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Jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) is a key signaling molecule that activates jasmonate-regulated flower development and the wound stress response. For years, JASMONATE RESISTANT1 (JAR1) has been the sole jasmonoyl-amino acid synthetase known to conjugate jasmonic acid (JA) to isoleucine, and the source of persisting JA-Ile in jar1 knockout mutants has remained elusive until now. Here we demonstrate through recombinant enzyme assays and loss-of-function mutant analyses that AtGH3.10 functions as a JA-amido synthetase. Recombinant AtGH3.10 could conjugate JA to isoleucine, alanine, leucine, methionine, and valine. The JA-Ile accumulation in the gh3.10-2 jar1-11 double mutant was nearly eliminated in the leaves and flower buds while its catabolism derivative 12OH-JA-Ile was undetected in the flower buds and unwounded leaves. Residual levels of JA-Ile, JA-Ala, and JA-Val were nonetheless detected in gh3.10-2 jar1-11, suggesting the activities of similar promiscuous enzymes. Upon wounding, the accumulation of JA-Ile and 12OH-JA-Ile and the expression of JA-responsive genes OXOPHYTODIENOIC ACID REDUCTASE3 and JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN1 observed in WT, gh3.10-1, and jar1-11 leaves were effectively abolished in gh3.10-2 jar1-11. Additionally, an increased proportion of undeveloped siliques associated with retarded stamen development was observed in gh3.10-2 jar1-11. These findings conclusively show that AtGH3.10 contributes to JA-amino acid biosynthesis and functions partially redundantly with AtJAR1 in sustaining flower development and the wound stress response in Arabidopsis.

会話で話し手は聞き手との間に共通基盤を構築しながら話を展開させている。この話を展開する力はとくに雑談において重要である。なぜならば、人間関係の構築・維持を目的とする雑談では、話していて楽しい人を演出するために、話し手は聞き手に分かりやすく自分の経験談などの話を展開させていくことが必要だからである。しかしながら、談話レベルでの指導がいまだ進んでいない現在の日本語教育で、会話での共通基盤の構築の仕方は体系的に教えられていないのではなかろうか。現在、筆者二人は、日本語教育への応用を目標に、自然会話コーパスを用いて、聞き手との間に共通基盤を構築する際、日本語母語話者がどのような言語形式・ストラテジーを用いているかを分析している。本稿では、話し手のみが知っている内容を共通基盤化する際に使用される言語形式・ストラテジーの中で、使用頻度が高かった「ンダケド」系と「ノ」系に焦点を当て、分析結果を報告する。

In 1895 (Meiji 28), Taiwan was ceded from the Qing dynasty to become a Japanese territory, and it remained a Japanese colony for the next 51 years, until 1945. During this period, many “Japanese‐style houses” were built throughout Taiwan for Japanese immigrants. As senior civil servants, the faculty members of the Taipei Imperial University were provided with official residences. However, as the number of immigrants increased, the number of official residences did not increase proportionally, and a housing shortage ensued. As the demand for individual residences gradually increased, the residents themselves took the initiative, proposing and developing a residential area. The former Showa‐Cho area was selected as a suitable location for official university residences primarily intended for the faculty members of the Taipei Imperial University because it was within walking distance of the educational institutions. This study clarifies the background, process, and reasons for building official university residences in former Showa‐Cho, from the time when the faculty members of the Taipei Imperial University arrived in Taiwan until individual residences were built in 1929. Further, the features and composition of the plans and as the actual conditions of the official residences built by the Taipei Imperial University are examined.

Various development projects in unplanned settlements in the Kathmandu valley have transformed natural spaces into artificial surfaces. For developing cities, such as Kathmandu, restoring vegetation in settled land would be very expensive. In such cases, vertical greening systems can have an efficient role in reintroducing nature to cities. Globally, this method is gaining popularity as a means of improving existing urban settings. However, this practice has not yet been adopted in Nepal because of limited research and awareness on vertical greening systems. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether direct greening on outer walls can contribute to the effect of solar radiation in the Kathmandu valley, where the altitude is high. Field measurements were performed between vegetated and bare walls to evaluate temperature differences in and around the building. The results showed the remarkable effect on the heat capacity of a bare brick wall during summer in Nepal. Moreover, an evaluation of the effect of solar absorbance obtained by considering the sol-air temperature revealed that the heat storage of the wall could be reduced through direct greening on the outer wall.

