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Rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) surgery is often challenging owing to the anatomical constraints of the narrow pelvis and tumor hugeness. Despite the increasing number of patients undergoing trans-anal total mesorectal excision (taTME) globally, the feasibility of trans-anal surgery with the taTME technique for rectal GISTs remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of trans-anal surgery with the taTME technique for rectal GISTs.Using a prospectively collected database, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical findings, surgical outcomes, pathological outcomes, urinary and anal functions, and prognoses of patients who underwent trans-anal surgery with the taTME technique for primary rectal GISTs at the National Cancer Center Hospital East from September 2014 to March 2020.Twenty-one patients with primary rectal GISTs were included in this study. The median distance from the anal verge to the lower edge of the tumor was 40 mm (range, 15-60 mm), and the median tumor size was 59 mm (range, 11-175 mm). Moreover, seven and 14 patients underwent one-team and two-team surgeries, respectively, with curative intent. Nineteen patients (90.5%) underwent anus-preserving surgery, and the urinary tracts were preserved in all cases. Two-team surgery showed a significantly lower blood loss volume and shorter operation time than one-team surgery (58 vs. 222 mL, P = 0.017; 184 vs 356 min, P = 0.041, respectively). The pathological negative-margin resection rate was 100%. During the follow-up period, no patient developed local GIST recurrence and one (4.8%) developed distant metastasis.Trans-anal surgery with the taTME technique is feasible for rectal GISTs, and two-team surgery may be more advantageous than one-team surgery in terms of operation time and blood loss.

Background In recent years, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) followed by total mesorectal resection has been the standard of care to prevent recurrence of locally advanced rectal cancer. However, radiotherapy is associated with several serious side effects in rectal cancer patients, including fecal incontinence, dysuria, sexual, dysfunction, and secondary cancer. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has demonstrated comparable efficacy to NACRT for advanced rectal cancer without these problematic side effects. Here, we present a case of advanced lower rectal cancer with multiple tumors that was successfully treated with NAC and intersphincteric resection. Case presentation A 56-year-old man presented with bloody stools and was diagnosed with lower rectal cancer cT3N1aM0 cStage IIIB and rectosigmoid cancer cT4aN1aM0 cStage IIIB following investigations by colonoscopy, whole-body contrast-enhanced computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Abdominoperineal resection was recommended but the patient refused, and thus NAC was proposed. Genetic testing revealed negativity for RAS and BRAF mutations, and hence five courses of mFOLFOX6 (fluorouracil, levofolinate, and oxaliplatin) and panitumumab regimen were administered. Subsequent imaging revealed a yellow clinical partial response for rectosigmoid cancer and a yellow clinical complete response for lower rectal cancer. Hospital tests showed no abnormal data, and the preoperative diagnosis was lower rectal cancer ycT0N0M0 ycStage 0 and sigmoid rectal cancer ycT2N0M0 ycStage I. Therefore, laparoscopic intersphincteric resection and a diverting stoma were performed at our institution 39 days after NAC was completed. The postoperative period was mostly uneventful apart from suture failure on postoperative day 12, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 43. No cancer cells or lymph node metastasis were evident in postoperative pathology. Five months after surgery the colostomy was closed, and the patient had good anal function and no fecal incontinence 9 months after surgery. No recurrence had occurred 1 year after surgery. Conclusions NAC is efficacious in patients with multiple advanced rectal cancers and negates the requirement for abdominoperineal resection.

Microsatellite instability (MSI) and tumor mutational burden (TMB) are indicators of the tumor mutational load, which can lead to immune cell recruitment. By contrast, the number of tumor-infiltrating T cells (TITs) is indicative of the host immune response to tumor cells. The present study evaluated if the expression of mismatch repair (MMR) proteins can be used as a precise tool to assess immunogenicity in the tumor microenvironment. A total of 73 colorectal cancer cases were enrolled in the present study. MMR protein expression was assessed using four-antibodies immunohistochemistry (IHC) targeting

In colorectal cancer (CRC), the indication for immune checkpoint inhibitors is determined by the microsatellite instability status of the tumors. However, an optimal biomarker for their indication has not been fully identified to date. This study aimed to establish the clinicopathologic importance of the Immunoscore (IS) in CRC and to clarify the relationships between the IS, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, and tumor-associated macrophages. In 132 cases, CRC was diagnosed and surgically treated in our department from 2009 to 2010. Immunohistochemical staining using primary antibodies PD-L1, CD3, CD8, CD68, and CD163 was performed. The IS was determined according to the proposal of an international task force. Statistical analyses were performed to investigate the correlation between the IS, clinicopathologic variables, and expression of immune checkpoint molecules. The overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) in the high-IS group (I3–4) were significantly better than in the low-IS group (I0–2) (OS: P = 0.0420; RFS: P = 0.0226). The positivity rate for PD-L1 on tumor cells (tPD-L1) was only 0.8%, whereas that for PD-L1 on interstitial tumor-infiltrating mononuclear cells (iPD-L1) was 18.2%. The iPD-L1-positive group showed significantly better survival in terms of both OS and RFS than the iPD-L1-negative group (OS: P = 0.0278; RFS: P = 0.0253). The findings showed significant correlation between the IS and iPD-L1 expression (P

