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Detection and depletion of NK cells in mice with metastatic tumors.

Metastasis-associated macrophages (MAM) promote persistent growth of breast cancer cells at the metastatic site and are, thus, an attractive therapeutic target to treat breast cancer metastasis, a leading cause of cancer-related death in women. However, the precise mechanisms behind MAM-mediated metastatic tumor outgrowth have not been fully elucidated. Using mouse models of metastatic breast cancer, we showed that MAMs uniquely expressed hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in metastatic tumors. We also demonstrated that a selected population of cancer cells with high metastatic potential (cancer cells that can establish metastatic tumors in mice with higher number and incidence than parental cells) had higher expression of HGF receptor, MNNG HOS transforming gene (MET), and were more responsive to HGF released from macrophages compared with the parental cells. Blockade of MET signaling in cancer cells suppressed metastatic tumor expansion, in part, through activation of natural killer cells. Results from this study suggest an approach to prevent life-threatening metastatic tumor formation using blockade of MAM-induced MET signal activation in metastatic cancer cells.

Contains fulltext : 287053.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Increased levels of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are indicators of poor prognosis in most cancers. Although antibodies and small molecules blocking the recruitment of macrophages to tumors are under evaluation as anticancer therapies, these strategies are not specific for macrophage subpopulations. Herein we report the first enzyme-activatable chemokine conjugates for effective targeting of defined macrophage subsets in live tumors. Our constructs exploit the high expression of chemokine receptors (e.g., CCR2) and the activity of cysteine cathepsins in TAMs to target these cells selectively over other macrophages and immune cells (e.g., neutrophils, T cells, B cells). Furthermore, we demonstrate that cathepsin-activatable chemokines are compatible with both fluorescent and therapeutic cargos, opening new avenues in the design of targeted theranostic probes for immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.

Metastasis-associated macrophages (MAM) promote persistent growth of breast cancer cells at the metastatic site and are, thus, an attractive therapeutic target to treat breast cancer metastasis, a leading cause of cancer-related death in women. However, the precise mechanisms behind MAM-mediated metastatic tumor outgrowth have not been fully elucidated. Using mouse models of metastatic breast cancer, we showed that MAMs uniquely expressed hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in metastatic tumors. We also demonstrated that a selected population of cancer cells with high metastatic potential (cancer cells that can establish metastatic tumors in mice with higher number and incidence than parental cells) had higher expression of HGF receptor, MNNG HOS transforming gene (MET), and were more responsive to HGF released from macrophages compared with the parental cells. Blockade of MET signaling in cancer cells suppressed metastatic tumor expansion, in part, through activation of natural killer cells. Results from this study suggest an approach to prevent life-threatening metastatic tumor formation using blockade of MAM-induced MET signal activation in metastatic cancer cells.

We report the novel chemical design of fluorescent activatable chemokines as highly specific functional probes for imaging subpopulations of immune cells in live tumours. Activatable chemokines behave as AND‐gates since they emit only after receptor binding and intracellular activation, showing enhanced selectivity over existing agents. We have applied this strategy to produce mCCL2‐MAF as the first probe for in vivo detection of metastasis‐associated macrophages in a preclinical model of lung metastasis. This strategy will accelerate the preparation of new chemokine‐based probes for imaging immune cell function in tumours., Live show: Fluorescent activatable chemokines have been designed as the first chemical probes for in vivo detection of tumour‐associated macrophages in lung metastasis. Activatable chemokines behave as AND gates since they emit only after receptor binding and intracellular activation, thereby showing enhanced selectivity over existing agents.

Although immunotherapy is becoming a standard approach of human cancer treatment, only a minor fraction of patients responds to the therapy. It is therefore required to determine the sub-populations of patients who will respond to immunotherapies along with developing novel strategies to improve efficacy of anti-tumor immune reactions. Development of novel immunotherapies is currently heavily relying on mouse models of cancer. These models are important for better understanding of mechanisms behind tumor immune escape and investigation of novel strategies to overcome it. Nevertheless, the murine models do not necessarily represent the complexity of spontaneously occurring cancers in humans. Dogs spontaneously develop a wide range of cancer types with an intact immune system under similar environment and exposure to humans, which can serve as translational models in cancer immunotherapy research. To date though, there is still relatively limited amount of information regarding immune cell profiles in canine cancers. One possible reason could be the lack of established method to isolate and simultaneously detect different immune cell types in neoplastic tissues. Here we describe a protocol for multi-color flow cytometry to distinguish immune cell types in blood, lymph nodes, and neoplastic tissues from dogs with cancer. Our results demonstrate that a 9-color flow cytometry panel enables to characterize different cell subpopulations including myeloid cells. We also show that the panel allows to detect minor/aberrant subsets within a mixed population of cells in various neoplastic samples including blood, lymph node and solid tumors. To our knowledge, this is the first simultaneous immune cell detection panel applicable for solid tumors in dogs. This multi-color flow cytometry panel has the potential to inform future basic research focusing on immune cell functions in translational canine cancer models.