Aim Intentional or unintentional acute drug poisoning occurs even in elderly people, but little is known about the factors influencing the intention to poisoning. A retrospective study was undertaken to describe the characteristics of acute drug poisoning in elderly people according to whether the poisoning was intentional or unintentional and the responsible agents. Methods The study was carried out in a single tertiary hospital in Japan. A total of 145 patients aged ≥65 years who were transferred by an ambulance service and were diagnosed with acute drug poisoning were included. Medical records were used to collect information on the intention behind poisoning and the responsible agents. Patients were divided into two groups according to whether they experienced intentional or unintentional poisoning and were further classified according to the responsible agent. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between hospitalization for acute drug poisoning and the use of benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BzRAs). Results Poisoning was unintentional in 102 (70.3%) patients and intentional in 43 (29.7%) patients. In total, 65 (44.8%) patients required hospitalization. Among patients in the unintentional poisoning group, those using non-BzRAs were more likely to be hospitalized than those using BzRAs (odds ratio, 6.64; 95% confidence interval, 2.56-17.22). The length of hospital stay was significantly longer in the unintentional poisoning group than in the intentional poisoning group (13.9 vs. 6.2 days; P = 0.013). Conclusions The proportion of unintentional poisoning in the elderly is high, and particularly with respect to poisoning with non-BzRAs, the hospitalization rates are high.

With the development of information and communications technology, conferences and remote education using teleconference systems have become common. When a teleconference system is used, the sound heard in a receiving room includes the acoustic characteristics of both the utterance and receiving rooms, in addition to the characteristics of the transmission via the teleconference system and Internet. Even today, when the digital technology is widely used, quality problems related to sound transmission remain; in particular, the influence of the reverberation of the conference room causes deterioration of the sound quality. Studies aiming to improve the quality of the signal transmission have been conducted; however, there are no acoustic countermeasure methods considering the acoustic characteristics of the two rooms connected by a teleconference system and performing the sound quality evaluation. In this study, focusing on a teleconference system sharing video and audio between two separate rooms, we evaluated the improvement in the sound transmission performance due to the addition of sound absorption to the conference room by examining the correspondence between the subjective assessment results and acoustical physical indexes. Additionally, the acoustical physical indexes that allow evaluating the quality of the sound transmitted via the teleconference system were also examined by comparing with the result of a subjective assessment. Intelligibility tests were conducted, listening difficulty ratings were evaluated, and the impulse response, STI, Clarity (C50), and reverberation time were measured in an actual teleconference system. We observed that, before the addition of sound absorption, the sound was difficult to listen to due to the acoustic characteristics of both of the utterance and receiving rooms. However, by suppressing reverberation in both the utterance and receiving rooms by using sound-absorbing panels, the difficulties in listening was improved. By examination of the correspondence between the subjective assessment results and acoustical physical indexes, we proved that STI and Clarity (C50) are highly correlated with intelligibility. On the other hand, reverberation time was found to be uncorrelated with the intelligibility of the rooms of teleconference systems.

In this study, a method for predicting the unexposed surface temperature of a wall is proposed based on the concept of “inclusive thermal conductivity,” which considers the heat and mass transfer of materials containing moisture. The inclusive thermal conductivity is estimated based on the results of temperature measurements obtained from actual fire resistance tests. The proposed method enables the estimation of material thermal conductivities that are difficult to assess using conventional methods. The inclusive thermal conductivity is affected by the deterioration and evaporation that occurs in the materials, which are estimated from the fire resistance test results. The unexposed surface temperature predictions for the gypsum boards of different thicknesses are numerically analyzed by changing the number of inclusive thermal conductivities. The inclusive thermal conductivity of the gypsum board increases as the temperature increases. The unexposed surface temperature prediction is affected by the exposed surface temperature of the fire resistance tests, and the prediction accuracy increases as the difference in the material thickness decreases. The exposed surface temperature obtained from the fire resistance test results influences the prediction of the unexposed surface temperature. The prediction accuracy of the numerical analysis using the inclusive thermal conductivity is confirmed to be practically sufficient.

