpage. Minimizing mechanical stress, continues to be a critical function of the RDL dielectric. Warpage leads to poor yields, distorting the planarity of the package and ultimately leading to stress induced failure from cracking and delamination. Reduction of the thermal budget is the primary means of reducing mechanical stress in WLFO designs. The amount of Cu in the package continues to increase. Differences in thermal expansions of such and the dielectric increase with temperature. Further, conventional solder reflow processes and set points will continue to be used, therefore the RDL dielectric must continue to be thermally and mechanically stable but capable of being cured at lower temperatures, 180–200 °C to minimize overall mechanical stresses from thermal expansion. We present a novel polyamide based RDL dielectric, KMRD, designed to achieve current and future WLFO design requirements. KMRD is a low temperature curable, aqueous (2.38%TMAH) developable dielectric capable of meeting industry standards for mechanical and electrical requirements, with a high level of reliability while utilizing a single stage cure at 185 °C. KMRD provides clear advantages over incumbent materials, with low temperature cure, improved pattern resolution, wide process latitudes, superior adhesion, chemical compatibility, and cost benefits using standard processing equipment and chemistry.

Sphingolipids, including sphingomyelin (SM) and glucosylceramide (GlcCer), are generated by the addition of a polar head group to ceramide (Cer). Sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SMS1) and glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) are key enzymes that catalyze the conversion of Cer to SM and GlcCer, respectively. GlcCer synthesis has been postulated to occur mainly in cis-Golgi, and SM synthesis is thought to occur in medial/trans-Golgi; however, SMS1 and GCS are known to partially co-localize in cisternae, especially in medial/trans-Golgi. Here, we report that SMS1 and GCS can form a heteromeric complex, in which the N terminus of SMS1 and the C terminus of GCS are in close proximity. Deletion of the N-terminal sterile α-motif of SMS1 reduced the stability of the SMS1–GCS complex, resulting in a significant reduction in SM synthesis in vivo. In contrast, chemical-induced heterodimerization augmented SMS1 activity, depending on an increase in the amount and stability of the complex. Fusion of the SMS1 N terminus to the GCS C terminus via linkers of different lengths increased SM synthesis and decreased GlcCer synthesis in vivo. These results suggest that formation of the SMS1–GCS heteromeric complex increases SM synthesis and decreases GlcCer synthesis. Importantly, this regulation of relative Cer levels by the SMS1–GCS complex was confirmed by CRISPR/Cas9–mediated knockout of SMS1 or GCS combined with pharmacological inhibition of Cer transport protein in HEK293T cells. Our findings suggest that complex formation between SMS1 and GCS is part of a critical mechanism controlling the metabolic fate of Cer in the Golgi.

電子カルテシステムの稼働開始から1年4か月経過後に職員へのアンケート調査を実施し，電子カルテ導入による効果を検証した。導入については72%の職員が良かったと回答しており，高く評価されていた。業務の効率化については，負担が増えたという回答が23%であったが，約2倍の43%は負担が減ったとしており，病院全体としては効率化されたと考えられた。電子カルテ導入の効果としては，日々の診療で蓄積された膨大なデータからData Ware Houseシステムを使用して，多様なデータ抽出が可能となったことがあげられる。安曇総合病院ではこのシステムを，医療の質の評価を行なうための指標 (Quality Indicator) の集計や，診療科別原価計算の精度向上のために利用している。電子カルテの導入により，業務の効率化を追求するだけではなく，蓄積されたデータを分析し「医療の質の向上」や「病院経営の健全化」に活用することが可能となった。

The coenzyme A (CoA)-independent transacylation system catalyzes fatty acid transfer from phospholipids to lysophospholipids in the absence of cofactors such as CoA. It prefers to use C20 and C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid, which are esterified in the glycerophospholipid at the sn-2 position. This system can also acylate alkyl ether-linked lysophospholipids, is involved in the enrichment of arachidonic acid in alkyl ether-linked glycerophospholipids, and is critical for the metabolism of eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor. Despite their importance, the enzymes responsible for these reactions have yet to be identified. In this review, we describe the features of the Ca2+-independent, membrane-bound CoA-independent transacylation system and its selectivity for arachidonic acid. We also speculate on the involvement of phospholipase A2 in the CoA-independent transacylation reaction.

Chemoselective polycondensation of 2-amino-4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine (ADCT) was investigated with various aromatic diamines such as 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA), 9,9-bis(4-aminophenyl)fluorene (BAFL), 4,4′-(hexafluoropropane-2,2-diyl)dianiline (BisAF), and bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfone (SODA) in the presence of potassium carbonate as a base. High-molecular weight perfectly linear polyguanamines (Mn ≈ 46000) were successfully obtained for the polycondensation of ADCT with BisAF, while the polycondensation of ADCT with BAFL afforded branched polyguanamines with a degree of branching of from 0.02 to 0.17.

Organic solvents are a class of chemical substances that are widely used in large volume in various manufacturing plants. Due to their high lipophilicity, organic solvents may produce physicochemical damage to renal glomeruli and tubuli. Many reports have been published abroad, though only a few in Japan, on organic solvent-induced nephropathy such as Goodpasture syndrome, a form of renal damage mediated by anti-basement membrane antibodies. This article reviews the epidemiological studies published in the literature and stresses that organic solvent exposure is one of the etiological factors involved in the development of chronic nephropathy. At present in Japan there are 60, 000 patients with terminal renal failure undergoing hemodialysis, 50, 000 young men placed under observation each year for abuse of organic solvents, and one million workers exposed to organic solvents in factories. Attention should be focused on the occurrence of renal damage due to organic solvents in Japan.