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Subduction zones play a critical role in the global carbon cycle by regulating carbon exchange between the Earth's surface and interior. Processes that are known to release carbon from the slab, including metamorphic decarbonation and carbonate dissolution, cannot explain the high CO2 flux in magmatic arcs. Slab melting is the least considered mechanism for carbon mobilization at subarc depths based on the high solidus temperatures of carbonated lithologies, which were experimentally determined under dry or H2O-absent conditions. Subducted sediments are major carbon carriers, however, their melting behaviour with excess H2O remains largely unexplored. Here, we perform fluid-present melting, high-pressure experiments at 750–1100 °C and 2.5–4 GPa using starting compositions similar to global average subducted sediments to determine the solidus, melting relations and carbonate stability fields. The onset of melting is between 750 and 800 °C at 2.5 GPa and between 850 and 900 °C at 4 GPa. Dolomite melts out on or close to the solidus, whereas crystalline aragonite persists >150 °C above the solidus. Flux melting of carbonated sediment at moderately hot subduction zones is examined to be feasible in the framework of the previously constructed dehydration history of the underlying serpentinites, providing a pathway to transfer carbon from the slab to the subarc mantle. However, complete breakdown of refractory aragonite requires at least 50 °C higher than that predicted for the hottest slab P‒T paths. Thus, even in the presence of H2O, partial subducted carbon may survive the melting event occurring at shallow regions and reach considerable mantle depths.

We investigated the effects of blending dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and ethanol with commercial gasoline on combustion characteristics. Our experimental approach involved using a rapid compression and expansion machine (RCEM) to achieve elevated temperatures and pressures. The fuels containing different volumes of oxygenated hydrocarbons were burned at equivalence ratios of 1.0 or 0.7, an initial temperature of 340 K, and initial pressures of 0.10 or 0.05 MPa. To simulate knocking phenomena, we installed a rectangular channel in the combustion chamber of the RCEM and measured the pressure history inside the chamber. By analyzing the pressure history resulting from the end-gas autoignition, we evaluated the combustion duration and maximum pressure amplitude. Blending both oxygenated fuels with gasoline effectively reduced the maximum-pressure amplitude in the end-gas autoignition, with ethanol exhibiting a more pronounced suppression effect compared to DMC in the same volumetric mixing ratio. At an initial pressure of 0.10 MPa, the combustion durations of DMC/gasoline blends showed non-linear behavior, being shorter than those of pure gasoline and DMC and comparable to those of the ethanol/gasoline blends. However, the blending effect of DMC on combustion durations was greatly mitigated when the initial pressure was reduced to 0.05 MPa. Conversely, the combustion durations for ethanol/gasoline blends showed a nearly monotonic reduction with an increase in the ethanol blending ratio at both initial pressures of 0.10 and 0.05 MPa. Finally, we discussed the differential impact of the blending effect of oxygenated hydrocarbons on combustion characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Author(s): Zhong-Yuan Ren (corresponding author) [1]; Stephanie Ingle [1, 3]; Eiichi Takahashi [1, 2]; Naoto Hirano [1]; Takafumi Hirata [1] The Hawaiian-Emperor volcanic island and seamount chain is usually attributed [...]

In-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments were conducted using the MAX-III multi-anvil press of KEK on an omphacite ([Di.sub.63][Jd.sub.37]), for which Di = Ca(Mg,Fe)[Si.sub.2][O.sub.6] and Jd = NaAl[Si.sub.2][O.sub.6]. Pressure-volume-temperature data were collected at up to 10 GPa and 1000 K. A fit to the high-temperature Birch-Murnaghan equation of state yielded an isothermal bulk modulus [K.sub.T0] = 126(1) GPa, an assumed pressure derivative of the bulk modulus [K'.sub.T] = 4.0, a temperature derivative of the bulk modulus [([Delta][K.sub.T]/[Delta]T).sub.p] = -0.015(4) GPa/K, and a volumetric thermal expansivity [alpha] = 2.2(1) x [10.sup.-5][K.sup.-1], when the equation of state of NaCl by Brown (1999) is adopted for the pressure scale. The derived [K.sub.T0] value is consistent with the linear interpolations from [K.sub.T0] values for diopside and jadeite in the literature.

Phase Egg and δ-AlOOH are two typical hydrous phases that might exist in the wet sedimentary layer of subducted slabs under mantle conditions. They are thus regarded as potential water carriers to Earth's deep mantle. In this report, we report the full elastic constants of both phases determined by Brillouin scattering and X-ray diffraction measurements under ambient conditions. Our results indicate that the hydrogen-bond configurations in the crystal structures of the two phases have a profound effect on their principal elastic constants. The adiabatic bulk modulus (KS) and shear modulus (G) calculated from the obtained elastic constants using the Voigt-Reuss-Hill averaging scheme are 158.3(201) GPa and 123.0(60) GPa for phase Egg and 162.9(31) GPa and 145.2(13) GPa for δ-AlOOH, respectively. These results allow us to evaluate elastic moduli and sound velocities of hydrous minerals in the Al2O3-H2O-SiO2 ternary system (simplified composition of subducted wet sedimentary layer) at ambient conditions, including the contrast of the acoustic velocities VP and VS for the reaction AlSi3OH = δ-AlOOH + SiO2 (stishovite) and the evolution in the elastic moduli and sound velocities of hydrous minerals as a function of density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the reaction boundary dolomite = aragonite + magnesite, in situ X-ray experiments on dolomite decomposition and synthesis were carried out in the temperature range 900 to 1300 K. Dolomite decomposition experiments were conducted with increasing pressure at constant temperature, and the boundary was determined to be 5.3-5.9 GPa in the temperature range 800-1200 K and 5.9-6.3 GPa at 1300 K. Dolomite synthesis experiments were carried out with decreasing pressure at constant temperature or with increasing temperature at constant press load. The dolomite synthesis boundary was determined to be 6.7-6.9 GPa at 1300 K, 3.7-4.4 GPa at 1100 K, and 2-3 GPa at 800 K. Except at 1300K, the synthesis boundary is much lower in pressure and has a steeper dP/dT slope than the decomposition boundary. The difference in the reaction boundary reflects the different kinetics between decomposition and synthesis reactions, and the former may be closer to the equilibrium phase boundary. The experimental results show that the phase boundary between dolomite and aragonite + magnesite is located at ~6.4 GPa at 1300 K and has a dP/dT slope of 0.001 [+ or -] 0.001 GPa/ K in the temperature range 900 to 1200 K.