形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, Accepted: 2018-01-10, 資料番号: PA1810001000

Background: The 11q23 abnormalities involving mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene are frequently found in adult and pediatric patients with acute leukemia. MLL rearrangements (MLL-r) are often associated with a poor prognosis and show poor response to currently available therapies, thus developing more effective therapy is urgently required. The leukemogenic activity of MLL fusion proteins, the products of the chimeric genes of MLL and its fusion partners generated by MLL-r, is critically dependent on direct interaction with MENIN, the product of the MEN1 gene. Interaction of MLL fusion proteins with MENIN plays an important role to enhance the proliferation and to block the differentiation of hematopoietic cells by maintaining high expression of hematopoietic stem cell program genes, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1. It has also been reported that the MENIN interaction with wild-type MLL, is required to induce HOXA9 and MEIS1 expression and also crucial for the development of acute leukemia with nucleophosmin (NPM1) mutations. Therefore, the MENIN-MLL interaction inhibitor is expected to have anti-leukemogenic activity against acute leukemia with MLL-r or NPM1 mutation by suppressing the expression of HOXA9 and MEIS1 and inducing terminal differentiation. Results: We generated DSP-5336, a novel, potent, and orally bioavailable MENIN-MLL interaction inhibitor for the treatment of acute leukemia patients with MLL-r or NPM1 mutation. DSP-5336 directly bound to the MENIN protein (Kd = 6.0 nM) and inhibited the MENIN-MLL interaction (IC 50 = 1.4 ± 0.058 nM). DSP-5336 selectively inhibited the cell growth of human leukemia cell lines including MV-4-11, MOLM-13, KOPN-8, and OCI-AML3 (IC 50 = 10, 15, 31 and 15 nM, respectively). These DSP-5336-sensitive cell lines possess a MLL-r or NPM1 mutation. On the other hand, DSP-5336 did not affect the cell growth of human leukemia cell lines such as HL-60, MOLT-4, and Reh (IC 50 > 10 μM), which do not have MLL-r or NPM1 mutations. In a mouse xenograft model using MV-4-11 cells, which express MLL-AF4, DSP-5336 exhibited a significant antitumor activity at the doses of 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, administered twice daily (BID) for 20 days. There were no dose related changes in general condition or body weight. The effects of DSP-5336 on the expression of MENIN-MLL-regulated genes and differentiation marker genes were evaluated using MV-4-11 cells as pharmacodynamics markers in vitro and in vivo. In both cases, DSP-5336 significantly reduced the gene expression of MEIS1 and HOXA9, representative leukemic genes regulated by the MENIN-MLL complex. On the contrary, DSP-5336 significantly increased the gene expression level of ITGAM, a terminal differentiation marker. The efficacy of DSP-5336 was further assessed in acute leukemia patient samples and in mouse AML models. DSP-5336 strongly inhibited blast colony formation and changed the gene expression of the pharmacodynamics markers (HOXA9, MEIS1 and ITGAM ) in an AML patient sample carrying the MLL-AF6 fusion. In patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model with NPM1 mutation, human CD45 positive cells in peripheral blood progressively decreased during and beyond the 28 day period of DSP-5336 administration at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg BID and achieved a complete remission with no relapse at the doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg BID. At these three dose levels, DSP-5336 also induced a significant prolongation of survival compared to the vehicle control. Similarly, in a PDX model with MLL-AF4, DSP-5336 induced complete remission and significant prolongation of survival at the doses of 100 mg/kg BID compared to the vehicle control. In mouse AML models wherein MLL-ENL- or MLL-AF10-transduced bone marrow cells are transplanted in syngeneic mice, DSP-5336 induced a significant prolongation of survival at the doses of 200 mg/kg once daily (QD) compared to the vehicle control and the standard chemo therapy (cytarabine+daunorubicin) group. Summary: DSP-5336 has a potential as an antitumor drug that provides survival advantages in acute leukemia patients with MLL rearrangement or NPM1 mutation. Currently, a Phase 1/2 clinical study of DSP-5336 is planned in AML and ALL patients. Disclosures Eguchi: Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma: Current Employment. Shimizu: Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma: Current Employment. Kato: Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma: Current Employment. Furuta: Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma: Current Employment. Kamioka: Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma: Current Employment. Ban: Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma: Current Employment. Ymamoto: Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma: Current Employment. Yokoyama: Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma: Research Funding. Kitabayashi: Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma: Research Funding.