Highlights • An internal hernia after retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy is rare. • Retroperitoneal approach has the risk of making mesocolic defects directly. • To prevent internal hernia, we should close the mesenteric defects intraoperatively., Introduction Small bowel obstruction (SBO) caused by an internal hernia through a mesocolon after retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy (RLN) is rare. Presentation of case A 66-year-old man who had undergone RLN with bladder cuff excision for a left renal pelvic cancer. After the surgery, he experienced SBO repeatedly. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and gastrografin contract radiography through a long tube showed an internal hernia through the mesocolon to the retroperitoneal space where the resected left kidney had been located. We performed a subsequent surgery for the internal hernia. Postoperative course was uneventful and currently he has no recurrence of herniation 6 months post-operatively. Discussion Mesenteric defects that cause an internal hernia can be created inadvertently during RLN when the colon is mobilized medially, and the kidney is being detached from retroperitoneum. The removal of a kidney leads to a potential retroperitoneal space to which small intestine can migrate. While there is no absolute necessity in mobilizing the colon during the retroperitoneal laparoscopic approach, there is still a risk of making mesocolic defects directly in the retroperitoneal space. Conclusion We need to perform operations with sufficient anatomical knowledge of retroperitoneal fascia and careful surgical techniques. The critical thing to prevent an internal hernia following RLN is to close the mesenteric defects intraoperatively. It is also important to suspect an internal hernia and do proper examinations promptly when patients had the symptoms of SBO after nephrectomy.

Mixed carcinoma of the pancreas is defined as the concurrent existence of pancreatic ductal carcinoma, acinar cell carcinoma, and/or islet cell carcinoma within the same neoplasm. We herein report a rare case of mixed ductal-acinar cell carcinoma in a 74-year-old man who was undergoing treatment for hypertension and diabetes at another hospital. After an abrupt worsening of his blood glucose control, the patient was referred to our hospital for further evaluation. Abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a tumor with a multilocular cystic lesion in the head of the pancreas. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed obstruction of the main pancreatic duct and dilation of the dorsal pancreatic duct; in addition, adenocarcinoma was detected in the pancreatic juice cytology. Based on the abovementioned findings, the patient was diagnosed with carcinoma of the pancreatic head and underwent subtotal stomach-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy. Based on the histopathological and immunohistochemical findings, the patient was diagnosed with mixed ductal-acinar cell carcinoma. The patient was prescribed TS-1 as postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy upon discharge. However, treatment was discontinued 2 months later due to marked general malaise, and the patient succumbed to tumor recurrence in the residual pancreas 12 months after the surgery.

Y‑box‑binding protein 1 (YB‑1) is a DNA/RNA‑-binding protein and an important transcription and translation factor in carcinogenesis. However, the biological function and molecular correlation of YB‑1 in colorectal cancer are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to determine the significance of YB‑1 expression and its biological role in colorectal cancer. Cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis were examined upon knockdown of YB‑1 expression in different colon cancer cell lines that had different genetic backgrounds. Since the properties of different colon cancer cell lines with specific RAS/RAF gene mutations downstream epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) may differ from wild‑type colorectal cancer, it is critical to study the role of YB‑1 with respect to the mutational status of RAS. The results indicated that the suppression of YB‑1 decreased cell proliferation (P

We report a case of endocrine cell carcinoma (ECC) of the esophagus with long term survival after chemoradiotherapy. The patient had a complete response and remains without any recurrence. A 69-year-old woman visited our hospital because of progressive dysphagia. The patient was diagnosed by computed tomography and histology examination of biopsy specimens with small cell ECC of the esophagus, cT2N1M0, cStage II based on the Classification of Esophageal Carcinoma. She was treated with chemoradiotherapy comprising 45Gy of irradiation and four courses of cisplatin and etoposide chemotherapy. After completion of the treatment, she was found to have a complete response. She remains alive to date without evidence of any recurrence after 7 years. This case suggests that chemoradiotherapy is an effective treatment for ECC of the esophagus.

We examined the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in surgically resected pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma (PASC) samples. Furthermore, the detection rate was also assessed using biopsy cases obtained from endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA).Fifteen cases of PASC (six resected and nine EUS-FNA biopsied) from the Kurume University Hospital between 2009 and 2016 were used for the evaluation of PD-L1 expression. As a control group, 34 cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) were selected. To compare the positivity and intensity of PD-L1, two types of clones (SP263, E1L3N) were examined for immunostaining. Only the membrane expression of PD-L1 was regarded as positive. The PD-L1 expressions in the squamous cell carcinoma component (SCc), adenocarcinoma component (ACc), and immune cells were assessed separately. The ratio of PD-L1 expression was calculated by counting the positive tumor cells, and tumor proportion score (TPS) was applied (TPS; Null1%, low expression; 1 ≤ TPS ≤ 49% and high expression; ≥ 50%).PD-L1 expression was observed in five surgical PASC samples (83%). This shows that SCc presented a high expression in these cases. However, the overall TPS indicated a low expression. In contrast, only one case (3%) was positive for PD-L1 in PDACs, and the TPS indicated a low expression. No differences in PD-L1 expression were observed between the two clones, SP263 and E1L3N. High PD-L1 expression in the EUS-FNA sample was found in only one case (11%).Although assessment using the tumor cells of PASC samples obtained from EUS-FNA was difficult, this study suggests the selective expression of PD-L1 in the SCc of PASC. Furthermore, it was considered that immune checkpoint inhibitors could provide therapeutic effects selectively on the SCc for the entire range of TPSs, though the PD-L1 expression was low.

In the original article, Akihiko Kawahara's first name is incorrect. It is correct as reflected here.

This paper describes the results of experimental study on the estimation method and control for temperature of concrete, which is mixed and agitated in hot weather. Regarding the coefficients of equation to estimate concrete temperature, we could show an example of the actual data of ready mixed concrete. Through an actual building, we could verify that the temperature management by this equation was effective. On the other hand, the concrete cooling method which was adopted in this technical report was one of the effective methods in a ready mixed concrete factory.