BackgroundMetastatic breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide. Infusion of natural killer (NK) cells is an emerging immunotherapy for such malignant tumors, although elimination of the immunosuppressive tumor environment is required to improve its efficacy. The effects of this “metastatic” tumor environment on NK cells, however, remain largely unknown. Previous studies, including our own, have demonstrated that metastasis-associated macrophages (MAMs) are one of the most abundant immune cell types in the metastatic tumor niche in mouse models of metastatic breast cancer. We thus investigated the effects of MAMs on antitumor functions of NK cells in the metastatic tumor microenvironment.MethodsMAMs were isolated from the tumor-bearing lung of C57BL/6 mice intravenously injected with E0771-LG mouse mammary tumor cells. The effects of MAMs on NK cell cytotoxicity towards E0771-LG cells were evaluated in vitro by real-time fluorescence microscopy. The effects of MAM depletion on NK cell activation, maturation, and accumulation in the metastatic lung were evaluated by flow cytometry (CD69, CD11b, CD27) and in situ hybridization (Ncr1) using colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) receptor conditional knockout (Csf1r-cKO) mice. Finally, metastatic tumor loads in the chest region of mice were determined by bioluminescence imaging in order to evaluate the effect of MAM depletion on therapeutic efficacy of endogenous and adoptively transferred NK cells in suppressing metastatic tumor growth.ResultsMAMs isolated from the metastatic lung suppressed NK cell-induced tumor cell apoptosis in vitro via membrane-bound transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) dependent mechanisms. In the tumor-challenged mice, depletion of MAMs increased the percentage of activated (CD69+) and mature (CD11b+CD27–) NK cells and the number of Ncr1+ NK cells as well as NK cell-mediated tumor rejection in the metastatic site. Moreover, MAM depletion or TGF-β receptor antagonist treatment significantly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of NK cell infusion in suppressing early metastatic tumor outgrowth.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that MAMs are a main negative regulator of NK cell function within the metastatic tumor niche, and MAM targeting is an attractive strategy to improve NK cell-based immunotherapy for metastatic breast cancer.

This study aimed to explore differences in frontal lobe brain activity associated with two types of communication: task-oriented and life-worldly, the latter of which largely overlaps with everyday conversation. Using near-infrared spectroscopy, we explored differences by comparing oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations associated with periods of rest and conversation in two experimental groups comprising older and younger adults. Artifacts were removed from the signals using discrete wavelet transforms. Paired t-tests were used to compare the resulting data for the two types. The results showed that oxygenated hemoglobin levels during life-worldly communication were significantly higher than at baseline or during task-oriented communication, particularly for the older adult group. In addition, during life-worldly communication, relatively high levels of brain activity were found in the upper part of the Broca area and in the premotor cortex. These results, which suggest that life-worldly communication generates more activity in the frontal lobe, could potentially contribute to improving how caregivers communicate with older patients/residents in hospitals and nursing homes.

