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In keeping with the Luxembourg government's initiative to support the future use of space resources, ASIME 2018 was held in Belval, Luxembourg on April 16-17, 2018. The goal of ASIME 2018: Asteroid Intersections with Mine Engineering, was to focus on asteroid composition for advancing the asteroid in-space resource utilisation domain. What do we know about asteroid composition from remote-sensing observations? What are the potential caveats in the interpretation of Earth-based spectral observations? What are the next steps to improve our knowledge on asteroid composition by means of ground-based and space-based observations and asteroid rendez-vous and sample return missions? How can asteroid mining companies use this knowledge? ASIME 2018 was a two-day workshop of almost 70 scientists and engineers in the context of the engineering needs of space missions with in-space asteroid utilisation. The 21 Questions from the asteroid mining companies were sorted into the four asteroid science themes: 1) Potential Targets, 2) Asteroid-Meteorite Links, 3) In-Situ Measurements and 4) Laboratory Measurements. The Answers to those Questions were provided by the scientists with their conference presentations and collected by A. Graps or edited directly into an open-access collaborative Google document or inserted by A. Graps using additional reference materials. During the ASIME 2018, first day and second day Wrap-Ups, the answers to the questions were discussed further. New readers to the asteroid mining topic may find the Conversation boxes and the Mission Design discussions especially interesting., Comment: Outcome from the ASIME 2018: Asteroid Intersections with Mine Engineering, Luxembourg. April 16-17, 2018. 65 Pages. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1612.00709

This article investigates reconstructing the internal mass density of a numerical asteroid model using the gradient of a simulated gravity field as synthetic measurement data. Our goal is to advance the mathematical inversion methodology and find feasibility constraints for the resolution, noise and orbit selection for future space missions. We base our model on the shape of the asteroid Itokawa as well as on the recent observations and simulation studies which suggest that the internal density varies, increasing towards the center, and that the asteroid may have a detailed structure. We introduce randomized multiresolution scan algorithm which might provide a robust way to cancel out bias and artifact effects related to the measurement noise and numerical discretization. In this scheme, the inverse algorithm can reconstruct details of various sizes without fixing the exact resolution {\em a priori}, and the randomization minimizes the effect of discretization on the solution. We show that the adopted methodology provides an advantageous way to diminish the surface bias of the inverse solution. The results also suggest that a noise level below 80 Eotvos will be sufficient for the detection of internal voids and high density anomalies, if a sparse set of measurements can be obtained from a close-enough distance to the target., Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables, accepted to Icarus

In this paper, we investigate full-wave computed radar tomography (CRT) using a rubble-pile asteroid model in which a realistic shape (Itokawa) is coupled with a synthetic material composition and structure model. The aim is to show that sparse bistatic radar measurements can distinguish details inside a complex-structured rubble-pile asteroid. The results obtained suggest that distinct local permittivity distribution changes such as surface layers, voids, low-permittivity anomalies, high-permittivity boulders, and cracks can be detected with bistatic CRT, when the total noise level in the data is around -10 dB with respect to the signal amplitude. Moreover, the bistatic measurement set-up improves the robustness of the inversion compared to the monostatic case. Reconstructing the smooth Gaussian background distribution was found to be difficult with the present approach, suggesting that complementary techniques, such as gravimetry, might be needed to improve the reliability of the inference in practice., Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables, Published in the Astrophysical Journal

We have performed an initial stage conceptual design study for the Deep Interior Scanning CubeSat (DISCUS), a tandem 6U CubeSat carrying a bistatic radar as main payload. DISCUS will be operated either as an independent mission or accompanying a larger one. It is designed to determine the internal macroporosity of a 260-600 m diameter Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) from a few kilometers distance. The main goal will be to achieve a global penetration with a low-frequency signal as well as to analyze the scattering strength for various different penetration depths and measurement positions. Moreover, the measurements will be inverted through a computed radar tomography (CRT) approach. The scientific data provided by DISCUS would bring more knowledge of the internal configuration of rubble pile asteroids and their collisional evolution in the Solar System. It would also advance the design of future asteroid deflection concepts. We aim at a single-unit (1U) radar design equipped with a half-wavelength dipole antenna. The radar will utilize a stepped-frequency modulation technique the baseline of which was developed for ESA's technology projects GINGER and PIRA. The radar measurements will be used for CRT and shape reconstruction. The CubeSat will also be equipped with an optical camera system and laser altimeter to sup- port navigation and shape reconstruction. We provide the details of the measurement methods to be applied along with the requirements derived of the known characteristics of rubble pile asteroids., Comment: Submitted to Advances in Space Research

This study aims at advancing mathematical and computational techniques for reconstructing the interior structure of a near earth asteroid (NEA) via Computed Radar Tomography (CRT). We introduce a far-field model for full-wave CRT and validate it numerically for sparse and limited-angle data and an orbiting distance of about 5 km. As a potential future application of the proposed method, we consider the Deep Interior Scanning CUbeSat (DISCUS) concept in which two small spacecraft carrying a bistatic radar localize internal macropores inside a rubble pile asteroid., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures

This study concentrates on advancing mathematical and computational methodology for radar tomography imaging in which the unknown volumetric velocity distribution of a wave within a bounded domain is to be reconstructed. Our goal is to enable effective simulation and inversion of a large amount of full-wave data within a realistic 2D or 3D geometry. For propagating and inverting the wave, we present a rigorous multigrid-based forward approach which utilizes the finite-difference time-domain method and a nested finite element grid structure. Based on the multigrid approach, we introduce and validate a multiresolution algorithm which allows regularization of the unknown distribution through a coarse-to-fine inversion scheme. In this approach, sparse signals can be effectively inverted, as the coarse fluctuations are reconstructed before the finer ones. Furthermore, the number of nonzero entries in the system matrix can be compressed and thus the inversion procedure can be speeded up. As a test scenario we investigate satellite-based asteroid interior reconstruction. We use both full-wave and projected wave data and estimate the accuracy of the inversion under different error sources: noise and positioning inaccuracies. The results suggest that the present full-wave inversion approach allows recovering the interior with a single satellite recording backscattering data. It seems that robust results can be achieved, when the peak-to-peak signal-to-noise ratio is above 10 dB. Furthermore, it seems that reconstructing the deep interior can be enhanced if two satellites can be utilized in the measurements., Comment: 12 pages

This study aims to advance hardware-level computations for travel-time tomography applications in which the wavelength is close to the diameter of the information that has to be recovered. Such can be the case, for example, in the imaging applications of (1) biomedical physics, (2) astro-geophysics and (3) civil engineering. Our aim is to shed light on the effect of that preprocessing the digital waveform signal has on the inversion results and to find computational solutions that guarantee robust inversion when there are incomplete and/or noisy measurements. We describe a hardware-level implementation for integrated and thresholded travel-time computation (ITT and TTT). We compare the ITT and TTT approaches in inversion analysis with experimental acoustic travel-time data recorded using a ring geometry for the transmission and measurement points. The results obtained suggest that ITT is essential for maintaining the robustness of the inversion with imperfect signal digitization and sparsity. In order to ensure the relevance of the results, the specifications of the test setup were related to those of applications (1)-(3).