Modern dietary habits in communities are linked and are part of the global food supply chain. To achieve sustainable food production and consumption, communicating the impact associated with food production and dietary choices at community level to consumers is important. However, previous footprint studies have primarily focussed on food consumption at the national level and neglected community–level consumption activities. This study surveyed the diets of a small island community and linked the results with multi-region land footprint analysis in Ollei Village, Republic of Palau. The analysis was used to determine the extent to which the dietary lifestyles of communities depend on external land use through the global supply chain. We showed that the global food supply chain has reached this corner of the world, and the dietary habits of the community are already heavily dependent on processed and imported foods. The community and country are highly dependent on large land use in some major producer/exporting countries through the global food supply chain. In addition, the amount of external land used for food production exceeds the biocapacity of the agricultural land in the community and country. This study bridges the gap between community–level consumption activities and national-scale footprint analysis, and quantitatively assesses the impact of consumption activities at the community level on the global environment. The results and approach of this study could contribute to the development and implementation of vertically integrated food policies between the national and community level in Palau.

This paper reports on an experimental study of a method used to select impact and measurement points to calculate evaluation values based on the distribution properties of a floor to determine the resistance performance in the case of floor vibration (floor impact vibration resistance performance). An evaluation value calculation method for evaluating the resistance performance of an entire floor, rather than that of only representative points under vibration, is studied. A vibration sensation evaluation experiment is also performed to confirm the suitability of the evaluation values obtained and study the relationship between the sensory criteria and the evaluation values. The results confirm that it is possible to fully represent the vibration resistance of an entire floor area based on five impact points and measurement points distributed diagonally on the floor surface, excluding the measurement points within 455 mm of the impact points. Furthermore, calculating the arithmetic mean of the maximum value of the vibration acceleration measured at each measurement point (five points) for each impact point (five points) and each frequency band, and then regarding the vibration acceleration level of each impact point as the evaluation value that is the arithmetic mean or equivalent, demonstrates that the vibration performance could be closely correlated with vibration sensation.

Transmembrane transport of plant hormones is required for plant growth and development. Despite reports of a number of proteins that can transport the plant hormone gibberellin (GA), the mechanistic basis for GA transport and the identities of the transporters involved remain incomplete. Here, we provide evidence that Arabidopsis SWEET proteins, AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14, which are members of a family that had previously been linked to sugar transport, are able to mediate cellular GA uptake when expressed in yeast and oocytes. A double sweet13 sweet14 mutant has a defect in anther dehiscence and this phenotype can be reversed by exogenous GA treatment. In addition, sweet13 sweet14 exhibits altered long distant transport of exogenously applied GA and altered responses to GA during germination and seedling stages. These results suggest that AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14 may be involved in modulating GA response in Arabidopsis., SWEET proteins are known to function as sugar transporters. Here, Kanno et al. show that Arabidopsis SWEET13 and SWEET14 are also able to transport the plant hormone gibberellin (GA) in heterologous systems and that sweet mutants display phenotypes consistent with altered GA response.