Human and mouse monocytes are divided into two subpopulations, classical (C-Mo) and non-classical (NC-Mo) monocytes. CC-chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) and CX3C-chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) are common features of monocyte subsets between humans and mice, i.e., C-Mo and NC-Mo are characterized as CCR2highCX3CR1low and CCR2lowCX3CR1high. Since many studies utilize mouse models to investigate roles of monocytes in human diseases, it is important to understand the similarities and differences between human and mouse monocytic subsets. In this study, we show that the expression of Cx3cr1 mRNA and CX3CR1 cell surface protein are different between circulating monocytic subsets in human but not in mice. We analyzed monocyte subsets in the blood using wild type C57BL/6 and Cx3cr1-GFP knock-in (Cx3cr1GFP/+) reporter mice. We observed higher Cx3cr1 promoter activity indicated by GFP expression in NC-Mo compared to C-Mo. However, there were no differences between the subsets in CX3CR1 mRNA nor surface protein expression determined by anti-CX3CR1 antibody or binding of fluorophore-conjugated ligand. However in the bone marrow of Cx3cr1GFP/+ mice, CX3CR1 expression was higher in NC-Mo compared to C-Mo, suggesting that mouse NC-Mo express higher level of CX3CR1 than C-Mo in the bone but this difference disappears in the blood. In contrast, human NC-Mo differentially expressed CX3CR1 compared to C-Mo in both blood and bone marrow. Given these findings, the discrepancy between promoter activity and protein levels should be considered when the roles of CX3CR1 are investigated in mouse models of human diseases.Summary sentenceIn this study, we show that the expression of Cx3cr1 mRNA is different between circulating monocytic subsets in human but not in mice.

Macrophages are one of the key immune cells within the tumor microenvironment that encourage the growth of tumors at the primary site as well as contributing to all parts of the metastatic cascade. Although it is possible to isolate macrophages directly from the tumor, this can be a laborious process and due to their plasticity, it is not possible to maintain their in vivo phenotype in vitro. For this reason, differentiating macrophages from bone marrow is an attractive alternative. Here we present robust methods to study in vitro derived macrophages including (i) the isolation and generation of macrophages from bone marrow, (ii) differentiation/characterization of classically activated, alternatively activated and tumor-conditioned macrophages, as well as (iii) in vitro co-culturing assays for tumor cell-macrophage interaction/transmigration.

Intriguing properties of self-organized nanocomposites of perovskite oxides are usually derived from the complex interface of constituent material phases. A sophisticated control of such a system is required for a broad range of energy and device applications, which demand a comprehensive understanding of the interface at the atomic scale. Here, we visualized and theoretically modeled the highly elastically strained nanorod, the interface region with misfit dislocations and heterointerface distortion, and the matrix with strain-induced oxygen vacancies in the self-organized YBa2Cu3O7−δ nanocomposite films with Ba perovskite nanorods. Large misfit strain was elastically accommodated in the nanocomposites, but since the elastic strain was mainly accommodated by the nanorods, the concentration of strain-induced oxygen vacancies was small enough for the matrix to keep high critical temperature (>85 K). The interfacial bonding distorted the atomic structure of YBa2Cu3O7−δ, but the thickness of distortion was l...

Potentiation of the tumor-killing ability of CD8

Objectives: Our prior study revealed that the speech duration of older people in long-term care facilities in Japan is four minutes in one day, owing to the lack of “life-worldly communications.” This study is a pilot study for the development and validation of the Life-Worldly Communication Scale (LWCS) that can efficiently measure the life-worldly communication duration of older people. Methods: The subjects were 65 individuals, 65 years of age or older, who were chosen among people living in long-term care facilities and in home care in Japan. The items of LWCS were generated from related literature. The content validity of LWCS was examined from the content validity ratio. Construct validity of LWCS was verified by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Convergent or discriminant validity was examined from the relation between LWCS and the life-worldly communication time or depression level. Reliability was examined by inspecting internal consistency and stability. Results: The LWCS proved satisfactory in the goodness-of-fit index (GFI = .92, NFI = .91, CFI = .99, RMSEA =.03) by confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent validity of LWCS was supported by a significant correlation between LWCS and the life-worldly communication time (r = .62, P

This paper deals with the strengthening of spot-welded lap joints by increasing the opening angle on the nugget edge. Based on the equation proposed by past researchers to predict the strength, the factor necessary for the strengthening was extracted. And, based on this factor, the strengthening of spot-welded lap joints was examined. First of all, in order to increase the opening angle on the nugget edge, the vicinity of the nugget edge was bent with a bending machine. Next, cross tension strength (CTS) tests were conducted into the spot-welded lap joints with various opening angles on the nugget edge. Finally, the relationship between CTS and the opening angels of the nugget edge was clarified. As a result, by increasing the opening angles on the nugget edge, we found that the CTS could be improved by 20%.

In this study, the chopped carbon fibers and jute fibers were used to fabricate hybrid paperboard. The paper making process was used. Combined with unsaturated polyester resin, paperboard fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), carbon hybrid FRP and jute hybrid FRP were fabricated and the mechanical property included tensile test, bending test and Izod impact test were carried out to compared the mechanical property of these three kinds of materials. The drilled holes tensile test was also carried out to examine the drilled holes property. Scanning electron microscope was employed to observe the fracture characteristic on failure specimens. It was found due to the manufacture process of paperboard, the materials expressed obvious anisotropic property. The paperboard composite has an excellent static property but lower impact property compared with carbon hybrid FRP.

Summary Tumour‐infiltrating immune cells regulate tumour development and progression either negatively or positively. For example, cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) such as CD8+ T and natural killer (NK) cells can recognize and eliminate cancer cells, and thereby restrict the tumour growth and metastasis, if they exert full cytotoxicity. In contrast, tumour‐infiltrating myeloid cells such as tumour‐associated macrophages (TAM) promote the expansion and dissemination of cancer cells depending on their functional states. Given the tumour‐killing ability of CTL, the augmentation of CTL‐induced antitumour immune reactions has been considered as an attractive therapeutic modality for lethal solid tumours and several promising strategies have emerged, which include immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines and adoptive CTL transfer. These immunotherapies are now tested in clinical trials and have shown significant antitumour effects in patients with lymphoma and some solid tumours such as melanoma and lung cancer. Despite these encouraging results, these therapies are not efficient in a certain fraction of patients and tumour types with tumour cell‐intrinsic mechanisms such as impaired antigen presentation and/or tumour cell‐extrinsic mechanisms including the accumulation of immunosuppressive cells. Several animal studies suggest that tumour‐infiltrating myeloid cells, especially TAM, are one of the key targets to improve the efficacy of immunotherapies as these cells can suppress the functions of CD8+ T and NK cells. In this review, we will summarize recent animal studies regarding the involvement of TAM in the immune checkpoint, cancer vaccination and adoptive CTL transfer therapies, and discuss the therapeutic potential of TAM targeting to improve the immunotherapies.

We have conducted a series of studies on communication between nurses and elderly patients in geriatric facilities in Japan. The average speech duration per day for elderly people in nursing homes was roughly 4 minutes. The reason for such a short speech duration was that 76% of the nurses’ communication content was composed of “type I” communication (“task oriented” communication) and that “type II” communication (“life-worldly” communication) made up for only 24% of the total. We also analyzed the ways in which “type I” communication constrained spontaneous speech by the elderly whereas “type II” communication tended to promote and encourage it. This article, based on the findings obtained from our research, aims to encourage reconsideration and advancement in the research of nursing communication.

Paper tubes are usually produced by expert workers who are trained from experience. The manufacture technology can also be developed by this empirical rule. The so-called expert is non-expert person who is trained in the daily working and improve the technology by himself. It is a task for middle and small-sized enterprises in how to train the workers in a short time effectively. This is not only for paper tubes production, but also for a small factory on how to inherit its technology in a short time effectively. The objective of this is to analyze the motion for paper tubes fabricating by observe difference between expert and non-expert at work site as one of “Great master’s work” in middle and small-sized enterprises.

Intriguing properties of self-organized nanocomposites of perovskite oxides are usually derived from the complex interface of constituent material phases. A sophisticated control of such a system is required for a broad range of energy and device applications, which demand a comprehensive understanding of the interface at the atomic scale. Here, we visualized and theoretically modeled the highly elastically strained nanorod, the interface region with misfit dislocations and heterointerface distortion, and the matrix with strain-induced oxygen vacancies in the self-organized YBa

This paper deals with strengthening of spot-welded lap joints by a new hardened zone. Based on the equation to predict the strength proposed by past researchers, the factors necessary for strengthening were extracted. And, based on these factors, the strengthening of spot-welded lap joints was examined. First of all, in order to increase the hardened zone, the vicinity of the nugget edge was heated with a laser. Next, tensile shear tests were conducted by using spot-welded lap joints, which were heated by laser at various distances from the nugget. Finally, the relationship between tensile shear strength and the distance from the nugget centre to the crack was clarified. As a result, by increasing the hardened zone, we found that the fracture position was far away from the nugget edge. And, we found that the tensile shear strength could be improved by 15%.