International audience; Sound absorption by different green wall systems at normal incidence is investigated between 100 and 1000 Hz. Measurements are conducted in an impedance tube in order to estimate the effective acoustic properties of plants and soils. Using these properties, the transfer matrix method is employed to simulate absorption coefficient and surface impedance of multi-layer green wall geometries. Results show that an adequate choice of layer geometries may result in an efficient sound absorption in a broad frequency range due to two main mechanisms: thickness resonances of the wall structure and quarter wave transformer effect of plant layer between air and soil media. To optimize the absorption bandwidth of green facade, continuous living wall system or modular living wall system, effect of plant, soil or air layer thicknesses on simulated absorption coefficient are also provided. With a 16 cm thick optimized system, average absorption coefficients typically reach 0.2 between 300 and 1000 Hz for a green facade, 0.2 between 200 and 1000 Hz for a continuous living wall system and 0.9 between 300 and 1000 Hz for a modular living wall system.

Skoda et al. provide new insights into the collaboration between epigenetic regulator Ezh2 and a key hematopoietic tyrosine kinase in disease initiation and progression., Myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients frequently show co-occurrence of JAK2-V617F and mutations in epigenetic regulator genes, including EZH2. In this study, we show that JAK2-V617F and loss of Ezh2 in hematopoietic cells contribute synergistically to the development of MPN. The MPN phenotype induced by JAK2-V617F was accentuated in JAK2-V617F;Ezh2−/− mice, resulting in very high platelet and neutrophil counts, more advanced myelofibrosis, and reduced survival. These mice also displayed expansion of the stem cell and progenitor cell compartments and a shift of differentiation toward megakaryopoiesis at the expense of erythropoiesis. Single cell limiting dilution transplantation with bone marrow from JAK2-V617F;Ezh2+/− mice showed increased reconstitution and MPN disease initiation potential compared with JAK2-V617F alone. RNA sequencing in Ezh2-deficient hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and megakaryocytic erythroid progenitors identified highly up-regulated genes, including Lin28b and Hmga2, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)–quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of their promoters revealed decreased H3K27me3 deposition. Forced expression of Hmga2 resulted in increased chimerism and platelet counts in recipients of retrovirally transduced HSCs. JAK2-V617F–expressing mice treated with an Ezh2 inhibitor showed higher platelet counts than vehicle controls. Our data support the proposed tumor suppressor function of EZH2 in patients with MPN and call for caution when considering using Ezh2 inhibitors in MPN.

Green walls covered with vegetation are used in urban areas to purify the air, improve the appearance of the landscape and reduce heat-island effects. They also improve the noise environment. It has been reported in previous studies that the surfaces of green walls have good sound-absorbing performance. However, the contribution of the greenery to the sound-insulation performance of green walls, which are also used as noise barriers, has not been verified quantitatively. In this study, the enhancement of the sound-absorption performance of a wall due to greening was verified via measurements using actual green walls and the results were compared with those of a steel noise barrier, which has limited sound-absorption performance. Numerical analyses using the boundary element method (BEM) were also conducted. As a result, it was confirmed that the sound-absorbing effect generated by wall greening reduces the diffracted noise, thus contributing to sound-insulation performance enhancement in areas above the noise barrier.

Unintended gaps that occur around door sets and windows cause sound leakage and decrease sound insulation performance. In the Boundary Element Method (BEM) analysis, sound transmitted through a gap is expressed as the integral of the particle velocity. This means that the transmitted sound field can be expressed based on the particle velocity at the gap only. Hence, it is demonstrated here through numerical analysis that a decrease in sound insulation performance is caused by an increase in sound particle velocities in the vicinity of gaps in a rigid wall. We call this phenomenon the “gap effect”. It is also shown that the movement of particles around the gaps can be suppressed by installing a thin sound-absorbing material such as thin or nonwoven fabric, reducing the sound leakage from the gaps. Furthermore, the sound insulation performance obtained by suppressing the particle velocities at the gaps is experimentally verified. The results of this study show that the improvement observed in the sound insulation performance following the installation of sound-absorbing layers into the gaps is quite significant and is suitable for practical use.