According to the report in May, 2015 by Japan Paper Recycling Promotion Center, quantity of paper and paperboard product in Japan decreases is about 18% from 2007 to 2014. Japanese quantity of waste paper in 2014 is 21750000ton, the rate of collected waste paper is 80.8%. Nevertheless Japanese consumption of waste paper is 17190000ton, the rate of utilizing waste paper is 63.9%. It means that quantity of collected waste paper become bigger than quantity of utilizing waste paper, a lot of waste-paper is exported to East Asia (especially China). Balance of waste paper demand and supply in Japan has already broken. It could be expected that waste paper will be collected more and more, but it is difficult to solve the problem that all domestic collected waste paper is used, in order to increasing phenomenon of helpful to recycle, energy saving, environmental protection movement. It is considered that the usage of paper tube need to be expanded which is produced by waste paper. Paper tube has been widely applied in many areas, such as packaging industry, film rolls, adhesive-tape industry, furniture decoration, temporary structures in building and so on. For example churches could be made from paper. The mechanical property of paper tube need to be investigated to get wide application. At current study, the mechanical property of 8 kinds of paperboards for paper tubes fabrication were investigated included tension, compression and peeling properties combining with anisotropic property. These kinds of paperboards have different mechanical properties but same dimension. By this method, the effects of different properties including tension, compression and peeling on mechanical property of paper tubes could be evaluated. A series of paper tubes with different layers was fabricated and the lateral compression test was carried out and evaluated. The fracture form of paper tubes and fracture position on paper tubes were discussed together with paperboards properties. The cause of delamination behavior of laminated paper was analysis based on the detailed observation and finite element analysis. From fracture process, it was found that the main fracture of paper tube is delamination during lateral compression action which was considered peeling action has a big influence. According to this phenomenon, acoustic emission (AE) and observation of peeling paperboard were conducted.

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in females worldwide. Although 5-year survival of breast cancer patients in early stages is 89-100%, that of patients with metastatic tumours is reduced to just 21%, suggesting the requirement of more effective therapies for metastatic breast cancer (MBC). As MBC is refractory to current therapies, NK cell infusion has been suggested as an alternative therapy. However, its efficacy is modest in MBC possibly due to the suppressive nature of the tumour microenvironment, especially through the tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) within it. Here we investigated the effects of TAMs in metastatic tumours on NK cell cytotoxicity, as well as the mechanism behind TAM-mediated NK cell suppression. To evaluate NK cell cytotoxicity, we established a method whereby mouse breast cancer cells were cultured with splenic NK cells, and the resultant tumour cell apoptosis was determined by quantitative fluorescence microscopy. To investigate the effects of TAMs on this NK cytotoxicity, we purified them from lungs with metastatic tumours and added them to this co-culture. We also investigated the suppressive effects of bone marrow-derived macrophages cultured with M-CSF (M-BMMs). To further investigate the mechanism, we depleted TAMs in mice with metastatic tumours and detected inhibitory receptor expression on NK cells as well as NK cell inhibitory ligands on TAMs in the metastatic lung and on M-BMMs by flow cytometry. TAMs from metastatic tumours significantly reduced NK cell cytotoxicity toward tumour cells. M-BMMs (resembling TAMs) also reduced NK cell cytotoxicity. We also found that TAMs and M-BMMs expressed high levels of NK cell inhibitory ligands. There was no difference in the expression of inhibitory receptors on NK cells between tumour bearing lungs with or without TAMs. To conclude, we have shown that TAMs in metastatic tumours, as well as their mimetic M-BMMs, can suppress NK cell cytotoxicity towards breast cancer cells in vitro. Our data suggest that TAMs express higher levels of inhibitory ligands and thereby transmit suppressive signals possibly through direct contact with NK cells. Further investigation of mechanisms behind TAM-mediated NK suppression might lead to the improvement of NK cell-based immunotherapy for MBC. Citation Format: Demi Brownlie, Dahlia Doughty-Shenton, Jeffrey W. Pollard, Takanori Kitamura. Investigating the role of macrophage-mediated suppression in the efficacy of NK cell immunotherapy for metastatic outgrowth of breast cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2808.

Metastasis to secondary sites such as the lung, liver and bone is a traumatic event with a mortality rate of approximately 90% 1. Of these sites, the lung is the most difficult to assess using intravital optical imaging due to its enclosed position within the body, delicate nature and vital role in sustaining proper physiology. While clinical modalities (positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT)) are capable of providing noninvasive images of this tissue, they lack the resolution necessary to visualize the earliest seeding events, with a single pixel consisting of nearly a thousand cells. Current models of metastatic lung seeding postulate that events just after a tumor cell's arrival are deterministic for survival and subsequent growth. This means that real-time intravital imaging tools with single cell resolution 2 are required in order to define the phenotypes of the seeding cells and test these models. While high resolution optical imaging of the lung has been performed using various ex vivo preparations, these experiments are typically single time-point assays and are susceptible to artifacts and possible erroneous conclusions due to the dramatically altered environment (temperature, profusion, cytokines, etc.) resulting from removal from the chest cavity and circulatory system 3. Recent work has shown that time-lapse intravital optical imaging of the intact lung is possible using a vacuum stabilized imaging window 2,4,5 however, typical imaging times have been limited to approximately 6 hr. Here we describe a protocol for performing long-term intravital time-lapse imaging of the lung utilizing such a window over a period of 12 hr. The time-lapse image sequences obtained using this method enable visualization and quantitation of cell-cell interactions, membrane dynamics and vascular perfusion in the lung. We further describe an image processing technique that gives an unprecedentedly clear view of the lung microvasculature.

In this research, the bamboo charcoal paperboards (BCPs) were manufactured by paper making method. The paperboards constitute of many layers and each layer could be produced by different fibers materials. Bamboo charcoal was used and combined with recycled paper such as magazine, newspaper and corrugated paper box and so on. The mechanical properties included tension, compression, and pealing were tested to evaluate its potential applications. The scanning electron microscope observation was also conducted on the bamboo charcoal particle. At the same time, the benefit of bamboo charcoal paperboards on promoting attention for study was also evaluated. For attention effects on study, questionnaire survey was conducted from student to evaluate the effects of BCPs environment on studying. The brain wave data could be obtained during this process and investigated. The results indicated bamboo charcoal walls have good effect on concentrate attention to study.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to grasp the actual conditions of utterances by elderly persons in geriatric care facilities in Japan. Specifically, the study considers utterance frequency, duration, and structure according to the two types of communication: Type I (Task-oriented) and Type II (Life-worldly). Method: Study subjects were comprised of 37 residents in three long-term care facilities in Japan. The study surveyed the personal attributes of each elderly person, and the type and duration of utterances they made within 1 day. Type I and II communication characteristics were both quantitatively and qualitatively investigated. Results: The duration of utterances from older residents was very short, at about 4 min. The average duration of utterances by elderly persons who are bedridden was 115.54 s (SD=131.55), which was significantly lower (p

Paper recycling is an effective way in reducing deforestation and energy consumption. Therefore recycling paper and paper products has been widely applied in many areas, such as packaging industry, film rolls, adhesive-tape industry, furniture decoration and temporary structures in building. They can be produced into various structure according to different requirement, such as paper tube, corrugated paperboard and normal paperboard. Paper-tubes gain more and more applications as a traditional structure due to their excellent mechanical property and environmentally friendly property. In order to meet various needs of paper-tube and produce high performance paper-tubes, designing for paper-tubes fabrication is needed. It is necessary to research the lateral compression strength of paper tube because various paper-tubes are used as packages, cores, poles and structure materials. To establish a relation of mechanical property between paperboards and paper-tubes is an important aspect. The current study is to investigate this relation. Paperboards are built from cellulose fibers jointed by hydrogen bonds and some additional elements like talc. The fibers are distributed randomly on the paperboards. However due to the tension action during fabrication process, more fibers are distributed in machine rolling direction which is defined as machine direction (MD, TD for transverse direction). The material expresses obvious anisotropic property. On the other hand, due to the laminated structure of paper materials, it is possible to generate interlaminar fracture in the usage process, especially in the construction made of paper such as paper tubes. The mechanical property of three kinds of paperboards used for paper-tubes fabrication was investigated included tension, compression and peeling combining with anisotropic property. These three kinds of paperboards have different mechanical properties but same dimension for paper-tubes fabrications. By this method, the effects of different properties including tension, compression and peeling on mechanical property of paper-tube could be evaluated. A series of paper-tubes with different layers was fabricated and the lateral compression test was carried out and evaluated. The fracture form of paper-tubes and fracture position on paper-tube were discussed together with paperboards. The cause of delamination behavior of laminated paper was analysis based on the detailed observation. The optical observation were employed to evaluate the fracture properties of paper-tubes after lateral compression test. It was found that the initial fracture of paper-tubes occurred inside the paperboards rather than between layers and the peeling property of paperboard has a signification effects on lateral compression property of paper-tubes.