Gaps, slits, and openings for natural ventilation that occur around doors and windows cause sound leakage and decrease sound insulation performance. However, if airtight materials are used to close these gaps, as is typical, the ventilation performance is lost. In the gaps, the particle velocities become large, and this phenomenon is reported as the “gap effect.” Furthermore, it is suggested that the sound insulation performance is improved by suppressing the particle velocities in the gaps with breathable sound-absorbing materials. Therefore, a balance between the suppression of sound leakage and maintaining the air ventilation is obtainable by considering the balance between the total equivalent clearance and the flow resistivities of the breathable sound-absorbing materials. In this study, for the installation of thin nonwoven fabrics as a breathable material in the gaps, improvements in the sound insulation performance and the amount of ventilation as the total equivalent clearance area are verified. Additionally, the relations between the sound insulation performance and the air ventilation performance using these nonwoven fabrics in the gaps are discussed. As a result, an improvement in the sound insulation performance is obtained while maintaining the air ventilation performance by installing thin nonwoven fabrics that have low flow resistivities because the large particle velocities are effectively suppressed in the gaps.

要旨 【目的】外傷患者に対する病院前輸液が生命予後に与える影響は議論が分かれている。今回我々はショックを呈した外傷症例に対し，病院前輸液が来院時のfibrinogen値に与える影響と，ショックに対する改善効果を検討した。【対象】2010年4月から2014年10月までに当院へ搬送された18歳以上の外傷患者で現場にて出血性ショックであったものを対象とし後方視的に診療録調査を行い，病院前輸液施行群と非輸液群に分けて比較検討した。【結果】91例中，非輸液群が50例，輸液群が41例であった。fibrinogen値が200mg/dL未満となる予測因子を求めて多重ロジスティック回帰分析を施行したところ，病院前輸液の調整オッズ比が3.16（95%信頼区間:1.15–8.68）であった。一方，輸液群においては来院時収縮期血圧が有意に高く（非輸液群100.6±26.2mmHg vs 輸液群113.0±27.1mmHg），Base Deficitが有意に低かった（非輸液群4.4 [1.6–9.3] mmol/L vs 輸液群2.6 [0.6–4.7] mmol/L）。院内死亡率に有意差はなかったが，輸液群で低い傾向があった。【結語】病院前輸液はfibrinogen値を低下させる要因であったが，ショックとそれに伴う代謝性アシドーシスを抑制し，少なくとも生命予後を悪化させなかった。 ABSTRACT Background: The survival effect of prehospital intravenous fluid (IVF) administration for severely injured patients remains controversial. This study focuses on the impact of prehospital IVF on the fibrinogen level on admission to the emergency department and also analyzes the beneficial effect of prehospital IVF for fluid resuscitation in shock. Object and Methods: The medical charts of trauma patients aged 18 years or older who presented to the hospital between April 2010 and October 2014 were retrospectively reviewed; patients with hemorrhagic shock at the scene of arrival were identified and classified into two groups depending on whether or not prehospital IVF was administered. Results: Of the 91 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 41 of them received prehospital IVF and 50 did not. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the only prognostic factor for a fibrinogen level lower than 200mg/dL included prehospital IVF with an adjusted odds ratio: 3.16 (95% confidence interval: 1.15–8.68). On the other hand, in the IVF group, systolic blood pressure on arrival was significantly higher (no IVF: 100.6±26.2mmHg vs IVF: 113±27.1mmHg), and base deficit was significantly lower (no IVF: 4.4 [1.6–9.3] mmol/L vs IVF: 2.6 [0.6–4.7] mmol/L). In–hospital mortality of the IVF group was 9.8%, which was slightly lower than the no IVF group (14%), but the difference was not significant. Conclusion: Prehospital IVF decreased fibrinogen level in trauma patients, but it also reduced the metabolic acidosis during hemorrhagic shock and did not worsen survival.